{"id":100272,"date":"2026-02-15T20:31:18","date_gmt":"2026-02-15T20:31:18","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/vibromera.eu\/?post_type=calculator&#038;p=100272"},"modified":"2026-04-05T15:34:21","modified_gmt":"2026-04-05T15:34:21","slug":"ultrasound-velocity-materials","status":"publish","type":"calculator","link":"https:\/\/vibromera.eu\/bn\/calculators\/ultrasound-velocity-materials\/","title":{"rendered":"UT \u0995\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09b2\u0995\u09c1\u09b2\u09c7\u099f\u09b0 \u2014 \u09ac\u09bf\u09ae \u09aa\u09be\u09a5, \u09a8\u09bf\u09af\u09bc\u09be\u09b0 \u09ab\u09bf\u09b2\u09cd\u09a1 &#038; \u09a4\u09b0\u0999\u09cd\u0997\u09a6\u09c8\u09b0\u09cd\u0998\u09cd\u09af | Vibromera"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\">\n{\"@context\":\"https:\/\/schema.org\",\"@type\":\"WebApplication\",\"name\":\"Ultrasonic Testing Calculator\",\"description\":\"NDT calculator for beam path, skip distance, near field length, and wavelength with material velocity reference.\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/vibromera.eu\/calculators\/ultrasound-velocity-materials\/\",\"applicationCategory\":\"Engineering Calculator\",\"operatingSystem\":\"Any\",\"offers\":{\"@type\":\"Offer\",\"price\":\"0\",\"priceCurrency\":\"EUR\"},\"creator\":{\"@type\":\"Organization\",\"name\":\"Vibromera\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/vibromera.eu\/\"},\"datePublished\":\"2024-01-01\",\"dateModified\":\"2026-02-15\",\"inLanguage\":\"en\",\"isAccessibleForFree\":true}\n<\/script>\n\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\">\n{\"@context\":\"https:\/\/schema.org\",\"@type\":\"FAQPage\",\"mainEntity\":[\n{\"@type\":\"Question\",\"name\":\"What is beam path length in ultrasonic testing?\",\"acceptedAnswer\":{\"@type\":\"Answer\",\"text\":\"Beam path is the distance the ultrasonic wave travels from the probe to the reflector. For angle beam: beam path = thickness \/ cos(angle). For the full V-path (skip): beam path = 2 \u00d7 thickness \/ cos(angle).\"}},\n{\"@type\":\"Question\",\"name\":\"What is skip distance?\",\"acceptedAnswer\":{\"@type\":\"Answer\",\"text\":\"Skip distance is the surface distance between the probe entry point and where the beam reflects off the back wall. Full skip = 2 \u00d7 thickness \u00d7 tan(angle). Half skip = thickness \u00d7 tan(angle). Used for weld inspection positioning.\"}},\n{\"@type\":\"Question\",\"name\":\"What is near field length?\",\"acceptedAnswer\":{\"@type\":\"Answer\",\"text\":\"Near field (Fresnel zone) N = D\u00b2f\/(4v) where D = probe diameter, f = frequency, v = velocity. Within the near field, the beam has uneven pressure distribution. Inspections should be done beyond N for reliable results.\"}},\n{\"@type\":\"Question\",\"name\":\"How does probe angle affect inspection?\",\"acceptedAnswer\":{\"@type\":\"Answer\",\"text\":\"Common angles: 0\u00b0 for thickness measurement, 45\u00b0 for detecting vertical flaws in welds, 60\u00b0 for general weld inspection (most common), 70\u00b0 for thin materials and near-surface flaws. Angle refers to refracted shear wave angle in the test material.\"}},\n{\"@type\":\"Question\",\"name\":\"What frequency to choose for ultrasonic testing?\",\"acceptedAnswer\":{\"@type\":\"Answer\",\"text\":\"Higher frequency = better resolution but less penetration. 1-2 MHz for castings and coarse grain. 2-5 MHz for general steel inspection. 5-10 MHz for thin materials and high resolution. 10-25 MHz for precision measurement.