{"id":100245,"date":"2026-02-15T20:29:28","date_gmt":"2026-02-15T20:29:28","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/vibromera.eu\/?post_type=calculator&#038;p=100245"},"modified":"2026-04-05T15:34:44","modified_gmt":"2026-04-05T15:34:44","slug":"steel-properties-lookup","status":"publish","type":"calculator","link":"https:\/\/vibromera.eu\/bn\/calculators\/steel-properties-lookup\/","title":{"rendered":"Steel Allowable Stress Calculator | Free ASME Tool"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\">\n{\"@context\":\"https:\/\/schema.org\",\"@type\":\"WebApplication\",\"name\":\"Steel Properties & Allowable Stress Calculator\",\"description\":\"Steel mechanical properties lookup with ASME allowable stress calculation and fatigue endurance estimate.\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/vibromera.eu\/calculators\/steel-properties-lookup\/\",\"applicationCategory\":\"Engineering Calculator\",\"operatingSystem\":\"Any\",\"offers\":{\"@type\":\"Offer\",\"price\":\"0\",\"priceCurrency\":\"EUR\"},\"creator\":{\"@type\":\"Organization\",\"name\":\"Vibromera\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/vibromera.eu\/\"},\"datePublished\":\"2024-01-01\",\"dateModified\":\"2026-02-15\",\"inLanguage\":\"en\",\"isAccessibleForFree\":true}\n<\/script>\n\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\">\n{\"@context\":\"https:\/\/schema.org\",\"@type\":\"FAQPage\",\"mainEntity\":[\n{\"@type\":\"Question\",\"name\":\"How is allowable stress calculated per ASME?\",\"acceptedAnswer\":{\"@type\":\"Answer\",\"text\":\"ASME BPVC Section VIII Div.1 uses \u03c3_allow = min(Rp0.2\/1.5, Rm\/2.4) for austenitic stainless, or min(Rp0.2\/1.5, Rm\/3.5) for carbon and low-alloy steels at room temperature. This provides a safety margin against both yielding and fracture.\"}},\n{\"@type\":\"Question\",\"name\":\"What is the fatigue endurance limit?\",\"acceptedAnswer\":{\"@type\":\"Answer\",\"text\":\"For steels with Rm < 1400 MPa, the endurance limit Se \u2248 0.5 \u00d7 Rm (unnotched, polished specimen). For Rm \u2265 1400 MPa, Se \u2248 700 MPa. Actual fatigue strength depends on surface finish, size, stress concentration, and environment.\"}},\n{\"@type\":\"Question\",\"name\":\"What safety factors are used for different load types?\",\"acceptedAnswer\":{\"@type\":\"Answer\",\"text\":\"Typical: Static loads n=1.5-2.0 against yield. Alternating\/fatigue loads n=2.0-4.0 against endurance limit. Pulsating loads n=1.5-2.5. Impact loads n=3.0-5.0. Factors depend on consequence of failure and load uncertainty.\"}},\n{\"@type\":\"Question\",\"name\":\"What is yield strength Rp0.2?\",\"acceptedAnswer\":{\"@type\":\"Answer\",\"text\":\"Rp0.2 (or proof stress) is the stress at which 0.2% permanent (plastic) deformation occurs. Below this stress, deformation is elastic and recoverable. It is the primary design parameter for pressure vessels and structural components.\"}},\n{\"@type\":\"Question\",\"name\":\"Do properties change with heat treatment?\",\"acceptedAnswer\":{\"@type\":\"Answer\",\"text\":\"Yes, significantly. Values shown are typical for standard delivery condition. Q&T (quench and temper) generally increases strength but decreases ductility. 