{"id":100278,"date":"2026-02-15T20:31:36","date_gmt":"2026-02-15T20:31:36","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/vibromera.eu\/?post_type=calculator&#038;p=100278"},"modified":"2026-03-05T15:37:11","modified_gmt":"2026-03-05T15:37:11","slug":"vibration-acceleration","status":"publish","type":"calculator","link":"https:\/\/vibromera.eu\/bn\/calculators\/vibration-acceleration\/","title":{"rendered":"\u0995\u09ae\u09cd\u09aa\u09a8 \u09a4\u09cd\u09ac\u09b0\u09a3 \u0995\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09b2\u0995\u09c1\u09b2\u09c7\u099f\u09b0 \u2014 mm\/s \u09a5\u09c7\u0995\u09c7 m\/s\u00b2 &#038; g"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\">\n{\"@context\":\"https:\/\/schema.org\",\"@type\":\"WebApplication\",\"name\":\"Vibration Acceleration Calculator (ISO 20816)\",\"alternateName\":[\"Velocity to Acceleration Converter\",\"Vibration g Calculator\"],\"description\":\"Convert vibration velocity (mm\/s RMS) to acceleration (m\/s\u00b2, g) at any frequency. Supports Hz and RPM input with peak and RMS results.\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/vibromera.eu\/calculators\/vibration-acceleration-iso20816\/\",\"applicationCategory\":\"Engineering Calculator\",\"operatingSystem\":\"Any (Web Browser)\",\"offers\":{\"@type\":\"Offer\",\"price\":\"0\",\"priceCurrency\":\"EUR\"},\"creator\":{\"@type\":\"Organization\",\"name\":\"Vibromera\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/vibromera.eu\/\"},\"datePublished\":\"2024-01-01\",\"dateModified\":\"2025-02-14\",\"inLanguage\":\"en\",\"isAccessibleForFree\":true,\"featureList\":[\"Velocity to acceleration conversion\",\"RMS and peak results\",\"Hz and RPM input\",\"Displacement calculation\",\"Metric and Imperial units\",\"Auto-calculation on input change\",\"URL parameter sharing\",\"Calculation history\"],\"keywords\":\"vibration acceleration, velocity to acceleration, m\/s\u00b2, g, ISO 20816\"}\n<\/script>\n\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\">\n{\"@context\":\"https:\/\/schema.org\",\"@type\":\"FAQPage\",\"mainEntity\":[\n{\"@type\":\"Question\",\"name\":\"What is vibration acceleration?\",\"acceptedAnswer\":{\"@type\":\"Answer\",\"text\":\"Vibration acceleration is the rate of change of vibration velocity, measured in m\/s\u00b2 or g (where 1 g = 9.80665 m\/s\u00b2). It is the most sensitive parameter to high-frequency vibration and is critical for detecting bearing defects, gear mesh faults, and other high-frequency mechanical problems. Acceleration increases with both vibration amplitude and frequency.\"}},\n{\"@type\":\"Question\",\"name\":\"When should I use acceleration instead of velocity for vibration monitoring?\",\"acceptedAnswer\":{\"@type\":\"Answer\",\"text\":\"Acceleration is preferred for high-frequency vibration analysis, typically above 1000 Hz. It is the best parameter for early detection of rolling element bearing defects, gear mesh problems, and cavitation. Velocity (mm\/s RMS) is better for general machine condition in the 10\u20131000 Hz range, while displacement is preferred below 10 Hz. Many modern condition monitoring systems use acceleration enveloping (demodulation) for bearing diagnostics.\"}},\n{\"@type\":\"Question\",\"name\":\"How do I convert g to m\/s\u00b2?\",\"acceptedAnswer\":{\"@type\":\"Answer\",\"text\":\"To convert from g to m\/s\u00b2, multiply by 9.80665 (standard gravity). For example, 0.5 g = 0.5 \u00d7 9.80665 = 4.903 m\/s\u00b2. Conversely, to convert m\/s\u00b2 to g, divide by 9.80665. The g unit is commonly used in vibration analysis because typical industrial vibration levels fall in a convenient range of 0.01 to 50 g.