\"}}\n]}\n<\/script>\n\n<link rel=\"preconnect\" href=\"https:\/\/fonts.googleapis.com\">\n\n<link rel=\"preconnect\" href=\"https:\/\/fonts.gstatic.com\" crossorigin>\n\n<link href=\"https:\/\/fonts.googleapis.com\/css2?family=DM+Sans:ital,opsz,wght@0,9..40,300;0,9..40,400;0,9..40,500;0,9..40,600;0,9..40,700;1,9..40,400&#038;family=JetBrains+Mono:wght@400;500;600&#038;family=Fraunces:opsz,wght@9..144,700;9..144,800&#038;display=swap\" rel=\"stylesheet\">\n\n<link rel=\"stylesheet\" href=\"https:\/\/cdn.jsdelivr.net\/npm\/katex@0.16.11\/dist\/katex.min.css\">\n\n<style>\n:root {\n    --vc-bg: #f4f1ec; 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}\n.vc-footer-links { margin-top: 8px; font-size: 12px; }\n.vc-footer-links a { margin: 0 8px; }\n@media print { .vc-section-body { max-height: none !important; } .vc-faq-a { max-height: none !important; } .vc-results { max-height: none !important; padding: 24px !important; } .vc-copy-btn, .vc-section-chevron, .vc-faq-chevron, .vc-presets, .vc-promo { display: none !important; } }\n<\/style>\n\n<div class=\"vc-calculator\" id=\"vc-ut-calc\">\n\n<header class=\"vc-header\">\n    <p class=\"vc-header-eyebrow\">Free Engineering Tool<\/p>\n    <h1 class=\"vc-header-title\">Ultrasonic Testing Calculator<\/h1>\n    <p class=\"vc-header-subtitle\">Calculate beam path, skip distance, near field length, and wavelength for ultrasonic NDT inspections. Material velocity reference included.<\/p>\n    <div class=\"vc-badges\"><span class=\"vc-badge\">NDT Calculator<\/span><span class=\"vc-badge\">Beam Path<\/span><span class=\"vc-badge\">Near Field<\/span><\/div>\n<\/header>\n\n<div class=\"vc-card\">\n    <form class=\"vc-form\" id=\"vc-form\" autocomplete=\"off\">\n        <div class=\"vc-form-grid\">\n            <div class=\"vc-field\">\n                <label class=\"vc-label\" for=\"vc-mat\">Material<\/label>\n                <select class=\"vc-select\" id=\"vc-mat\"><\/select>\n            <\/div>\n            <div class=\"vc-field\">\n                <label class=\"vc-label\" for=\"vc-thick\">Thickness <span class=\"vc-label-hint\">(mm)<\/span><\/label>\n                <input class=\"vc-input\" type=\"number\" id=\"vc-thick\" step=\"any\" min=\"0.1\" value=\"20\" placeholder=\"e.g. 20\">\n            <\/div>\n            <div class=\"vc-field\">\n                <label class=\"vc-label\" for=\"vc-angle\">Probe Angle <span class=\"vc-label-hint\">(\u00b0)<\/span><\/label>\n                <select class=\"vc-select\" id=\"vc-angle\">\n                    <option value=\"0\" selected>0\u00b0 (straight beam)<\/option>\n                    <option value=\"45\">45\u00b0<\/option>\n                    <option value=\"60\">60\u00b0<\/option>\n                    <option value=\"70\">70\u00b0<\/option>\n                <\/select>\n            <\/div>\n            <div class=\"vc-field\">\n                <label class=\"vc-label\" for=\"vc-freq\">Frequency <span class=\"vc-label-hint\">(MHz)<\/span><\/label>\n                <input class=\"vc-input\" type=\"number\" id=\"vc-freq\" step=\"any\" min=\"0.1\" value=\"4\" placeholder=\"e.g. 4\">\n            <\/div>\n            <div class=\"vc-field\">\n                <label class=\"vc-label\" for=\"vc-diam\">Probe Diameter <span class=\"vc-label-hint\">(mm)<\/span><\/label>\n                <input class=\"vc-input\" type=\"number\" id=\"vc-diam\" step=\"any\" min=\"1\" value=\"20\" placeholder=\"e.g. 20\">\n            <\/div>\n        <\/div>\n        <div class=\"vc-presets\">\n            <div class=\"vc-presets-label\">Quick presets<\/div>\n            <button type=\"button\" class=\"vc-preset-btn\" data-mat=\"0\" data-t=\"25\" data-a=\"60\" data-f=\"4\" data-d=\"20\">Steel 25mm \/ 60\u00b0 \/ 4MHz<\/button>\n            <button type=\"button\" class=\"vc-preset-btn\" data-mat=\"0\" data-t=\"10\" data-a=\"0\" data-f=\"5\" data-d=\"10\">Steel 