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}\n.vc-faq-a-inner { padding: 14px 16px; border-top: 1px solid var(--vc-border-light); font-size: 14px; color: var(--vc-ink-secondary); }\n.vc-faq-a-inner p { margin: 0 0 8px; }\n.vc-faq-a-inner p:last-child { margin-bottom: 0; }\n.vc-related { display: flex; flex-wrap: wrap; gap: 10px; margin-top: 16px; }\n.vc-related-link { display: inline-block; padding: 8px 16px; font-size: 13px; font-weight: 600; background: var(--vc-surface-alt); color: var(--vc-ink-secondary); border: 1px solid var(--vc-border); border-radius: var(--vc-radius); text-decoration: none; transition: all 0.15s; }\n.vc-related-link:hover { border-color: var(--vc-accent); color: var(--vc-accent); background: var(--vc-accent-light); }\n.vc-promo { margin-top: 24px; padding: 20px; background: linear-gradient(135deg, var(--vc-accent-light), var(--vc-surface)); border: 1px solid var(--vc-border); border-radius: var(--vc-radius-lg); display: flex; align-items: center; gap: 16px; }\n.vc-promo-text { flex: 1; font-size: 14px; 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Allowable Stress Calculator<\/h1>\n    <p class=\"vc-header-subtitle\">Select a steel grade to view mechanical properties. Calculates ASME allowable stress, fatigue endurance limit, and safety factors for different load types.<\/p>\n    <div class=\"vc-badges\">\n        <span class=\"vc-badge\">ASME BPVC<\/span>\n        <span class=\"vc-badge\">Rp0.2 \/ Rm<\/span>\n        <span class=\"vc-badge\">Fatigue Se<\/span>\n    <\/div>\n<\/header>\n\n<div class=\"vc-card\">\n    <div class=\"vc-unit-bar\">\n        <button type=\"button\" class=\"vc-unit-btn vc-active\" data-system=\"metric\">Metric (MPa)<\/button>\n        <button type=\"button\" class=\"vc-unit-btn\" data-system=\"imperial\">Imperial (ksi)<\/button>\n    <\/div>\n    <form class=\"vc-form\" id=\"vc-form\" autocomplete=\"off\">\n        <div class=\"vc-form-grid\">\n            <div class=\"vc-field\">\n                <label class=\"vc-label\" for=\"vc-grade\">Steel Grade<\/label>\n                <select class=\"vc-select\" id=\"vc-grade\"><\/select>\n            <\/div>\n            <div class=\"vc-field\">\n                <label class=\"vc-label\" for=\"vc-cond\">Condition<\/label>\n                <select class=\"vc-select\" id=\"vc-cond\">\n                    <option value=\"norm\" selected>Normalized \/ As-delivered<\/option>\n                    <option value=\"qt\">Quenched &amp; Tempered<\/option>\n                <\/select>\n            <\/div>\n        <\/div>\n        <div class=\"vc-presets\">\n            <div class=\"vc-presets-label\">Common grades<\/div>\n            <button type=\"button\" class=\"vc-preset-btn\" data-g=\"S355JR\">S355JR<\/button>\n            <button type=\"button\" class=\"vc-preset-btn\" data-g=\"42CrMo4\">42CrMo4<\/button>\n            <button type=\"button\" class=\"vc-preset-btn\" data-g=\"304\">304 SS<\/button>\n            <button type=\"button\" class=\"vc-preset-btn\" data-g=\"C45E\">C45E<\/button>\n        <\/div>\n    <\/form>\n\n    <div class=\"vc-results\" id=\"vc-results\">\n        <div class=\"vc-results-head\">\n            <h2 class=\"vc-results-title\">Properties &amp; Allowable Stress<\/h2>\n            <button type=\"button\" class=\"vc-copy-btn\" id=\"vc-copy-btn\">\n                <svg width=\"14\" height=\"14\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2\"><rect x=\"9\" y=\"9\" width=\"13\" height=\"13\" rx=\"2\"\/><path d=\"M5 15H4a2 2 0 01-2-2V4a2 2 0 012-2h9a2 2 0 012 2v1\"\/><\/svg> Copy\n            <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n        <div class=\"vc-result-grid\">\n            <div class=\"vc-rcard vc-rcard-primary\">\n                <div class=\"vc-rcard-label\">ASME Allowable Stress \u03c3_allow<\/div>\n                <div class=\"vc-rcard-value\" id=\"vc-r-allow\">\u2014<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n            <div class=\"vc-rcard\"><div class=\"vc-rcard-label\">Yield Strength Rp0.2<\/div><div class=\"vc-rcard-value\" id=\"vc-r-yield\">\u2014<\/div><\/div>\n            <div class=\"vc-rcard\"><div