{"id":2,"date":"2025-10-31T00:25:51","date_gmt":"2025-10-31T00:25:51","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/vibromera.eu\/glossary\/iso-10816-1\/"},"modified":"2026-06-08T04:12:52","modified_gmt":"2026-06-08T04:12:52","slug":"iso-10816-1","status":"publish","type":"glossary","link":"https:\/\/vibromera.eu\/bn\/glossary\/iso-10816-1\/","title":{"rendered":"ISO 10816-1: \u0985-\u0998\u09c2\u09b0\u09cd\u09a3\u09a8\u09b6\u09c0\u09b2 \u0985\u0982\u09b6\u0997\u09c1\u09b2\u09bf\u09a4\u09c7 \u09ae\u09c7\u09b6\u09bf\u09a8 \u0995\u09ae\u09cd\u09aa\u09a8 \u09ae\u09c2\u09b2\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09af\u09bc\u09a8"},"content":{"rendered":"
\n\n\n \n \n ISO 10816-1: Evaluating Machine Vibration on Non-Rotating Parts<\/title>\n <meta name=\"description\" content=\"An overview of ISO 10816-1, the key international standard providing general guidelines for the measurement and evaluation of vibration on non-rotating parts of machinery.\">\n <meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow\">\n \n \n <!-- Open Graph -->\n <meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"ISO 10816-1: Evaluating Machine Vibration on Non-Rotating Parts\">\n <meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"An overview of ISO 10816-1, the key international standard providing general guidelines for the measurement and evaluation of vibration on non-rotating parts of machinery.\">\n <meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/vibromera.eu\/glossary\/iso-10816-1\/\">\n <meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\">\n \n <!-- Twitter Cards -->\n <meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary\">\n <meta name=\"twitter:title\" content=\"ISO 10816-1: Evaluating Machine Vibration on Non-Rotating Parts\">\n <meta name=\"twitter:description\" content=\"An overview of ISO 10816-1, the key international standard providing general guidelines for the measurement and evaluation of vibration on non-rotating parts of machinery.\">\n \n <!-- Schema.org TechArticle -->\n <script type=\"application\/ld+json\">\n {\n \"@context\": \"https:\/\/schema.org\",\n \"@type\": \"TechArticle\",\n \"headline\": \"ISO 10816-1: Mechanical vibration - Evaluation of machine vibration by measurements on non-rotating parts - Part 1: General guidelines\",\n \"description\": \"Key international standard providing general guidelines for the measurement and evaluation of vibration on non-rotating parts of machinery. Includes vibration severity charts, zone limits, and practical implementation with Balanset-1A.\",\n \"url\": \"https:\/\/vibromera.eu\/glossary\/iso-10816-1\/\",\n \"about\": {\n \"@type\": \"Thing\",\n \"name\": \"ISO 10816-1 Standard\"\n }\n }\n <\/script>\n \n <!-- Schema.org BreadcrumbList -->\n <script type=\"application\/ld+json\">\n {\n \"@context\": \"https:\/\/schema.org\",\n \"@type\": \"BreadcrumbList\",\n \"itemListElement\": [\n {\n \"@type\": \"ListItem\",\n \"position\": 1,\n \"name\": \"Home\",\n \"item\": \"https:\/\/vibromera.eu\/\"\n },\n {\n \"@type\": \"ListItem\",\n \"position\": 2,\n \"name\": \"Glossary\",\n \"item\": \"https:\/\/vibromera.eu\/glossary\/\"\n },\n {\n \"@type\": \"ListItem\",\n \"position\": 3,\n \"name\": \"ISO Standards\",\n \"item\": \"https:\/\/vibromera.eu\/glossary\/#iso-standards\"\n },\n {\n \"@type\": \"ListItem\",\n \"position\": 4,\n \"name\": \"ISO 10816-1\",\n \"item\": \"https:\/\/vibromera.eu\/glossary\/iso-10816-1\/\"\n }\n ]\n }\n <\/script>\n\n <!-- Schema.org FAQPage for FAQ section -->\n <script type=\"application\/ld+json\">\n {\n \"@context\": \"https:\/\/schema.org\",\n \"@type\": \"FAQPage\",\n \"mainEntity\": [\n {\n \"@type\": \"Question\",\n \"name\": \"What is ISO 10816-1?\",\n \"acceptedAnswer\": {\n \"@type\": \"Answer\",\n \"text\": \"ISO 10816-1 is an international standard that provides general guidelines for evaluating machine vibration by measurements on non-rotating parts such as bearing housings, pedestals, and foundations. It establishes vibration severity zones (A, B, C, D) using RMS vibration velocity (mm\/s) in the frequency range 10\u20131000 Hz.\"\n }\n },\n {\n \"@type\": \"Question\",\n \"name\": \"What is the difference between ISO 10816 and ISO 20816?\",\n \"acceptedAnswer\": {\n \"@type\": \"Answer\",\n \"text\": \"ISO 20816 is the modern replacement for ISO 10816. It merges two earlier series: ISO 10816 (vibration on non-rotating parts) and ISO 7919 (vibration on rotating shafts) into a single unified framework. ISO 20816-1:2016 replaced ISO 10816-1:1995, though the fundamental measurement methodology and zone classification remain similar.\"\n }\n },\n {\n \"@type\": \"Question\",\n \"name\": \"What vibration level is acceptable according to ISO 10816?