\"}},\n{\"@type\":\"Question\",\"name\":\"What sensors measure vibration acceleration?\",\"acceptedAnswer\":{\"@type\":\"Answer\",\"text\":\"Piezoelectric accelerometers are the standard sensors for measuring vibration acceleration. IEPE (ICP) type accelerometers with integrated electronics are most common in industrial applications. They offer wide frequency range (0.5 Hz to 20 kHz+), high sensitivity, and excellent durability. MEMS accelerometers are used in lower-cost monitoring systems but typically have more limited frequency range and accuracy. Charge-mode accelerometers are used for high-temperature applications.\"}},\n{\"@type\":\"Question\",\"name\":\"What is typical vibration acceleration for industrial machines?\",\"acceptedAnswer\":{\"@type\":\"Answer\",\"text\":\"Typical vibration acceleration levels vary widely with machine type and frequency. For general industrial machinery at operating speed: good condition is below 0.5 g, acceptable is 0.5\u20132 g, and alarm levels are typically 2\u20135 g at bearing housings. High-frequency bearing defect signals can reach 10\u201350 g peak. 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font-size:12px; }\n.vc-footer-links a { margin:0 8px; }\n\n@media print {\n    .vc-section-body { max-height:none!important; }\n    .vc-faq-a { max-height:none!important; }\n    .vc-results { max-height:none!important; padding:24px!important; }\n    .vc-copy-btn, .vc-section-chevron, .vc-faq-chevron, .vc-presets, .vc-promo { display:none!important; }\n}\n<\/style>\n\n<div class=\"vc-calculator\" id=\"vc-vibration-acceleration\">\n\n<header class=\"vc-header\">\n    <p class=\"vc-header-eyebrow\">Free Engineering Tool<\/p>\n    <h1 class=\"vc-header-title\">Vibration Acceleration Calculator (ISO 20816)<\/h1>\n    <p class=\"vc-header-subtitle\">Convert vibration velocity (mm\/s RMS) to acceleration (m\/s\u00b2, g) at any frequency. Enter velocity and frequency to get acceleration RMS, peak, and displacement results.<\/p>\n    <div class=\"vc-badges\">\n        <span class=\"vc-badge\">ISO 20816<\/span>\n        <span class=\"vc-badge\">m\/s\u00b2 &amp; g<\/span>\n        <span class=\"vc-badge\">Hz \/ RPM<\/span>\n    <\/div>\n<\/header>\n\n<div class=\"vc-card\">\n    <div class=\"vc-unit-bar\">\n        <button type=\"button\" class=\"vc-unit-btn vc-active\" data-system=\"metric\">Metric (m\/s\u00b2)<\/button>\n        <button type=\"button\" class=\"vc-unit-btn\" data-system=\"imperial\">Imperial (g)<\/button>\n    <\/div>\n\n    <form class=\"vc-form\" id=\"vc-form\" autocomplete=\"off\">\n        <div class=\"vc-form-grid\">\n            <div class=\"vc-field\">\n                <label class=\"vc-label\" for=\"vc-velocity\">Vibration Velocity v<sub style=\"font-size:10px\">RMS<\/sub> <span class=\"vc-label-hint\">(mm\/s)<\/span><\/label>\n                <input class=\"vc-input\" type=\"number\" id=\"vc-velocity\" inputmode=\"decimal\" step=\"any\" min=\"0\" placeholder=\"e.g. 4.5\" value=\"4.5\">\n            <\/div>\n            <div class=\"vc-field\">\n                <label class=\"vc-label\" for=\"vc-freq\">Frequency <span class=\"vc-label-hint\" id=\"vc-freq-unit-hint\">(Hz)<\/span><\/label>\n                <input class=\"vc-input\" type=\"number\" id=\"vc-freq\" inputmode=\"decimal\" step=\"any\" min=\"0\" placeholder=\"e.g. 25\" value=\"25\">\n            <\/div>\n            <div class=\"vc-field\">\n                <label class=\"vc-label\" for=\"vc-freq-type\">Frequency Unit<\/label>\n                <select class=\"vc-select\" id=\"vc-freq-type\">\n                    <option value=\"hz\" selected>Hz (cycles per second)<\/option>\n                    <option value=\"rpm\">RPM (revolutions per minute)<\/option>\n                <\/select>\n            <\/div>\n        <\/div>\n\n        <div class=\"vc-presets\">\n            <div class=\"vc-presets-label\">Quick presets<\/div>\n            <button type=\"button\" class=\"vc-preset-btn\" data-v=\"2.5\" data-f=\"3000\" data-ft=\"rpm\">3000 RPM, 2.5 mm\/s<\/button>\n            <button type=\"button\" class=\"vc-preset-btn\" data-v=\"4.5\" data-f=\"1500\" data-ft=\"rpm\">1500 RPM, 4.5 mm\/s<\/button>\n            <button type=\"button\" class=\"vc-preset-btn\" data-v=\"7.1\" data-f=\"50\" data-ft=\"hz\">50 Hz, 7.1 mm\/s<\/button>\n        <\/div>\n    <\/form>\n\n    <div class=\"vc-results\" id=\"vc-results\">\n        <div class=\"vc-results-head\">\n            <h2 class=\"vc-results-title\">Results<\/h2>\n            <button type=\"button\" class=\"vc-copy-btn\" id=\"vc-copy-btn\">\n                <svg width=\"14\" height=\"14\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2\"><rect x=\"9\" y=\"9\" width=\"13\" height=\"13\" rx=\"2\"\/><path d=\"M5 15H4a2 2 0 01-2-2V4a2 2 0 012-2h9a2 2 0 012 2v1\"\/><\/svg>\n                Copy\n            <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n        <div class=\"vc-result-grid\">\n            <div class=\"vc-rcard vc-rcard-primary\">\n                <div class=\"vc-rcard-label\">Acceleration RMS<\/div>\n                <div class=\"vc-rcard-value\" id=\"vc-r-arms\">\u2014<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n            <div class=\"vc-rcard\">\n                <div class=\"vc-rcard-label\">Acceleration Peak<\/div>\n                <div class=\"vc-rcard-value\" id=\"vc-r-apeak\">\u2014<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n            <div class=\"vc-rcard\">\n                <div class=\"vc-rcard-label\">Acceleration RMS (g)<\/div>\n                <div class=\"vc-rcard-value\" id=\"vc-r-grms\">\u2014<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n            <div class=\"vc-rcard\">\n                <div class=\"vc-rcard-label\">Acceleration Peak (g)<\/div>\n                <div class=\"vc-rcard-value\" id=\"vc-r-gpeak\">\u2014<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n            <div class=\"vc-rcard\">\n                <div class=\"vc-rcard-label\">Velocity RMS<\/div>\n                <div class=\"vc-rcard-value\" id=\"vc-r-vrms\">\u2014<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n            <div class=\"vc-rcard\">\n                <div class=\"vc-rcard-label\">Velocity Peak<\/div>\n                <div class=\"vc-rcard-value\" id=\"vc-r-vpeak\">\u2014<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n            <div class=\"vc-rcard\">\n                <div class=\"vc-rcard-label\">Displacement Peak-to-Peak<\/div>\n                <div class=\"vc-rcard-value\" id=\"vc-r-dpp\">\u2014<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n            <div class=\"vc-rcard\">\n                <div class=\"vc-rcard-label\">Frequency<\/div>\n                <div class=\"vc-rcard-value\" id=\"vc-r-freq\">\u2014<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n        <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n<!