class=\"vc-rcard-label\">Ultimate Tensile Strength Rm<\/div><div class=\"vc-rcard-value\" id=\"vc-r-uts\">\u2014<\/div><\/div>\n            <div class=\"vc-rcard\"><div class=\"vc-rcard-label\">Fatigue Endurance Limit Se<\/div><div class=\"vc-rcard-value\" id=\"vc-r-se\">\u2014<\/div><\/div>\n            <div class=\"vc-rcard\"><div class=\"vc-rcard-label\">Elongation A%<\/div><div class=\"vc-rcard-value\" id=\"vc-r-elong\">\u2014<\/div><\/div>\n            <div class=\"vc-rcard\"><div class=\"vc-rcard-label\">Hardness HB<\/div><div class=\"vc-rcard-value\" id=\"vc-r-hb\">\u2014<\/div><\/div>\n            <div class=\"vc-rcard\"><div class=\"vc-rcard-label\">Density<\/div><div class=\"vc-rcard-value\" id=\"vc-r-dens\">\u2014<\/div><\/div>\n            <div class=\"vc-rcard\">\n                <div class=\"vc-rcard-label\">Safety Factors (n)<\/div>\n                <div class=\"vc-rcard-value\" id=\"vc-r-safety\" style=\"font-size:14px\">\u2014<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n        <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n<!-- Theory -->\n<div class=\"vc-section vc-open\" id=\"vc-sec-theory\">\n    <button type=\"button\" class=\"vc-section-toggle\" aria-expanded=\"true\">\n        <span class=\"vc-section-toggle-text\"><span class=\"vc-section-icon\">\ud83d\udcd8<\/span><span class=\"vc-section-title\">Theory &amp; Formulas<\/span><\/span>\n        <svg class=\"vc-section-chevron\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2\"><path d=\"M6 9l6 6 6-6\"\/><\/svg>\n    <\/button>\n    <div class=\"vc-section-body\">\n        <div class=\"vc-section-inner vc-theory\">\n            <h3>ASME Allowable Stress<\/h3>\n            <p>Per ASME BPVC Section VIII Division 1, the allowable stress at room temperature is:<\/p>\n            <div class=\"vc-formula-box\" id=\"vc-katex-1\"><\/div>\n            <p>For austenitic stainless steels (which have significant work hardening), ASME uses Rm\/2.4 instead of Rm\/3.5.<\/p>\n\n            <h3>Fatigue Endurance Limit<\/h3>\n            <p>For unnotched, polished steel specimens under rotating bending:<\/p>\n            <div class=\"vc-formula-box\" id=\"vc-katex-2\"><\/div>\n            <p>Actual fatigue strength requires modification factors for surface finish (ka), size (kb), reliability (kc), etc.:<\/p>\n            <div class=\"vc-formula-box\" id=\"vc-katex-3\"><\/div>\n\n            <h3>Safety Factors by Load Type<\/h3>\n            <table class=\"vc-table\">\n                <thead><tr><th>Load Type<\/th><th>Factor n<\/th><th>Design Stress<\/th><\/tr><\/thead>\n                <tbody>\n                    <tr><td>Static (yield)<\/td><td>1.5<\/td><td>Rp0.2 \/ 1.5<\/td><\/tr>\n                    <tr><td>Static (fracture)<\/td><td>2.4\u20133.5<\/td><td>Rm \/ 2.4 or Rm \/ 3.5<\/td><\/tr>\n                    <tr><td>Pulsating fatigue<\/td><td>2.0<\/td><td>Se \/ 2.0<\/td><\/tr>\n                    <tr><td>Fully reversed fatigue<\/td><td>2.5<\/td><td>Se \/ 2.5<\/td><\/tr>\n                    <tr><td>Impact \/ shock<\/td><td>3.0\u20135.0<\/td><td>Rp0.2 \/ n<\/td><\/tr>\n                <\/tbody>\n            <\/table>\n\n            <h3>Practical Example<\/h3>\n            <div class=\"vc-example-box\">\n                <div class=\"vc-example-title\">Example \u2014 42CrMo4 Q&#038;T<\/div>\n                <p><strong>Properties:<\/strong> Rp0.2 = 900 MPa, Rm = 1100 MPa<\/p>\n                <p>\u03c3_allow (ASME) = min(900\/1.5, 1100\/3.5) = min(600, 314) = <strong>314 MPa<\/strong><\/p>\n                <p>Se = 0.5 \u00d7 1100 = <strong>550 MPa<\/strong> (unmodified)<\/p>\n                <p>Pulsating fatigue: 550\/2.0 = <strong>275 MPa<\/strong><\/p>\n            <\/div>\n\n            <div class=\"vc-warning-box\">\n                <p style=\"margin:0;font-size:14px;color:var(--vc-ink-secondary);\"><strong>\u26a0\ufe0f Note:<\/strong> Properties shown are typical values. Actual properties depend on heat treatment, section size, and material test certificate. Always use certified values for design calculations.