\",\n \"acceptedAnswer\": {\n \"@type\": \"Answer\",\n \"text\": \"Acceptable vibration depends on the machine class. For small machines (Class I), Zone A (good) is below 0.71 mm\/s RMS. For medium machines (Class II), Zone A is below 1.12 mm\/s. For large machines on rigid foundations (Class III), Zone A is below 1.80 mm\/s. For large machines on flexible foundations (Class IV), Zone A is below 2.80 mm\/s.\"\n }\n },\n {\n \"@type\": \"Question\",\n \"name\": \"What are the four vibration zones in ISO 10816?\",\n \"acceptedAnswer\": {\n \"@type\": \"Answer\",\n \"text\": \"Zone A \u2014 newly commissioned machines in excellent condition. Zone B \u2014 acceptable for unrestricted long-term operation. Zone C \u2014 unsatisfactory for long-term continuous operation, requires remedial action. Zone D \u2014 dangerous vibration levels that may cause damage, immediate shutdown required.\"\n }\n },\n {\n \"@type\": \"Question\",\n \"name\": \"How do I measure vibration according to ISO 10816?\",\n \"acceptedAnswer\": {\n \"@type\": \"Answer\",\n \"text\": \"Mount an accelerometer on the bearing housing (non-rotating part) of the machine. Measure broadband RMS vibration velocity in mm\/s over the frequency range 10\u20131000 Hz. Compare the measured value against the zone limits for the appropriate machine class and foundation type. Use instruments like the Balanset-1A that integrate acceleration signals to provide vibration velocity readings.\"\n }\n },\n {\n \"@type\": \"Question\",\n \"name\": \"What is the difference between ISO 10816-1 and ISO 10816-3?\",\n \"acceptedAnswer\": {\n \"@type\": \"Answer\",\n \"text\": \"ISO 10816-1 is the general (umbrella) standard that defines methodology and broad machine classes (I\u2013IV). ISO 10816-3 provides specific vibration limits for industrial machines with nominal power above 15 kW and up to 50 MW at operating speeds between 120 and 15,000 rpm. ISO 10816-3 divides machines into Group 1 (>300 kW) and Group 2 (15\u2013300 kW) and is commonly used for fans, pumps, compressors, and motors.\"\n }\n }\n ]\n }\n <\/script>\n\n <link rel=\"preconnect\" href=\"https:\/\/fonts.googleapis.com\">\n <link rel=\"preconnect\" href=\"https:\/\/fonts.gstatic.com\" crossorigin>\n <link href=\"https:\/\/fonts.googleapis.com\/css2?family=IBM+Plex+Sans:wght@400;500;600;700&family=IBM+Plex+Mono:wght@400;500&family=Playfair+Display:wght@700;800&display=swap\" rel=\"stylesheet\">\n\n <style>\n :root {\n --zone-a: #1a8a3e;\n --zone-a-bg: #e6f5ec;\n --zone-a-light: #d0f0db;\n --zone-b: #d4a017;\n --zone-b-bg: #fef8e1;\n --zone-b-light: #fdf0c4;\n --zone-c: #e67300;\n --zone-c-bg: #fff3e0;\n --zone-c-light: #ffe4c0;\n --zone-d: #c62828;\n --zone-d-bg: #fde8e8;\n --zone-d-light: #f8d0d0;\n --ink: #1a1a2e;\n --ink-secondary: #3d3d5c;\n --ink-muted: #6b6b8a;\n --surface: #fafaf7;\n --surface-card: #ffffff;\n --border: #d8d8d0;\n --border-light: #ebebeb;\n --accent: #0d47a1;\n --accent-light: #e3f2fd;\n --toc-bg: #f0f4f8;\n }\n\n * {\n margin: 0;\n padding: 0;\n box-sizing: border-box;\n }\n\n body {\n font-family: 'IBM Plex Sans', sans-serif;\n color: var(--ink);\n background: var(--surface);\n line-height: 1.75;\n font-size: 17px;\n -webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased;\n }\n\n .page-wrapper {\n max-width: 920px;\n margin: 0 auto;\n padding: 40px 24px 80px;\n }\n\n \/* Hero \/ Title Block *\/\n .hero {\n margin-bottom: 48px;\n padding-bottom: 32px;\n border-bottom: 3px solid var(--ink);\n }\n .hero-label {\n font-family: 'IBM Plex Mono', monospace;\n font-size: 13px;\n font-weight: 500;\n letter-spacing: 2px;\n text-transform: uppercase;\n color: var(--accent);\n margin-bottom: 12px;\n }\n .hero h1 {\n font-family: 'Playfair Display', serif;\n font-weight: 800;\n font-size: clamp(28px, 5vw, 42px);\n line-height: 1.15;\n color: var(--ink);\n margin-bottom: 16px;\n }\n .hero-subtitle {\n font-size: 18px;\n color: var(--ink-secondary);\n line-height: 1.6;\n max-width: 750px;\n }\n\n \/* Quick Reference Table \u2014 top of page *\/\n .quick-ref {\n background: var(--surface-card);\n border: 2px solid var(--ink);\n border-radius: 2px;\n margin-bottom: 48px;\n overflow: hidden;\n }\n .quick-ref-header {\n background: var(--ink);\n color: #fff;\n padding: 16px 24px;\n display: flex;\n align-items: center;\n gap: 10px;\n }\n .quick-ref-header h2 {\n font-family: 'IBM Plex Mono', monospace;\n font-size: 16px;\n font-weight: 600;\n letter-spacing: 1px;\n text-transform: uppercase;\n margin: 0;\n }\n .quick-ref-header .icon {\n font-size: 20px;\n }\n .quick-ref-body {\n padding: 0;\n }\n .quick-ref-note {\n padding: 12px 24px;\n font-size: 14px;\n color: var(--ink-muted);\n background: #f5f5f0;\n border-bottom: 1px solid var(--border);\n font-family: 'IBM Plex Mono', monospace;\n }\n .zone-table {\n width: 100%;\n border-collapse: collapse;\n font-size: 15px;\n }\n .zone-table thead th {\n background: #2c2c44;\n color: #fff;\n padding: 12px 16px;\n text-align: center;\n font-weight: 600;\n font-size: 13px;\n letter-spacing: 0.5px;\n text-transform: uppercase;\n border-right: 1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.15);\n }\n .zone-table thead th:first-child {\n text-align: left;\n padding-left: 24px;\n }\n .zone-table thead th:last-child {\n border-right: none;\n }\n .zone-table tbody td {\n padding: 10px 16px;\n text-align: center;\n font-family: 'IBM Plex Mono', monospace;\n font-weight: 500;\n font-size: 14px;\n border-bottom: 1px solid var(--border-light);\n border-right: 1px solid var(--border-light);\n }\n .zone-table tbody td:first-child {\n text-align: left;\n font-family: 'IBM Plex Sans', sans-serif;\n font-weight: 600;\n padding-left: 24px;\n }\n .zone-table tbody td:last-child {\n border-right: none;\n }\n .zone-table tbody tr:last-child td {\n border-bottom: none;\n }\n .zone-label {\n display: inline-flex;\n align-items: center;\n gap: 8px;\n }\n .zone-dot {\n width: 12px;\n height: 12px;\n border-radius: 2px;\n display: inline-block;\n flex-shrink: 0;\n }\n .zone-dot-a { background: var(--zone-a); }\n .zone-dot-b { background: var(--zone-b); }\n .zone-dot-c { background: var(--zone-c); }\n .zone-dot-d { background: var(--zone-d); }\n\n .row-a td { background: var(--zone-a-bg); }\n .row-b td { background: var(--zone-b-bg); }\n .row-c td { background: var(--zone-c-bg); }\n .row-d td { background: var(--zone-d-bg); }\n\n .row-a td:first-child { border-left: 4px solid var(--zone-a); }\n .row-b td:first-child { border-left: 4px solid var(--zone-b); }\n .row-c td:first-child { border-left: 4px solid var(--zone-c); }\n .row-d td:first-child { border-left: 4px solid var(--zone-d); }\n\n \/* Second quick-ref table for ISO 10816-3 *\/\n .quick-ref + .quick-ref {\n margin-top: -24px;\n }\n\n \/* Table of contents *\/\n .toc {\n background: var(--toc-bg);\n border: 1px solid var(--border);\n border-radius: 2px;\n padding: 24px 28px;\n margin-bottom: 48px;\n }\n .toc-title {\n font-family: 'IBM Plex Mono', monospace;\n font-size: 13px;\n font-weight: 600;\n letter-spacing: 2px;\n text-transform: uppercase;\n color: var(--ink-muted);\n margin-bottom: 14px;\n }\n .toc ol {\n list-style: none;\n counter-reset: toc-counter;\n }\n .toc > ol > li {\n counter-increment: toc-counter;\n margin-bottom: 6px;\n }\n .toc > ol > li::before {\n content: counter(toc-counter) \".\";\n font-family: 'IBM Plex Mono', monospace;\n font-weight: 600;\n font-size: 14px;\n color: var(--accent);\n margin-right: 8px;\n }\n .toc a {\n color: var(--ink-secondary);\n text-decoration: none;\n font-size: 15px;\n transition: color 0.2s;\n }\n .toc a:hover {\n color: var(--accent);\n }\n\n \/* Content sections *\/\n h2 {\n font-family: 'Playfair Display', serif;\n font-weight: 700;\n font-size: 28px;\n line-height: 1.25;\n margin: 56px 0 20px;\n color: var(--ink);\n padding-bottom: 8px;\n border-bottom: 2px solid var(--border);\n }\n h3 {\n font-size: 21px;\n font-weight: 700;\n margin: 36px 0 14px;\n color: var(--ink);\n }\n h4 {\n font-size: 17px;\n font-weight: 600;\n margin: 28px 0 10px;\n color: var(--ink-secondary);\n }\n p {\n margin-bottom: 16px;\n color: var(--ink-secondary);\n }\n strong {\n color: var(--ink);\n font-weight: 600;\n }\n\n ul, ol {\n margin-bottom: 16px;\n padding-left: 24px;\n }\n li {\n margin-bottom: 6px;\n color: var(--ink-secondary);\n }\n\n \/* Info boxes *\/\n .info-box {\n background: var(--accent-light);\n border-left: 4px solid var(--accent);\n padding: 16px 20px;\n margin: 24px 0;\n border-radius: 0 2px 2px 0;\n }\n .info-box p {\n margin: 0;\n font-size: 15px;\n }\n .info-box strong {\n color: var(--accent);\n }\n\n .warning-box {\n background: var(--zone-c-bg);\n border-left: 4px solid var(--zone-c);\n padding: 16px 20px;\n margin: 24px 0;\n border-radius: 0 2px 2px 0;\n }\n .warning-box p {\n margin: 0;\n font-size: 15px;\n }\n .warning-box strong {\n color: var(--zone-c);\n }\n\n \/* Regular in-content tables *\/\n .content-table-wrap {\n overflow-x: auto;\n margin: 24px 0;\n }\n .content-table {\n width: 100%;\n border-collapse: collapse;\n font-size: 15px;\n border: 1px solid var(--border);\n }\n .content-table th {\n background: #2c2c44;\n color: #fff;\n padding: 10px 14px;\n text-align: left;\n font-weight: 600;\n font-size: 13px;\n letter-spacing: 0.5px;\n }\n .content-table td {\n padding: 10px 14px;\n border-bottom: 1px solid var(--border-light);\n color: var(--ink-secondary);\n }\n .content-table tbody tr:nth-child(even) {\n background: #f8f8f5;\n }\n\n \/* Comparison chart \u2014 visual bar *\/\n .comparison-chart {\n margin: 32px 0;\n }\n .chart-row {\n display: flex;\n align-items: center;\n margin-bottom: 8px;\n }\n .chart-label {\n width: 160px;\n flex-shrink: 0;\n font-size: 14px;\n font-weight: 600;\n color: var(--ink);\n }\n .chart-bar-track {\n flex: 1;\n height: 28px;\n background: var(--border-light);\n border-radius: 2px;\n position: relative;\n overflow: hidden;\n display: flex;\n }\n .chart-segment {\n height: 100%;\n display: flex;\n align-items: center;\n justify-content: center;\n font-family: 'IBM Plex Mono', monospace;\n font-size: 11px;\n font-weight: 600;\n color: #fff;\n min-width: 30px;\n }\n .seg-a { background: var(--zone-a); }\n .seg-b { background: var(--zone-b); }\n .seg-c { background: var(--zone-c); }\n .seg-d { background: var(--zone-d); }\n\n \/* Zone description cards *\/\n .zone-cards {\n display: grid;\n grid-template-columns: 1fr 1fr;\n gap: 16px;\n margin: 24px 0;\n }\n @media (max-width: 600px) {\n .zone-cards { grid-template-columns: 1fr; }\n }\n .zone-card {\n padding: 18px 20px;\n border-radius: 2px;\n border: 1px solid;\n }\n .zone-card h4 {\n margin: 0 0 8px;\n font-size: 16px;\n }\n .zone-card p {\n margin: 0;\n font-size: 14px;\n line-height: 1.55;\n }\n .zone-card-a { background: var(--zone-a-bg); border-color: var(--zone-a); }\n .zone-card-a h4 { color: var(--zone-a); }\n .zone-card-b { background: var(--zone-b-bg); border-color: var(--zone-b); }\n .zone-card-b h4 { color: var(--zone-b); }\n .zone-card-c { background: var(--zone-c-bg); border-color: var(--zone-c); }\n .zone-card-c h4 { color: var(--zone-c); }\n .zone-card-d { background: var(--zone-d-bg); border-color: var(--zone-d); }\n .zone-card-d h4 { color: var(--zone-d); }\n\n \/* Standards evolution timeline *\/\n .timeline {\n position: relative;\n padding-left: 32px;\n margin: 24px 0 32px;\n }\n .timeline::before {\n content: '';\n position: absolute;\n left: 8px;\n top: 4px;\n bottom: 4px;\n width: 2px;\n background: var(--border);\n }\n .timeline-item {\n position: relative;\n margin-bottom: 24px;\n }\n .timeline-item::before {\n content: '';\n position: absolute;\n left: -28px;\n top: 6px;\n width: 12px;\n height: 12px;\n border-radius: 50%;\n background: var(--accent);\n border: 2px solid var(--surface);\n }\n .timeline-item.obsolete::before {\n background: var(--ink-muted);\n }\n .timeline-year {\n font-family: 'IBM Plex Mono', monospace;\n font-size: 13px;\n font-weight: 600;\n color: var(--accent);\n margin-bottom: 2px;\n }\n .timeline-item.obsolete .timeline-year {\n color: var(--ink-muted);\n }\n .timeline-title {\n font-weight: 700;\n font-size: 16px;\n margin-bottom: 4px;\n }\n .timeline-desc {\n font-size: 15px;\n color: var(--ink-muted);\n line-height: 1.55;\n }\n\n \/* Case study boxes *\/\n .case-study {\n background: var(--surface-card);\n border: 1px solid var(--border);\n border-radius: 2px;\n padding: 24px;\n margin: 24px 0;\n }\n .case-study-tag {\n font-family: 'IBM Plex Mono', monospace;\n font-size: 11px;\n font-weight: 600;\n letter-spacing: 1.5px;\n text-transform: uppercase;\n color: var(--accent);\n margin-bottom: 8px;\n }\n .case-study h4 {\n margin: 0 0 12px;\n font-size: 18px;\n }\n .case-study .result {\n display: inline-block;\n padding: 4px 12px;\n border-radius: 2px;\n font-family: 'IBM Plex Mono', monospace;\n font-size: 13px;\n font-weight: 600;\n margin-top: 8px;\n }\n .result-good { background: var(--zone-a-bg); color: var(--zone-a); border: 1px solid var(--zone-a); }\n .result-bad { background: var(--zone-d-bg); color: var(--zone-d); border: 1px solid var(--zone-d); }\n\n \/* FAQ section *\/\n .faq-item {\n border-bottom: 1px solid var(--border-light);\n padding: 20px 0;\n }\n .faq-item:last-child {\n border-bottom: none;\n }\n .faq-q {\n font-weight: 700;\n font-size: 17px;\n color: var(--ink);\n margin-bottom: 8px;\n }\n .faq-a {\n color: var(--ink-secondary);\n font-size: 15px;\n line-height: 1.65;\n }\n\n \/* Responsive table scroll *\/\n @media (max-width: 700px) {\n .zone-table { font-size: 13px; }\n .zone-table thead th, .zone-table tbody td { padding: 8px 10px; }\n .chart-label { width: 100px; font-size: 12px; }\n }\n <\/style>\n<\/head>\n<body>\n\n<div class=\"page-wrapper\">\n\n<!-- ==================== HERO ==================== -->\n<header class=\"hero\">\n <div class=\"hero-label\">ISO Standards · Vibration Diagnostics<\/div>\n <h1>ISO 10816-1 Standard and Instrumental Implementation of Vibration Diagnostics Using the Balanset-1A System<\/h1>\n <p class=\"hero-subtitle\">A comprehensive analysis of international vibration severity requirements, zone classification methodology, and practical measurements using portable balancing equipment.<\/p>\n<\/header>\n\n<!