-- Theory -->\n<div class=\"vc-section vc-open\" id=\"vc-sec-theory\">\n    <button type=\"button\" class=\"vc-section-toggle\" aria-expanded=\"true\">\n        <span class=\"vc-section-toggle-text\">\n            <span class=\"vc-section-icon\">\ud83d\udcd8<\/span>\n            <span class=\"vc-section-title\">Theory &amp; Formulas<\/span>\n        <\/span>\n        <svg class=\"vc-section-chevron\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2\"><path d=\"M6 9l6 6 6-6\"\/><\/svg>\n    <\/button>\n    <div class=\"vc-section-body\">\n        <div class=\"vc-section-inner vc-theory\">\n            <h3>Acceleration from Velocity<\/h3>\n            <p>For sinusoidal vibration, acceleration is derived from velocity by multiplication with angular frequency:<\/p>\n            <div class=\"vc-formula-box\" id=\"vc-katex-1\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"vc-formula-box\" id=\"vc-katex-2\"><\/div>\n            <h3>Conversion to g<\/h3>\n            <div class=\"vc-formula-box\" id=\"vc-katex-3\"><\/div>\n            <h3>Displacement from Velocity<\/h3>\n            <div class=\"vc-formula-box\" id=\"vc-katex-4\"><\/div>\n            <p>Where:<\/p>\n            <ul>\n                <li><strong>v<sub>RMS<\/sub><\/strong> \u2014 vibration velocity RMS (mm\/s)<\/li>\n                <li><strong>f<\/strong> \u2014 frequency (Hz); if RPM given: f = RPM \/ 60<\/li>\n                <li><strong>a<sub>RMS<\/sub><\/strong> \u2014 acceleration root mean square (m\/s\u00b2)<\/li>\n                <li><strong>a<sub>peak<\/sub><\/strong> \u2014 acceleration peak = a<sub>RMS<\/sub> \u00d7 \u221a2 (m\/s\u00b2)<\/li>\n                <li><strong>d<sub>pp<\/sub><\/strong> \u2014 displacement peak-to-peak (\u03bcm)<\/li>\n            <\/ul>\n\n            <h3>Practical Example<\/h3>\n            <div class=\"vc-example-box\">\n                <div class=\"vc-example-title\">Example \u2014 4.5 mm\/s RMS at 25 Hz<\/div>\n                <p>a<sub>RMS<\/sub> = 4.5 \u00d7 2\u03c0 \u00d7 25 \/ 1000 = <strong>0.707 m\/s\u00b2<\/strong><\/p>\n                <p>a<sub>peak<\/sub> = 0.707 \u00d7 \u221a2 = <strong>1.000 m\/s\u00b2<\/strong><\/p>\n                <p>a<sub>g,RMS<\/sub> = 0.707 \/ 9.80665 = <strong>0.072 g<\/strong><\/p>\n                <p>d<sub>pp<\/sub> = 4.5 \u00d7 \u221a2 \u00d7 1000 \/ (\u03c0 \u00d7 25) = <strong>81.0 \u03bcm<\/strong><\/p>\n            <\/div>\n\n            <h3>Vibration Parameter Comparison<\/h3>\n            <table class=\"vc-table\">\n                <thead><tr><th>Parameter<\/th><th>Best Frequency Range<\/th><th>Typical Units<\/th><th>Primary Use<\/th><\/tr><\/thead>\n                <tbody>\n                    <tr><td><strong>Displacement<\/strong><\/td><td>&lt; 10 Hz (600 RPM)<\/td><td>\u03bcm p-p<\/td><td>Low-speed machines, shaft vibration<\/td><\/tr>\n                    <tr><td><strong>Velocity<\/strong><\/td><td>10\u20131000 Hz<\/td><td>mm\/s RMS<\/td><td>General machine condition (ISO 10816)<\/td><\/tr>\n                    <tr><td><strong>Acceleration<\/strong><\/td><td>&gt; 1000 Hz<\/td><td>m\/s\u00b2, g<\/td><td>Bearing defects, gear mesh, high-freq<\/td><\/tr>\n                <\/tbody>\n            <\/table>\n        <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n<!