<\/p>\n            <\/div>\n        <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"vc-section\"><button type=\"button\" class=\"vc-section-toggle\" aria-expanded=\"false\"><span class=\"vc-section-toggle-text\"><span class=\"vc-section-icon\">\ud83d\udd17<\/span><span class=\"vc-section-title\">Related Calculators<\/span><\/span><svg class=\"vc-section-chevron\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2\"><path d=\"M6 9l6 6 6-6\"\/><\/svg><\/button><div class=\"vc-section-body\"><div class=\"vc-section-inner\"><div class=\"vc-related\"><a class=\"vc-related-link\" href=\"\/calculators\/steel-grade-equivalent\/\">Steel Grade Equivalents<\/a><a class=\"vc-related-link\" href=\"\/calculators\/allowable-stress-by-material\/\">Allowable Stress Tables<\/a><a class=\"vc-related-link\" href=\"\/calculators\/strength-unit-converter\/\">Strength Unit Converter<\/a><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"vc-section\"><button type=\"button\" class=\"vc-section-toggle\" aria-expanded=\"false\"><span class=\"vc-section-toggle-text\"><span class=\"vc-section-icon\">\u2753<\/span><span class=\"vc-section-title\">Frequently Asked Questions<\/span><\/span><svg class=\"vc-section-chevron\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2\"><path d=\"M6 9l6 6 6-6\"\/><\/svg><\/button><div class=\"vc-section-body\"><div class=\"vc-section-inner\"><div class=\"vc-faq-list\" id=\"vc-faq-list\"><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"vc-promo\"><div class=\"vc-promo-text\"><strong>Vibromera \u2014 Portable Balancing &amp; Vibration Analysis<\/strong><\/div><a class=\"vc-promo-link\" href=\"https:\/\/vibromera.eu\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Learn More<\/a><\/div>\n<footer class=\"vc-footer\"><p>&copy; 2024&ndash;2026 <a href=\"https:\/\/vibromera.eu\/\">Vibromera<\/a><\/p><div class=\"vc-footer-links\"><a href=\"\/calculators\/engineering-calculators\/\">All Calculators<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/vibromera.eu\/contacts\/\">Contact<\/a><\/div><\/footer>\n<\/div>\n\n<script src=\"https:\/\/cdn.jsdelivr.net\/npm\/katex@0.16.11\/dist\/katex.min.js\"><\/script>\n<script>\n(function() {\n    'use strict';\n    var SLUG = 'steel-properties-lookup';\n    function $(id) { return document.getElementById(id); }\n    function fmt(n, d) { if (isNaN(n) || !isFinite(n)) return '\u2014'; return n.toFixed(d === undefined ? 2 : d).replace(\/(\\.\\d*?)0+$\/, '$1').replace(\/\\.$\/, ''); }\n\n    var unitSystem = 'metric';\n    var MPA2KSI = 0.14503773773;\n\n    \/* DB: [name, yield_norm, uts_norm, elong_norm, hb_norm, yield_qt, uts_qt, elong_qt, hb_qt, density, isAustenitic] *\/\n    var DB = [\n        ['S235JR',235,360,26,120,235,360,26,120,7.85,false],\n        ['S275JR',275,430,23,140,275,430,23,140,7.85,false],\n        ['S355JR',355,510,22,160,355,510,22,160,7.85,false],\n        ['C10E',305,380,30,110,305,380,30,110,7.87,false],\n        ['C35E',370,620,17,180,430,650,17,190,7.85,false],\n        ['C45E',430,700,14,210,560,850,12,250,7.85,false],\n        ['C60E',480,780,10,230,580,900,8,270,7.85,false],\n        ['25CrMo4',560,700,14,210,660,830,12,250,7.85,false],\n        ['42CrMo4',650,900,12,260,900,1100,10,320,7.85,false],\n        ['34CrNiMo6',800,1000,11,290,1000,1200,9,350,7.85,false],\n        ['16MnCr5',440,640,17,190,640,880,12,260,7.85,false],\n        ['18CrNiMo7-6',685,980,8,290,835,1180,7,340,7.85,false],\n        ['51CrV4',550,850,10,250,1100,1300,7,380,7.85,false],\n        ['304',210,520,45,170,210,520,45,170,7.93,true],\n        ['316',220,530,40,170,220,530,40,170,7.98,true],\n        ['316L',200,500,40,160,200,500,40,160,7.98,true],\n        ['430',250,450,22,180,250,450,22,180,7.70,false],\n        ['420',345,655,15,240,1480,1750,3,500,7.70,false],\n        ['100Cr6',450,700,10,220,0,0,0,0,7.81,false]\n    ];\n\n    var sel = $('vc-grade');\n    DB.forEach(function(s, i) {\n        var o = document.createElement('option'); o.value = i; o.textContent = s[0]; sel.appendChild(o);\n    });\n\n    function stressUnit() { return unitSystem === 'imperial' ? 'ksi' : 'MPa'; }\n    function convStress(mpa) { return unitSystem === 'imperial' ? mpa * MPA2KSI : mpa; }\n\n    function calculate() {\n        var idx = parseInt(sel.value);\n        var cond = $('vc-cond').value;\n        var s = DB[idx];\n        if (!s) return;\n\n        var y = (cond === 'qt' && s[5]) ? s[5] : s[1];\n        var u = (cond === 'qt' && s[6]) ? s[6] : s[2];\n        var e = (cond === 'qt' && s[7]) ? s[7] : s[3];\n        var h = (cond === 'qt' && s[8]) ? s[8] : s[4];\n        var isAust = s[10];\n\n        if (!y || !u) { $('vc-results').classList.remove('vc-visible'); return; }\n\n        \/* ASME allowable: min(Rp\/1.5, Rm\/2.4 for austenitic, Rm\/3.5 for others) *\/\n        var sigmaYield = y \/ 1.5;\n        var sigmaUts = isAust ? u \/ 2.4 : u \/ 3.5;\n        var sigmaAllow = Math.min(sigmaYield, sigmaUts);\n\n        \/* Fatigue endurance: Se = 0.5*Rm for Rm < 1400, else 700 *\/\n        var Se = (u < 1400) ? 0.5 * u : 700;\n\n        \/* Display *\/\n        var su = stressUnit();\n        $('vc-r-allow').innerHTML = fmt(convStress(sigmaAllow), 1) + ' <span class=\"vc-rcard-unit\">' + su + '<\/span>';\n        $('vc-r-yield').innerHTML = fmt(convStress(y), 1) + ' <span class=\"vc-rcard-unit\">' + su + '<\/span>';\n        $('vc-r-uts').innerHTML = fmt(convStress(u), 1) + ' <span class=\"vc-rcard-unit\">' + su + '<\/span>';\n        $('vc-r-se').innerHTML = fmt(convStress(Se), 1) + ' <span class=\"vc-rcard-unit\">' + su + '<\/span>';\n        $('vc-r-elong').innerHTML = e + ' <span class=\"vc-rcard-unit\">%<\/span>';\n        $('vc-r-hb').innerHTML = h + ' <span class=\"vc-rcard-unit\">HB<\/span>';\n        $('vc-r-dens').innerHTML = s[9] + ' <span class=\"vc-rcard-unit\">g\/cm\u00b3<\/span>';\n\n        \/* Safety factor table *\/\n        $('vc-r-safety').innerHTML =\n            '<div style=\"display:grid;grid-template-columns:1fr 1fr;gap:4px;font-family:var(--vc-mono);font-size:12px\">' +\n            '<div>Static (n=1.5): <strong>' + fmt(convStress(y \/ 1.5), 0) + '<\/strong> ' + su + '<\/div>' +\n            '<div>Fracture (n=' + (isAust ? '2.4' : '3.5') + '): <strong>' + fmt(convStress(sigmaUts), 0) + '<\/strong> ' + su + '<\/div>' +\n            '<div>Pulsating (n=2.0): <strong>' + fmt(convStress(Se \/ 2.0), 0) + '<\/strong> ' + su + '<\/div>' +\n            '<div>Reversed (n=2.5): <strong>' + fmt(convStress(Se \/ 2.5), 0) + '<\/strong> ' + su + '<\/div>' +\n            '<\/div>';\n\n        $('vc-results').classList.add('vc-visible');\n\n        \/* URL *\/\n        var url = new URL(window.location);\n        url.searchParams.set('grade', idx); url.searchParams.set('cond', cond);\n        history.replaceState(null, '', url.toString());\n\n        saveHistory({ grade: s[0], cond: cond, allow: fmt(sigmaAllow, 0), _summary: s[0] + ' \u03c3_allow=' + fmt(sigmaAllow, 0) + ' MPa' });\n    }\n\n    \/* Unit toggle *\/\n    