-- ==================== QUICK REFERENCE TABLE 1: ISO 10816-1 ==================== -->\n<div class=\"quick-ref\">\n <div class=\"quick-ref-header\">\n <span class=\"icon\">⚙<\/span>\n <h2 style=\"color: #ffffff;\">Quick Reference: Vibration Severity \u2014 ISO 10816-1 (Annex B)<\/h2>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"quick-ref-note\">\n RMS vibration velocity (mm\/s) · Broadband 10\u20131000 Hz · Measured on non-rotating parts\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"quick-ref-body\">\n <div class=\"content-table-wrap\">\n <table class=\"zone-table\">\n <thead>\n <tr>\n <th>Zone<\/th>\n <th>Class I<br><small style=\"font-weight:400;opacity:0.8\">Small machines ≤15 kW<\/small><\/th>\n <th>Class II<br><small style=\"font-weight:400;opacity:0.8\">Medium 15\u201375 kW<\/small><\/th>\n <th>Class III<br><small style=\"font-weight:400;opacity:0.8\">Large, rigid base<\/small><\/th>\n <th>Class IV<br><small style=\"font-weight:400;opacity:0.8\">Large, flexible base<\/small><\/th>\n <\/tr>\n <\/thead>\n <tbody>\n <tr class=\"row-a\">\n <td><span class=\"zone-label\"><span class=\"zone-dot zone-dot-a\"><\/span> A \u2014 Good<\/span><\/td>\n <td>< 0.71<\/td>\n <td>< 1.12<\/td>\n <td>< 1.80<\/td>\n <td>< 2.80<\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <tr class=\"row-b\">\n <td><span class=\"zone-label\"><span class=\"zone-dot zone-dot-b\"><\/span> B \u2014 Satisfactory<\/span><\/td>\n <td>0.71 \u2013 1.80<\/td>\n <td>1.12 \u2013 2.80<\/td>\n <td>1.80 \u2013 4.50<\/td>\n <td>2.80 \u2013 7.10<\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <tr class=\"row-c\">\n <td><span class=\"zone-label\"><span class=\"zone-dot zone-dot-c\"><\/span> C \u2014 Unsatisfactory<\/span><\/td>\n <td>1.80 \u2013 4.50<\/td>\n <td>2.80 \u2013 7.10<\/td>\n <td>4.50 \u2013 11.20<\/td>\n <td>7.10 \u2013 18.00<\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <tr class=\"row-d\">\n <td><span class=\"zone-label\"><span class=\"zone-dot zone-dot-d\"><\/span> D \u2014 Unacceptable<\/span><\/td>\n <td>> 4.50<\/td>\n <td>> 7.10<\/td>\n <td>> 11.20<\/td>\n <td>> 18.00<\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <\/tbody>\n <\/table>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n<!-- ==================== QUICK REFERENCE TABLE 2: ISO 10816-3 ==================== -->\n<div class=\"quick-ref\">\n <div class=\"quick-ref-header\">\n <span class=\"icon\">⚙<\/span>\n <h2 style=\"color: #ffffff;\">Quick Reference: Vibration Severity \u2014 ISO 10816-3 (Industrial Machines)<\/h2>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"quick-ref-note\">\n RMS vibration velocity (mm\/s) · Pumps, fans, compressors, motors above 15 kW · 120\u201315,000 rpm\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"quick-ref-body\">\n <div class=\"content-table-wrap\">\n <table class=\"zone-table\">\n <thead>\n <tr>\n <th>Zone<\/th>\n <th>Group 1 (>300 kW)<br><small style=\"font-weight:400;opacity:0.8\">Rigid foundation<\/small><\/th>\n <th>Group 1 (>300 kW)<br><small style=\"font-weight:400;opacity:0.8\">Flexible foundation<\/small><\/th>\n <th>Group 2 (15\u2013300 kW)<br><small style=\"font-weight:400;opacity:0.8\">Rigid foundation<\/small><\/th>\n <th>Group 2 (15\u2013300 kW)<br><small style=\"font-weight:400;opacity:0.8\">Flexible foundation<\/small><\/th>\n <\/tr>\n <\/thead>\n <tbody>\n <tr class=\"row-a\">\n <td><span class=\"zone-label\"><span class=\"zone-dot zone-dot-a\"><\/span> A \u2014 Good<\/span><\/td>\n <td>< 2.3<\/td>\n <td>< 3.5<\/td>\n <td>< 1.4<\/td>\n <td>< 2.3<\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <tr class=\"row-b\">\n <td><span class=\"zone-label\"><span class=\"zone-dot zone-dot-b\"><\/span> B \u2014 Satisfactory<\/span><\/td>\n <td>2.3 \u2013 4.5<\/td>\n <td>3.5 \u2013 7.1<\/td>\n <td>1.4 \u2013 2.8<\/td>\n <td>2.3 \u2013 4.5<\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <tr class=\"row-c\">\n <td><span class=\"zone-label\"><span class=\"zone-dot zone-dot-c\"><\/span> C \u2014 Unsatisfactory<\/span><\/td>\n <td>4.5 \u2013 7.1<\/td>\n <td>7.1 \u2013 11.0<\/td>\n <td>2.8 \u2013 4.5<\/td>\n <td>4.5 \u2013 7.1<\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <tr class=\"row-d\">\n <td><span class=\"zone-label\"><span class=\"zone-dot zone-dot-d\"><\/span> D \u2014 Unacceptable<\/span><\/td>\n <td>> 7.1<\/td>\n <td>> 11.0<\/td>\n <td>> 4.5<\/td>\n <td>> 7.1<\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <\/tbody>\n <\/table>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n<!