-- Related -->\n<div class=\"vc-section\" id=\"vc-sec-related\">\n    <button type=\"button\" class=\"vc-section-toggle\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n        <span class=\"vc-section-toggle-text\">\n            <span class=\"vc-section-icon\">\ud83d\udd17<\/span>\n            <span class=\"vc-section-title\">Related Calculators<\/span>\n        <\/span>\n        <svg class=\"vc-section-chevron\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2\"><path d=\"M6 9l6 6 6-6\"\/><\/svg>\n    <\/button>\n    <div class=\"vc-section-body\">\n        <div class=\"vc-section-inner\">\n            <div class=\"vc-related\">\n                <a class=\"vc-related-link\" href=\"\/calculators\/vibration-velocity\/\">Vibration Velocity (ISO 10816)<\/a>\n                <a class=\"vc-related-link\" href=\"\/calculators\/vibration-displacement\/\">Vibration Displacement<\/a>\n                <a class=\"vc-related-link\" href=\"\/calculators\/residual-unbalance-iso1940\/\">Residual Unbalance (ISO 21940)<\/a>\n                <a class=\"vc-related-link\" href=\"\/calculators\/trial-weight-calculator\/\">Trial Weight Calculator<\/a>\n            <\/div>\n        <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n<!-- FAQ -->\n<div class=\"vc-section\" id=\"vc-sec-faq\">\n    <button type=\"button\" class=\"vc-section-toggle\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n        <span class=\"vc-section-toggle-text\">\n            <span class=\"vc-section-icon\">\u2753<\/span>\n            <span class=\"vc-section-title\">Frequently Asked Questions<\/span>\n        <\/span>\n        <svg class=\"vc-section-chevron\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2\"><path d=\"M6 9l6 6 6-6\"\/><\/svg>\n    <\/button>\n    <div class=\"vc-section-body\">\n        <div class=\"vc-section-inner\">\n            <div class=\"vc-faq-list\" id=\"vc-faq-list\"><\/div>\n        <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"vc-promo\">\n    <div class=\"vc-promo-text\">\n        <strong>Vibromera \u2014 Portable Balancing &amp; Vibration Analysis<\/strong><br>\n        Professional field balancing instruments with built-in vibration analysis, acceleration measurement, and ISO 10816 \/ ISO 20816 evaluation. Used in 50+ countries.\n    <\/div>\n    <a class=\"vc-promo-link\" href=\"https:\/\/vibromera.eu\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Learn More<\/a>\n<\/div>\n\n<footer class=\"vc-footer\">\n    <p>\u00a9 2024\u20132025 <a href=\"https:\/\/vibromera.eu\/\">Vibromera<\/a> \u2014 Engineering Calculators<\/p>\n    <p style=\"font-size:12px;margin-top:4px;\">Based on ISO 20816. Last updated: February 2025<\/p>\n    <div class=\"vc-footer-links\">\n        <a href=\"\/calculators\/engineering-calculators\/\">All Calculators<\/a>\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/vibromera.eu\/contacts\/\">Contact<\/a>\n    <\/div>\n<\/footer>\n\n<\/div>\n\n<script src=\"https:\/\/cdn.jsdelivr.net\/npm\/katex@0.16.11\/dist\/katex.min.js\"><\/script>\n<script>\n(function() {\n    'use strict';\n\n    var SLUG = 'vibration-acceleration-iso20816';\n    var G = 9.80665;\n    var PI = Math.PI;\n    var SQRT2 = Math.SQRT2;\n    var isImperial = false;\n\n    function $(id) { return document.getElementById(id); }\n    function fmt(n, d) {\n        if (isNaN(n)) return '\u2014';\n        if (d !