10mm \/ 0\u00b0 \/ 5MHz<\/button>\n            <button type=\"button\" class=\"vc-preset-btn\" data-mat=\"5\" data-t=\"15\" data-a=\"70\" data-f=\"2\" data-d=\"20\">Aluminum 15mm \/ 70\u00b0 \/ 2MHz<\/button>\n        <\/div>\n    <\/form>\n\n    <div class=\"vc-results\" id=\"vc-results\">\n        <div class=\"vc-results-head\">\n            <h2 class=\"vc-results-title\">UT Calculation Results<\/h2>\n            <button type=\"button\" class=\"vc-copy-btn\" id=\"vc-copy-btn\"><svg width=\"14\" height=\"14\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2\"><rect x=\"9\" y=\"9\" width=\"13\" height=\"13\" rx=\"2\"\/><path d=\"M5 15H4a2 2 0 01-2-2V4a2 2 0 012-2h9a2 2 0 012 2v1\"\/><\/svg> Copy<\/button>\n        <\/div>\n        <div class=\"vc-result-grid\">\n            <div class=\"vc-rcard vc-rcard-primary\"><div class=\"vc-rcard-label\">Beam Path (full V-path)<\/div><div class=\"vc-rcard-value\" id=\"vc-r-beam\">\u2014<\/div><\/div>\n            <div class=\"vc-rcard\"><div class=\"vc-rcard-label\">Skip Distance (full)<\/div><div class=\"vc-rcard-value\" id=\"vc-r-skip\">\u2014<\/div><\/div>\n            <div class=\"vc-rcard\"><div class=\"vc-rcard-label\">Half Skip Distance<\/div><div class=\"vc-rcard-value\" id=\"vc-r-halfskip\">\u2014<\/div><\/div>\n            <div class=\"vc-rcard\"><div class=\"vc-rcard-label\">Near Field Length N<\/div><div class=\"vc-rcard-value\" id=\"vc-r-nf\">\u2014<\/div><\/div>\n            <div class=\"vc-rcard\"><div class=\"vc-rcard-label\">Wavelength \u03bb<\/div><div class=\"vc-rcard-value\" id=\"vc-r-wl\">\u2014<\/div><\/div>\n            <div class=\"vc-rcard\"><div class=\"vc-rcard-label\">Velocity Used<\/div><div class=\"vc-rcard-value\" id=\"vc-r-vel\">\u2014<\/div><\/div>\n            <div class=\"vc-rcard\"><div class=\"vc-rcard-label\">Material \/ Probe<\/div><div class=\"vc-rcard-value\" id=\"vc-r-info\" style=\"font-size:14px\">\u2014<\/div><\/div>\n            <div class=\"vc-rcard\"><div class=\"vc-rcard-label\">Min. Detectable Flaw<\/div><div class=\"vc-rcard-value\" id=\"vc-r-flaw\">\u2014<\/div><\/div>\n        <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n<!-- Theory -->\n<div class=\"vc-section vc-open\" id=\"vc-sec-theory\">\n    <button type=\"button\" class=\"vc-section-toggle\" aria-expanded=\"true\"><span class=\"vc-section-toggle-text\"><span class=\"vc-section-icon\">\ud83d\udcd8<\/span><span class=\"vc-section-title\">Theory &amp; Formulas<\/span><\/span><svg class=\"vc-section-chevron\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2\"><path d=\"M6 9l6 6 6-6\"\/><\/svg><\/button>\n    <div class=\"vc-section-body\">\n        <div class=\"vc-section-inner vc-theory\">\n            <h3>Beam Path &amp; Skip Distance<\/h3>\n            <div class=\"vc-formula-box\" id=\"vc-katex-1\"><\/div>\n            <h3>Near Field Length<\/h3>\n            <div class=\"vc-formula-box\" id=\"vc-katex-2\"><\/div>\n            <h3>Wavelength<\/h3>\n            <div class=\"vc-formula-box\" id=\"vc-katex-3\"><\/div>\n            <h3>Material Velocity Reference<\/h3>\n            <table class=\"vc-table\" id=\"vc-ref-table\"><thead><tr><th>Material<\/th><th>V_L (m\/s)<\/th><th>V_S (m\/s)<\/th><th>\u03c1 (kg\/m\u00b3)<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody id=\"vc-ref-body\"><\/tbody><\/table>\n            <h3>Practical Example<\/h3>\n            <div class=\"vc-example-box\">\n                <div class=\"vc-example-title\">Example \u2014 60\u00b0 angle beam on 25mm carbon steel<\/div>\n                <p><strong>V_shear<\/strong> = 3250 m\/s, <strong>t<\/strong> = 25 mm, <strong>\u03b8<\/strong> = 