document.querySelectorAll('.vc-unit-btn').forEach(function(btn) {\n        btn.addEventListener('click', function() {\n            document.querySelectorAll('.vc-unit-btn').forEach(function(b) { b.classList.remove('vc-active'); });\n            this.classList.add('vc-active');\n            unitSystem = this.getAttribute('data-system');\n            calculate();\n        });\n    });\n\n    $('vc-form').addEventListener('change', calculate);\n    document.querySelectorAll('.vc-preset-btn').forEach(function(btn) {\n        btn.addEventListener('click', function(e) {\n            e.preventDefault();\n            var g = this.getAttribute('data-g');\n            for (var i = 0; i < DB.length; i++) { if (DB[i][0] === g) { sel.value = i; break; } }\n            calculate();\n        });\n    });\n\n    $('vc-copy-btn').addEventListener('click', function() {\n        var text = 'Steel Properties\\n\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\\nGrade: ' + DB[parseInt(sel.value)][0] + '\\nAllowable: ' + $('vc-r-allow').textContent + '\\nYield: ' + $('vc-r-yield').textContent + '\\nUTS: ' + $('vc-r-uts').textContent + '\\nSe: ' + $('vc-r-se').textContent + '\\nHB: ' + $('vc-r-hb').textContent + '\\n\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\\nvibromera.eu';\n        if (navigator.clipboard) {\n            navigator.clipboard.writeText(text).then(function() {\n                var b = $('vc-copy-btn'); b.classList.add('vc-copied'); b.innerHTML = '<svg width=\"14\" height=\"14\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2\"><polyline points=\"20 6 9 17 4 12\"\/><\/svg> Copied!';\n                setTimeout(function() { b.classList.remove('vc-copied'); b.innerHTML = '<svg width=\"14\" height=\"14\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2\"><rect x=\"9\" y=\"9\" width=\"13\" height=\"13\" rx=\"2\"\/><path d=\"M5 15H4a2 2 0 01-2-2V4a2 2 0 012-2h9a2 2 0 012 2v1\"\/><\/svg> Copy'; }, 2000);\n            });\n        }\n    });\n\n    document.querySelectorAll('.vc-section-toggle').forEach(function(btn) { btn.addEventListener('click', function() { var s = this.closest('.vc-section'); s.classList.toggle('vc-open'); this.setAttribute('aria-expanded', s.classList.contains('vc-open')); }); });\n\n    var faqData = [\n        { q: 'How is allowable stress calculated per ASME?', a: '<p>\u03c3_allow = min(Rp0.2\/1.5, Rm\/3.5) for carbon\/alloy steels. For austenitic stainless: min(Rp0.2\/1.5, Rm\/2.4) since they work-harden significantly. The lower value governs to prevent both yielding and fracture.<\/p>' },\n        { q: 'What is the fatigue endurance limit?', a: '<p>For steels with Rm &lt; 1400 MPa: Se \u2248 0.5 \u00d7 Rm. For Rm \u2265 1400 MPa: Se \u2248 700 MPa (flattens due to inclusions). These are for polished, unnotched specimens \u2014 apply modification factors for real components.<\/p>' },\n        { q: 'What safety factors for different loads?', a: '<p>Static: 1.5 on yield. Fracture: 2.4\u20133.5 on UTS. Pulsating fatigue: 2.0 on Se. Fully reversed: 2.5 on Se. Impact: 3.0\u20135.0 on yield. Higher factors for unknown loads or critical applications.<\/p>' },\n        { q: 'What is yield strength Rp0.2?', a: '<p>The 0.2% proof stress \u2014 the stress causing 0.2% permanent plastic deformation. It is the practical yield point for engineering design, especially for materials without a clear yield point like austenitic stainless steels.<\/p>' },\n        { q: 'Do properties change with heat treatment?', a: '<p>Dramatically. Q&T increases strength (higher Rp, Rm) but reduces ductility (lower A%). Normalizing gives moderate properties. Annealing gives minimum hardness. Always specify the heat treatment condition.