== undefined) return n.toFixed(d);\n        if (n >= 1000) return n.toFixed(1);\n        if (n >= 10) return n.toFixed(2);\n        if (n >= 1) return n.toFixed(3);\n        return n.toFixed(4);\n    }\n\n    function calculate() {\n        var vRms = parseFloat($('vc-velocity').value);\n        var freqVal = parseFloat($('vc-freq').value);\n        var freqType = $('vc-freq-type').value;\n\n        if (isNaN(vRms) || vRms < 0 || isNaN(freqVal) || freqVal <= 0) {\n            $('vc-results').classList.remove('vc-visible');\n            return;\n        }\n\n        var fHz = (freqType === 'rpm') ? (freqVal \/ 60) : freqVal;\n        var rpm = fHz * 60;\n\n        \/* Core calculations *\/\n        var aRms = vRms * 2 * PI * fHz \/ 1000;\n        var aPeak = aRms * SQRT2;\n        var aGrms = aRms \/ G;\n        var aGpeak = aPeak \/ G;\n        var vPeak = vRms * SQRT2;\n        var dPP = vRms * SQRT2 * 1000 \/ (PI * fHz);\n\n        \/* Display *\/\n        if (isImperial) {\n            $('vc-r-arms').innerHTML = fmt(aGrms, 4) + ' <span class=\"vc-rcard-unit\">g RMS<\/span>';\n        } else {\n            $('vc-r-arms').innerHTML = fmt(aRms, 3) + ' <span class=\"vc-rcard-unit\">m\/s\u00b2<\/span>';\n        }\n\n        $('vc-r-apeak').innerHTML = fmt(aPeak, 3) + ' <span class=\"vc-rcard-unit\">m\/s\u00b2<\/span>';\n        $('vc-r-grms').innerHTML = fmt(aGrms, 4) + ' <span class=\"vc-rcard-unit\">g<\/span>';\n        $('vc-r-gpeak').innerHTML = fmt(aGpeak, 4) + ' <span class=\"vc-rcard-unit\">g<\/span>';\n        $('vc-r-vrms').innerHTML = fmt(vRms, 2) + ' <span class=\"vc-rcard-unit\">mm\/s<\/span>';\n        $('vc-r-vpeak').innerHTML = fmt(vPeak, 2) + ' <span class=\"vc-rcard-unit\">mm\/s<\/span>';\n        $('vc-r-dpp').innerHTML = fmt(dPP, 1) + ' <span class=\"vc-rcard-unit\">\u03bcm p-p<\/span>';\n        $('vc-r-freq').innerHTML = fmt(fHz, 2) + ' <span class=\"vc-rcard-unit\">Hz (' + fmt(rpm, 1) + ' RPM)<\/span>';\n\n        $('vc-results').classList.add('vc-visible');\n\n        \/* URL params *\/\n        var u = new URL(window.location);\n        u.searchParams.set('velocity', $('vc-velocity').value);\n        u.searchParams.set('frequency', $('vc-freq').value);\n        u.searchParams.set('freqType', freqType);\n        history.replaceState(null, '', u.toString());\n\n        saveHistory({\n            velocity: $('vc-velocity').value,\n            frequency: $('vc-freq').value,\n            freqType: freqType,\n            _summary: 'v=' + vRms.toFixed(1) + ' mm\/s @ ' + freqVal + (freqType === 'rpm' ? ' RPM' : ' Hz') + ' \u2192 a=' + aRms.toFixed(3) + ' m\/s\u00b2 (' + aGrms.toFixed(3) + ' g)'\n        });\n    }\n\n    \/* \u2500\u2500 UNIT TOGGLE \u2500\u2500 *\/\n    var unitBtns = document.querySelectorAll('.vc-unit-btn');\n    unitBtns.forEach(function(btn) {\n        btn.addEventListener('click', function() {\n            unitBtns.forEach(function(b) { b.classList.remove('vc-active'); });\n            this.classList.add('vc-active');\n            isImperial = this.getAttribute('data-system') === 'imperial';\n            try { localStorage.setItem('vc_units', isImperial ? 'imperial' : 'metric'); } catch(e) {}\n            calculate();\n        });\n    });\n\n    \/* \u2500\u2500 FREQ TYPE CHANGE \u2500\u2500 *\/\n    $('vc-freq-type').addEventListener('change', function() {\n        $('vc-freq-unit-hint').textContent = this.value === 'rpm' ? 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It is the most sensitive parameter to high-frequency vibration and is critical for detecting bearing defects, gear mesh faults, and other high-frequency mechanical problems.<\/p><p>Acceleration increases with both vibration amplitude and frequency, making it the parameter of choice for frequencies above 1000 Hz.<\/p>' },\n        { q: 'When should I use acceleration instead of velocity?', a: '<p>Acceleration is preferred for high-frequency vibration analysis, typically above 1000 Hz. It is the best parameter for early detection of rolling element bearing defects, gear mesh problems, and cavitation.