-- ==================== TABLE OF CONTENTS ==================== -->\n<nav class=\"toc\">\n <div class=\"toc-title\">Table of Contents<\/div>\n <ol>\n <li><a href=\"#abstract\">Abstract<\/a><\/li>\n <li><a href=\"#ch1\">Theoretical Foundations and Evolution of Standardization<\/a><\/li>\n <li><a href=\"#ch2\">Detailed Analysis of ISO 10816-1 Methodology<\/a><\/li>\n <li><a href=\"#ch3\">Complete Overview of the ISO 10816 \/ 20816 Series<\/a><\/li>\n <li><a href=\"#ch4\">Specifics of Industrial Machines: ISO 10816-3<\/a><\/li>\n <li><a href=\"#ch5\">Hardware Architecture of the Balanset-1A System<\/a><\/li>\n <li><a href=\"#ch6\">Measurement Methodology and ISO 10816 Evaluation<\/a><\/li>\n <li><a href=\"#ch7\">Balancing as a Correction Method<\/a><\/li>\n <li><a href=\"#ch8\">Practical Scenarios and Interpretation<\/a><\/li>\n <li><a href=\"#ch9\">Relationship Between Vibration Parameters: Displacement, Velocity, Acceleration<\/a><\/li>\n <li><a href=\"#ch10\">Common Measurement Errors and How to Avoid Them<\/a><\/li>\n <li><a href=\"#faq\">Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)<\/a><\/li>\n <li><a href=\"#conclusion\">Conclusion<\/a><\/li>\n <\/ol>\n<\/nav>\n\n\n\n<!-- ==================== ABSTRACT ==================== -->\n<section id=\"abstract\">\n<h2>Abstract<\/h2>\n<p>\nThis report presents a comprehensive analysis of international regulatory requirements for the vibration condition of industrial equipment defined in ISO 10816-1 and its derivative standards. The document reviews the evolution of standardization from ISO 2372 to the current ISO 20816, explains the physical meaning of the measured parameters, and describes the methodology for evaluating the severity of vibration conditions. Special attention is given to the practical implementation of these rules using the portable balancing and diagnostic system Balanset-1A. The report contains a detailed description of the technical characteristics of the instrument, algorithms of its operation in vibrometer and balancing modes, and methodological guidelines for performing measurements to ensure compliance with reliability and safety criteria for rotating machinery.\n<\/p>\n<\/section>\n\n<!-- ==================== CHAPTER 1 ==================== -->\n<section id=\"ch1\">\n<h2>Chapter 1. Theoretical Foundations of Vibration Diagnostics and Evolution of Standardization<\/h2>\n\n<h3>1.1. Physical Nature of Vibration and Selection of Measurement Parameters<\/h3>\n<p>\nVibration, as a diagnostic parameter, is the most informative indicator of the dynamic condition of a mechanical system. Unlike temperature or pressure, which are integral indicators and often react to faults with a delay, the vibration signal carries information about the forces acting inside the mechanism in real time.\n<\/p>\n<p>\nThe ISO 10816-1 standard, like its predecessors, is based on measuring vibration velocity. This choice is not accidental and follows from the energetic nature of damage. Vibration velocity is directly proportional to the kinetic energy of the oscillating mass and therefore to the fatigue stresses that arise in machine components.\n<\/p>\n<p>\nVibration diagnostics uses three main parameters, each with its own field of application:\n<\/p>\n\n<p>\n<strong>Vibration displacement (Displacement)<\/strong>: The oscillation amplitude measured in micrometers (µm). This parameter is critical for low-speed machines (below 600 rpm) and for evaluating clearances in journal bearings, where it is important to prevent rotor-to-stator contact. In the context of ISO 10816-1, displacement has limited use because at high frequencies even small displacements can generate destructive forces.\n<\/p>\n<p>\n<strong>Vibration velocity (Velocity)<\/strong>: The surface point velocity measured in millimeters per second (mm\/s). This is the universal parameter for the frequency range from 10 to 1000 Hz, which covers the main mechanical defects: unbalance, misalignment, and looseness. ISO 10816 adopts vibration velocity as the primary assessment criterion. The standard specifies the RMS (root mean square) value, which characterizes the average energy of vibration.\n<\/p>\n<p>\n<strong>Vibration acceleration (Acceleration)<\/strong>: The rate of change of vibration velocity measured in meters per second squared (m\/s²) or in g units (1 g = 9.81 m\/s²). Acceleration characterizes inertial forces and is most sensitive to high-frequency processes (from 1000 Hz and above), such as early-stage rolling bearing defects, gear mesh problems, and electrical faults in motors.\n<\/p>\n\n<div class=\"info-box\">\n <p><strong>Why RMS?<\/strong> ISO 10816-1 focuses on broadband vibration in the range 10\u20131000 Hz. The instrument must integrate the energy of all oscillations within this band and output a single RMS value. Using RMS instead of peak value is justified because RMS characterizes the total power of the oscillatory process over time, which is more relevant for evaluating thermal and fatigue impact on the mechanism. The mathematical relationship is: V<sub>RMS<\/sub> = V<sub>peak<\/sub> \/ √2 for a pure sinusoidal signal, but in practice real-world vibration is a superposition of many frequencies, making RMS the only correct energy metric.