<\/p>' }\n    ];\n    var fl = $('vc-faq-list');\n    faqData.forEach(function(f) { fl.innerHTML += '<div class=\"vc-faq-item\"><button type=\"button\" class=\"vc-faq-q\"><span>' + f.q + '<\/span><svg class=\"vc-faq-chevron\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2\"><path d=\"M6 9l6 6 6-6\"\/><\/svg><\/button><div class=\"vc-faq-a\"><div class=\"vc-faq-a-inner\">' + f.a + '<\/div><\/div><\/div>'; });\n    fl.addEventListener('click', function(e) { var b = e.target.closest('.vc-faq-q'); if (b) b.closest('.vc-faq-item').classList.toggle('vc-open'); });\n\n    function saveHistory(entry) { var key = 'vc_history_' + SLUG; var arr = []; try { arr = JSON.parse(localStorage.getItem(key)) || []; } catch(e) {} entry._ts = new Date().toISOString(); arr.unshift(entry); if (arr.length > 10) arr = arr.slice(0, 10); try { localStorage.setItem(key, JSON.stringify(arr)); } catch(e) {} }\n\n    function renderFormulas() {\n        try {\n            katex.render('\\\\sigma_{\\\\text{allow}} = \\\\min\\\\!\\\\left(\\\\frac{R_{p0.2}}{1.5},\\\\; \\\\frac{R_m}{3.5}\\\\right) \\\\quad \\\\text{[carbon\/alloy steel]}', $('vc-katex-1'), { displayMode: true, throwOnError: false });\n            katex.render('S_e \\\\approx \\\\begin{cases} 0.5 \\\\times R_m & R_m < 1400\\\\,\\\\text{MPa} \\\\\\\\ 700\\\\,\\\\text{MPa} & R_m \\\\geq 1400\\\\,\\\\text{MPa} \\\\end{cases}', $('vc-katex-2'), { displayMode: true, throwOnError: false });\n            katex.render('S_e^{\\\\prime} = k_a \\\\cdot k_b \\\\cdot k_c \\\\cdot k_d \\\\cdot k_e \\\\cdot S_e', $('vc-katex-3'), { displayMode: true, throwOnError: false });\n        } catch(e) {}\n    }\n\n    function init() {\n        var p = new URLSearchParams(window.location.search);\n        if (p.get('grade')) sel.value = p.get('grade');\n        if (p.get('cond')) $('vc-cond').value = p.get('cond');\n        renderFormulas();\n        calculate();\n    }\n    if (document.readyState === 'loading') { document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', init); } else { init(); }\n})();\n<\/script>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Free steel mechanical properties lookup with allowable stress calculation per ASME. Calculate \u03c3_allow, fatigue endurance limit, and safety factors for static and alternating loads.<\/p>","protected":false},"featured_media":0,"template":"","meta":{"ai_generated_summary":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-100245","calculator","type-calculator","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/vibromera.eu\/bn\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/calculator\/100245","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/vibromera.eu\/bn\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/calculator"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/vibromera.eu\/bn\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/calculator"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"https:\/\/vibromera.eu\/bn\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/calculator\/100245\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":100911,"href":"https:\/\/vibromera.eu\/bn\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/calculator\/100245\/revisions\/100911"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/vibromera.eu\/bn\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=100245"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vibromera.eu\/bn\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=100245"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vibromera.eu\/bn\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=100245"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}