<\/p><p>Velocity (mm\/s RMS) remains better for general machine condition assessment in the 10\u20131000 Hz range per ISO 10816 \/ ISO 20816. Many modern monitoring systems use acceleration enveloping (demodulation) for bearing diagnostics.<\/p>' },\n        { q: 'How do I convert g to m\/s\u00b2?', a: '<p>To convert from g to m\/s\u00b2, multiply by 9.80665 (the standard acceleration due to gravity). For example, 0.5 g = 0.5 \u00d7 9.80665 = 4.903 m\/s\u00b2.<\/p><p>Conversely, to convert from m\/s\u00b2 to g, divide by 9.80665. The g unit is popular in vibration analysis because typical industrial vibration levels fall in a convenient numeric range \u2014 roughly 0.01 to 50 g.<\/p>' },\n        { q: 'What sensors measure vibration acceleration?', a: '<p>Piezoelectric accelerometers are the standard sensors for vibration acceleration measurement. IEPE (ICP) type accelerometers with integrated electronics are most common in industrial applications, offering wide frequency range (0.5 Hz to 20+ kHz), high sensitivity, and excellent durability.<\/p><p>MEMS accelerometers provide lower-cost alternatives for monitoring systems. Charge-mode piezoelectric accelerometers are used in high-temperature environments above 120 \u00b0C.<\/p>' },\n        { q: 'What is typical vibration acceleration for industrial machines?', a: '<p>Typical vibration acceleration levels depend on machine type, speed, and frequency. For general industrial machinery at operating speed:<\/p><ul><li><strong>&lt; 0.5 g<\/strong> \u2014 Good condition<\/li><li><strong>0.5\u20132 g<\/strong> \u2014 Acceptable<\/li><li><strong>2\u20135 g<\/strong> \u2014 Alarm level<\/li><li><strong>&gt; 5 g<\/strong> \u2014 Investigate immediately<\/li><\/ul><p>High-frequency bearing defect signals can reach 10\u201350 g peak. ISO 20816 primarily defines zone boundaries using velocity, but acceleration is essential for high-frequency diagnostics.<\/p>' }\n    ];\n\n    var faqList = $('vc-faq-list');\n    faqData.forEach(function(faq) {\n        faqList.innerHTML += '<div class=\"vc-faq-item\"><button type=\"button\" class=\"vc-faq-q\"><span>' + faq.q + '<\/span><svg class=\"vc-faq-chevron\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2\"><path d=\"M6 9l6 6 6-6\"\/><\/svg><\/button><div class=\"vc-faq-a\"><div class=\"vc-faq-a-inner\">' + faq.a + '<\/div><\/div><\/div>';\n    });\n    faqList.addEventListener('click', function(e) {\n        var btn = e.target.closest('.vc-faq-q');\n        if (!btn) return;\n        btn.closest('.vc-faq-item').classList.toggle('vc-open');\n    });\n\n    \/* \u2500\u2500 HISTORY \u2500\u2500 *\/\n    function saveHistory(entry) {\n        var key = 'vc_history_' + SLUG;\n        var arr = [];\n        try { arr = JSON.parse(localStorage.getItem(key)) || []; } catch(e) {}\n        entry._ts = new Date().toISOString();\n        arr.unshift(entry);\n        if (arr.length > 10) arr = arr.slice(0, 10);\n        try { localStorage.setItem(key, JSON.stringify(arr)); } catch(e) {}\n    }\n\n    \/* \u2500\u2500 URL PARAMS \u2500\u2500 *\/\n    function loadParams() {\n        var p = new URLSearchParams(window.location.search);\n        if (p.has('velocity')) $('vc-velocity').value = p.get('velocity');\n        if (p.has('frequency')) $('vc-freq').value = p.get('frequency');\n        if (p.has('freqType')) {\n            $('vc-freq-type').value = p.get('freqType');\n            $('vc-freq-unit-hint').textContent = p.get('freqType') === 'rpm' ? 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