60\u00b0<\/p>\n                <p>Half skip = 25 \u00d7 tan(60\u00b0) = 25 \u00d7 1.732 = <strong>43.3 mm<\/strong><\/p>\n                <p>Full skip = 2 \u00d7 43.3 = <strong>86.6 mm<\/strong><\/p>\n                <p>Beam path = 2 \u00d7 25 \/ cos(60\u00b0) = 50 \/ 0.5 = <strong>100 mm<\/strong><\/p>\n                <p>N = 20\u00b2 \u00d7 4\u00d710\u2076 \/ (4 \u00d7 3250) = 1600000\/13000 = <strong>123 mm<\/strong><\/p>\n                <p>\u03bb = 3250 \/ (4\u00d710\u2076) \u00d7 1000 = <strong>0.81 mm<\/strong><\/p>\n            <\/div>\n        <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"vc-section\"><button type=\"button\" class=\"vc-section-toggle\" aria-expanded=\"false\"><span class=\"vc-section-toggle-text\"><span class=\"vc-section-icon\">\ud83d\udd17<\/span><span class=\"vc-section-title\">Related Calculators<\/span><\/span><svg class=\"vc-section-chevron\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2\"><path d=\"M6 9l6 6 6-6\"\/><\/svg><\/button><div class=\"vc-section-body\"><div class=\"vc-section-inner\"><div class=\"vc-related\"><a class=\"vc-related-link\" href=\"\/calculators\/steel-properties-lookup\/\">Steel Properties<\/a><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"vc-section\"><button type=\"button\" class=\"vc-section-toggle\" aria-expanded=\"false\"><span class=\"vc-section-toggle-text\"><span class=\"vc-section-icon\">\u2753<\/span><span class=\"vc-section-title\">Frequently Asked Questions<\/span><\/span><svg class=\"vc-section-chevron\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2\"><path d=\"M6 9l6 6 6-6\"\/><\/svg><\/button><div class=\"vc-section-body\"><div class=\"vc-section-inner\"><div class=\"vc-faq-list\" id=\"vc-faq-list\"><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"vc-promo\"><div class=\"vc-promo-text\"><strong>Vibromera \u2014 Portable Balancing &amp; Vibration Analysis<\/strong><\/div><a class=\"vc-promo-link\" href=\"https:\/\/vibromera.eu\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Learn More<\/a><\/div>\n<footer class=\"vc-footer\"><p>&copy; 2024&ndash;2026 <a href=\"https:\/\/vibromera.eu\/\">Vibromera<\/a><\/p><div class=\"vc-footer-links\"><a href=\"\/calculators\/engineering-calculators\/\">All Calculators<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/vibromera.eu\/contacts\/\">Contact<\/a><\/div><\/footer>\n<\/div>\n\n<script src=\"https:\/\/cdn.jsdelivr.net\/npm\/katex@0.16.11\/dist\/katex.min.js\"><\/script>\n<script>\n(function() {\n    'use strict';\n    var SLUG = 'ultrasound-velocity-materials';\n    function $(id) { return document.getElementById(id); }\n    function fmt(n, d) { if (isNaN(n) || !isFinite(n)) return '\u2014'; return n.toFixed(d === undefined ? 2 : d).replace(\/(\\.\\d*?)0+$\/, '$1').replace(\/\\.$\/, ''); }\n\n    \/* [name, V_long m\/s, V_shear m\/s, density kg\/m\u00b3] *\/\n    var MATS = [\n        ['Carbon Steel', 5920, 3250, 7850],\n        ['Stainless Steel 304', 5790, 3100, 7930],\n        ['Stainless Steel 316', 5740, 3060, 7980],\n        ['Cast Iron (gray)', 4600, 2550, 7200],\n        ['Cast Iron (ductile)', 5600, 3050, 7100],\n        ['Aluminum', 6320, 3130, 2700],\n        ['Copper', 4660, 2260, 8900],\n        ['Brass', 4430, 2120, 8500],\n        ['Titanium', 6100, 3120, 4510],\n        ['Inconel 625', 5820, 3020, 8440],\n        ['Nickel', 5630, 2960, 8900],\n        ['Glass', 5660, 3420, 2500],\n        ['HDPE', 2430, 950, 950],\n        ['Water (20\u00b0C)', 1480, 0, 998],\n        ['Concrete', 4500, 2500, 2300]\n    ];\n\n    var matSel = $('vc-mat');\n    MATS.forEach(function(m, i) { var o = document.createElement('option'); o.value = i; o.textContent = m[0]; matSel.appendChild(o); });\n\n    \/* Build reference table *\/\n    var tbody = $('vc-ref-body');\n    MATS.forEach(function(m) { tbody.innerHTML += '<tr><td>' + m[0] + '<\/td><td>' + m[1] + '<\/td><td>' + (m[2] || '\u2014') + '<\/td><td>' + m[3] + '<\/td><\/tr>'; });\n\n    function calculate() {\n        var mat = MATS[parseInt(matSel.value)];\n        var t = parseFloat($('vc-thick').value);\n        var angle = parseFloat($('vc-angle').value);\n        var freq = parseFloat($('vc-freq').value);\n        var diam = parseFloat($('vc-diam').value);\n\n        if (!mat || !t || t <= 0 || !freq || freq <= 0 || !diam || diam <= 0) {\n            $('vc-results').classList.remove('vc-visible'); return;\n        }\n\n        var angleRad = angle * Math.PI \/ 180;\n        \/* Use shear velocity for angle beams, longitudinal for 0\u00b0 *\/\n        var v = (angle === 0) ? mat[1] : mat[2];\n        if (!v || v === 0) { v = mat[1]; } \/* fallback to longitudinal *\/\n        var vType = (angle === 0) ? 'Longitudinal' : 'Shear';\n\n        \/* Beam path (full V-path) *\/\n        var beamPath = (angle === 0) ? (2 * t) : (2 * t \/ Math.cos(angleRad));\n        \/* Skip distance *\/\n        var halfSkip = (angle === 0) ? 0 : (t * Math.tan(angleRad));\n        var fullSkip = 2 * halfSkip;\n\n        \/* Near field: N = D\u00b2f \/ (4v) \u2014 D in m, f in Hz, v in m\/s \u2192 N in m *\/\n        var D_m = diam \/ 1000;\n        var f_hz = freq * 1e6;\n        var N = (D_m * D_m * f_hz) \/ (4 * v);\n        var N_mm = N * 1000;\n\n        \/* Wavelength: \u03bb = v\/f *\/\n        var wavelength = (v \/ f_hz) * 1000; \/* mm *\/\n\n        \/* Min detectable flaw \u2248 \u03bb\/2 *\/\n        var minFlaw = wavelength \/ 2;\n\n        \/* Display *\/\n        $('vc-r-beam').innerHTML = fmt(beamPath, 1) + ' <span class=\"vc-rcard-unit\">mm<\/span>';\n        $('vc-r-skip').innerHTML = (angle === 0) ? 'N\/A (0\u00b0)' : fmt(fullSkip, 1) + ' <span class=\"vc-rcard-unit\">mm<\/span>';\n        $('vc-r-halfskip').innerHTML = (angle === 0) ? 'N\/A (0\u00b0)' : fmt(halfSkip, 1) + ' <span class=\"vc-rcard-unit\">mm<\/span>';\n        $('vc-r-nf').innerHTML = fmt(N_mm, 1) + ' <span class=\"vc-rcard-unit\">mm<\/span>';\n        $('vc-r-wl').innerHTML = fmt(wavelength, 3) + ' <span class=\"vc-rcard-unit\">mm<\/span>';\n        $('vc-r-vel').innerHTML = v + ' <span class=\"vc-rcard-unit\">m\/s (' + vType + ')<\/span>';\n        $('vc-r-info').innerHTML = mat[0] + ' | ' + angle + '\u00b0 | ' + freq + ' MHz | \u2300' + diam + ' mm';\n        $('vc-r-flaw').innerHTML = '\u2248 ' + fmt(minFlaw, 2) + ' <span class=\"vc-rcard-unit\">mm (\u03bb\/2)<\/span>';\n\n        $('vc-results').classList.add('vc-visible');\n\n        var u = new URL(window.location);\n        u.searchParams.set('mat', matSel.value); u.searchParams.set('thick', t);\n        u.searchParams.set('angle', angle); u.searchParams.set('freq', freq); u.searchParams.set('diam', diam);\n        history.replaceState(null, '', u.toString());\n\n        saveHistory({ mat: mat[0], thick: t, angle: angle, freq: freq, _summary: mat[0] + ' t=' + t + 'mm ' + angle + '\u00b0 ' + freq + 'MHz' });\n    }\n\n    $('vc-form').addEventListener('input', calculate);\n    $('vc-form').addEventListener('change', calculate);\n\n    document.querySelectorAll('.vc-preset-btn').forEach(function(btn) {\n        btn.addEventListener('click', function(e) {\n            e.preventDefault();\n            matSel.value = this.getAttribute('data-mat');\n            $('vc-thick').value = this.getAttribute('data-t');\n            $('vc-angle').value = this.getAttribute('data-a');\n            $('vc-freq').value = this.getAttribute('data-f');\n            $('vc-diam').value = this.getAttribute('data-d');\n            calculate();\n        });\n    });\n\n    $('vc-copy-btn').addEventListener('click', function() {\n        var text = 'UT Calculation\\n\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\\n' + $('vc-r-info').textContent + '\\nBeam Path: ' + $('vc-r-beam').textContent + '\\nSkip: ' + $('vc-r-skip').textContent + '\\nNear Field: ' + $('vc-r-nf').textContent + '\\nWavelength: ' + $('vc-r-wl').textContent + '\\nVelocity: ' + $('vc-r-vel').textContent + '\\n\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\\nvibromera.eu';\n        if (navigator.clipboard) { navigator.clipboard.writeText(text).then(function() { var b = $('vc-copy-btn'); b.classList.add('vc-copied'); b.innerHTML = '<svg width=\"14\" height=\"14\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2\"><polyline points=\"20 6 9 17 4 12\"\/><\/svg> Copied!'; setTimeout(function() { b.classList.remove('vc-copied'); b.innerHTML = '<svg width=\"14\" height=\"14\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2\"><rect x=\"9\" y=\"9\" width=\"13\" height=\"13\" rx=\"2\"\/><path d=\"M5 15H4a2 2 0 01-2-2V4a2 2 0 012-2h9a2 2 0 012 2v1\"\/><\/svg> Copy'; }, 2000); }); }\n    });\n\n    document.querySelectorAll('.vc-section-toggle').forEach(function(btn) { btn.addEventListener('click', function() { var s = this.closest('.vc-section'); s.classList.toggle('vc-open'); this.setAttribute('aria-expanded', s.classList.contains('vc-open')); }); });\n\n    var faqData = [\n        { q: 'What is beam path length in UT?', a: '<p>The distance the ultrasonic wave travels from probe to reflector. For 0\u00b0: beam path = 2\u00d7thickness (pulse-echo). For angle beam: beam path = 2\u00d7thickness\/cos(angle) for full V-path.<\/p>' },\n        { q: 'What is skip distance?', a: '<p>Surface distance between probe entry point and beam reflection point. Full skip = 2\u00d7t\u00d7tan(\u03b8). Used to position the probe for weld inspection \u2014 place probe at half-skip or full-skip distance from the weld center.<\/p>' },\n        { q: 'What is near field length?', a: '<p>N = D\u00b2f\/(4v). Within near field, beam intensity fluctuates. Beyond it, beam diverges predictably. Always inspect beyond N for reliable sizing. Smaller probe or lower frequency = shorter near field.<\/p>' },\n        { q: 'How to choose probe angle?', a: '<p>0\u00b0: thickness measurement, lamination. 45\u00b0: vertical flaws, weld root. 60\u00b0: general weld inspection (most common). 70\u00b0: thin materials, near-surface flaws, when 60\u00b0 skip is too large.<\/p>' },\n        { q: 'What frequency for UT inspection?', a: '<p>Higher freq = better resolution, less penetration. 1-2 MHz: castings, coarse grain. 2-5 MHz: general steel (most common). 5-15 MHz: thin materials, high resolution needed.<\/p>' }\n    ];\n    var fl = $('vc-faq-list'); faqData.forEach(function(f) { fl.innerHTML += '<div class=\"vc-faq-item\"><button type=\"button\" class=\"vc-faq-q\"><span>' + f.q + '<\/span><svg class=\"vc-faq-chevron\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2\"><path d=\"M6 9l6 6 6-6\"\/><\/svg><\/button><div class=\"vc-faq-a\"><div class=\"vc-faq-a-inner\">' + f.a + '<\/div><\/div><\/div>'; });\n    fl.addEventListener('click', function(e) { var b = e.target.closest('.vc-faq-q'); if (b) b.closest('.vc-faq-item').classList.toggle('vc-open'); });\n\n    function saveHistory(entry) { var key = 'vc_history_' + SLUG; var arr = []; try { arr = JSON.parse(localStorage.getItem(key)) || []; } catch(e) {} entry._ts = new Date().toISOString(); arr.unshift(entry); if (arr.length > 10) arr = arr.slice(0, 10); try { localStorage.setItem(key, JSON.stringify(arr)); } catch(e) {} }\n\n    function renderFormulas() {\n        try {\n            katex.render('\\\\text{Beam path} = \\\\frac{2t}{\\\\cos\\\\theta} \\\\qquad \\\\text{Skip} = 2t \\\\tan\\\\theta \\\\qquad \\\\text{Half skip} = t \\\\tan\\\\theta', $('vc-katex-1'), { displayMode: true, throwOnError: false });\n            katex.render('N = \\\\frac{D^2 f}{4 v} \\\\quad [\\\\text{m}]', $('vc-katex-2'), { displayMode: true, throwOnError: false });\n            katex.render('\\\\lambda = \\\\frac{v}{f} \\\\quad \\\\text{Min flaw} \\\\approx \\\\frac{\\\\lambda}{2}', $('vc-katex-3'), { displayMode: true, throwOnError: false });\n        } catch(e) {}\n    }\n\n    function init() {\n        var p = new URLSearchParams(window.location.search);\n        if (p.get('mat')) matSel.value = p.get('mat');\n        if (p.get('thick')) $('vc-thick').value = p.get('thick');\n        if (p.get('angle')) $('vc-angle').value = p.get('angle');\n        if (p.get('freq')) $('vc-freq').value = p.get('freq');\n        if (p.get('diam')) $('vc-diam').value = p.get('diam');\n        renderFormulas(); calculate();\n    }\n    if (document.readyState === 'loading') { document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', init); } else { init(); }\n})();\n<\/script>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u09ac\u09bf\u09a8\u09be\u09ae\u09c2\u09b2\u09cd\u09af\u09c7 \u0986\u09b2\u099f\u09cd\u09b0\u09be\u09b8\u09cb\u09a8\u09bf\u0995 \u09aa\u09b0\u09c0\u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09be\u09b0 \u0995\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09b2\u0995\u09c1\u09b2\u09c7\u099f\u09b0\u0964 \u09ac\u09bf\u09ae \u09aa\u09be\u09a5, \u09b8\u09cd\u0995\u09bf\u09aa \u09a6\u09c2\u09b0\u09a4\u09cd\u09ac, \u09a8\u09bf\u09af\u09bc\u09be\u09b0 \u09ab\u09bf\u09b2\u09cd\u09a1 \u09a6\u09c8\u09b0\u09cd\u0998\u09cd\u09af, \u09a4\u09b0\u0999\u09cd\u0997\u09a6\u09c8\u09b0\u09cd\u0998\u09cd\u09af \u0997\u09a3\u09a8\u09be \u0995\u09b0\u09c1\u09a8\u0964 NDT \u09aa\u09b0\u09bf\u09a6\u09b0\u09cd\u09b6\u0995\u09a6\u09c7\u09b0 \u099c\u09a8\u09cd\u09af \u0989\u09aa\u09be\u09a6\u09be\u09a8 \u09ac\u09c7\u0997 \u09b0\u09c7\u09ab\u09be\u09b0\u09c7\u09a8\u09cd\u09b8 \u0985\u09a8\u09cd\u09a4\u09b0\u09cd\u09ad\u09c1\u0995\u09cd\u09a4\u0964<\/p>","protected":false},"featured_media":0,"template":"","meta":{"ai_generated_summary":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-100272","calculator","type-calculator","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/vibromera.eu\/bn\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/calculator\/100272","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/vibromera.eu\/bn\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/calculator"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/vibromera.eu\/bn\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/calculator"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"https:\/\/vibromera.eu\/bn\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/calculator\/100272\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":100909,"href":"https:\/\/vibromera.eu\/bn\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/calculator\/100272\/revisions\/100909"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/vibromera.eu\/bn\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=100272"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vibromera.eu\/bn\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=100272"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vibromera.eu\/bn\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=100272"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}