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n<h3>1.2. Historical Context: From ISO 2372 to ISO 20816<\/h3>\n<p>\nUnderstanding current requirements requires analyzing their historical development. The evolution of vibration standards spans more than five decades:\n<\/p>\n\n<div class=\"timeline\">\n <div class=\"timeline-item obsolete\">\n <div class=\"timeline-year\">1974<\/div>\n <div class=\"timeline-title\">ISO 2372 \u2014 First Global Vibration Severity Standard<\/div>\n <div class=\"timeline-desc\">Introduced the classification of machines by power into four classes (Class I \u2013 Class IV) and defined evaluation zones (A, B, C, D). Also introduced the VDI 2056 vibration severity grades (Vibration Severity 0.28 through 71). Although officially withdrawn in 1995, the terminology and logic of this standard remain widely used in engineering practice today.<\/div>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"timeline-item obsolete\">\n <div class=\"timeline-year\">1986<\/div>\n <div class=\"timeline-title\">ISO 3945 \u2014 Guidance on Operational Conditions<\/div>\n <div class=\"timeline-desc\">Supplemented ISO 2372 with guidance on measurement procedures at operational conditions. Introduced the concept of in-situ measurement versus acceptance testing. This standard was later merged into ISO 10816-1.<\/div>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"timeline-item\">\n <div class=\"timeline-year\">1995<\/div>\n <div class=\"timeline-title\">ISO 10816-1 \u2014 General Guidelines (Current Focus)<\/div>\n <div class=\"timeline-desc\">Replaced ISO 2372 and ISO 3945. Its key innovation was a clearer distinction of requirements depending on foundation type (rigid versus flexible). Became the \"umbrella\" document defining general principles (Part 1), while specific limit values for different machine types were moved to subsequent parts (Parts 2\u20137).<\/div>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"timeline-item\">\n <div class=\"timeline-year\">1998\u20132009<\/div>\n <div class=\"timeline-title\">ISO 10816 Parts 2\u20137 \u2014 Machine-Specific Standards<\/div>\n <div class=\"timeline-desc\">A series of specialized parts were published: Part 2 (steam turbines >50 MW), Part 3 (industrial machines >15 kW), Part 4 (gas turbines), Part 5 (hydraulic machines), Part 6 (reciprocating machines), Part 7 (rotodynamic pumps). Each provides specific limits tailored to the particular machine type.<\/div>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"timeline-item\">\n <div class=\"timeline-year\">2016\u2013Present<\/div>\n <div class=\"timeline-title\">ISO 20816 \u2014 Unified Modern Series<\/div>\n <div class=\"timeline-desc\">The modern iteration. ISO 20816 combines the 10816 series (vibration of non-rotating parts) and the 7919 series (vibration of rotating shafts) into a single unified framework. ISO 20816-1:2016 superseded ISO 10816-1:1995. For most general-purpose industrial machines, the methodology from ISO 10816 remains dominant.<\/div>\n <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n<p>\nThis report focuses on ISO 10816-1 and ISO 10816-3, because these documents are the main working tools for about 90% of industrial equipment diagnosed with portable instruments such as Balanset-1A.\n<\/p>\n<\/section>\n\n<!-- ==================== CHAPTER 2 ==================== -->\n<section id=\"ch2\">\n<h2>Chapter 2. Detailed Analysis of ISO 10816-1 Methodology<\/h2>\n\n<h3>2.1. Scope and Limitations<\/h3>\n<p>\nISO 10816-1 applies to vibration measurements carried out on non-rotating parts of machines (bearing housings, feet, supporting frames). The standard does not apply to vibration caused by acoustic noise and does not cover reciprocating machines (they are covered by ISO 10816-6) which generate specific inertial forces due to their operating principle.\n<\/p>\n<p>\nA critical aspect is that the standard regulates in-situ measurements \u2014 in real operating conditions, not only on a test stand. This means that the limits account for the influence of the real foundation, piping connections, and operating load conditions.\n<\/p>\n\n<div class=\"info-box\">\n <p><strong>Key limitation:<\/strong> ISO 10816-1 provides <em>general guidelines only<\/em>. The zone limits in its Annex B are recommended values based on accumulated experience. When manufacturer-specific vibration limits are available, they take precedence. The standard explicitly states that the tabulated values are intended for situations where no specific criteria exist.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n<h3>2.2. Equipment Classification<\/h3>\n<p>\nA key element of the methodology is the division of all machines into classes. Applying Class IV limits to a Class I machine may cause an engineer to miss a dangerous condition, while the opposite may lead to unjustified shutdowns of healthy equipment.\n<\/p>\n\n<h4>Table 2.1. Machine Classification According to ISO 10816-1<\/h4>\n<div class=\"content-table-wrap\">\n<table class=\"content-table\">\n <thead>\n <tr>\n <th>Class<\/th>\n <th>Description<\/th>\n <th>Typical Machines<\/th>\n <th>Foundation Type<\/th>\n <\/tr>\n <\/thead>\n <tbody>\n <tr>\n <td><strong>Class I<\/strong><\/td>\n <td>Individual parts of engines and machines, structurally connected to the aggregate. Small machines.<\/td>\n <td>Electric motors up to 15 kW. Small pumps, auxiliary drives.<\/td>\n <td>Any<\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <tr>\n <td><strong>Class II<\/strong><\/td>\n <td>Medium-sized machines without special foundations.<\/td>\n <td>Electric motors 15\u201375 kW. Engines up to 300 kW on a rigid base. Pumps, fans.<\/td>\n <td>Usually rigid<\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <tr>\n <td><strong>Class III<\/strong><\/td>\n <td>Large prime movers and other large machines with rotating masses.<\/td>\n <td>Turbines, generators, high-power pumps (>75 kW).<\/td>\n <td>Rigid<\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <tr>\n <td><strong>Class IV<\/strong><\/td>\n <td>Large prime movers and other large machines with rotating masses.<\/td>\n <td>Turbogenerators, gas turbines (>10 MW).<\/td>\n <td>Flexible<\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n\n<h4>Problem of Identifying Foundation Type (Rigid vs. Flexible)<\/h4>\n<p>\nThe standard defines a foundation as rigid if the first natural frequency of the \"machine\u2013foundation\" system is above the main excitation frequency (rotational frequency). A foundation is flexible if its natural frequency is below the rotational frequency.\n<\/p>\n<p>In practice this means:<\/p>\n<ul>\n <li>A machine bolted to a massive concrete shop floor usually belongs to a class with a rigid foundation.<\/li>\n <li>A machine mounted on vibration isolators (springs, rubber pads) or on a light steel frame (for example, an upper-tier structure) belongs to a class with a flexible foundation.<\/li>\n <li>The same physical machine can change class if moved from one foundation to another \u2014 this is critical to remember when relocating equipment.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n<div class=\"warning-box\">\n <p><strong>Common mistake:<\/strong> Many engineers assume that any steel structure is \"rigid.\" In reality, a machine on a steel mezzanine typically has a flexible support because the mezzanine's natural frequency is often below the machine's running speed. Always verify by checking the natural frequency of the support structure.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n<h3>2.3. Vibration Evaluation Zones<\/h3>\n<p>\nInstead of a binary \"good\/bad\" evaluation, the standard offers a four-zone scale that supports condition-based maintenance:\n<\/p>\n\n<div class=\"zone-cards\">\n <div class=\"zone-card zone-card-a\">\n <h4>Zone A \u2014 Good<\/h4>\n <p>Vibration level for newly commissioned machines or after major overhaul. This is the reference condition that indicates excellent dynamic balance and proper installation.<\/p>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"zone-card zone-card-b\">\n <h4>Zone B \u2014 Satisfactory<\/h4>\n <p>Machines fit for unrestricted long-term operation. The vibration level is higher than ideal but does not threaten reliability. No action required.<\/p>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"zone-card zone-card-c\">\n <h4>Zone C \u2014 Unsatisfactory<\/h4>\n <p>Machines unfit for long-term continuous operation. Accelerated degradation of bearings and seals. Operate for limited time under enhanced monitoring until next maintenance window.<\/p>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"zone-card zone-card-d\">\n <h4>Zone D \u2014 Unacceptable<\/h4>\n <p>Vibration levels that may cause catastrophic failure. Immediate shutdown is required. Continued operation risks severe equipment damage, safety hazards, and collateral damage to adjacent systems.<\/p>\n <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n<h3>2.4. Vibration Limit Values<\/h3>\n<p>\nThe table below summarizes the limit values of RMS vibration velocity (mm\/s) according to Annex B of ISO 10816-1. These values are empirical and serve as guidelines if the manufacturer's specifications are not available.\n<\/p>\n\n<h4>Table 2.2. Zone Boundary Values (ISO 10816-1 Annex B)<\/h4>\n<div class=\"content-table-wrap\">\n<table class=\"content-table\">\n <thead>\n <tr>\n <th>Zone Boundary<\/th>\n <th>Class I (mm\/s)<\/th>\n <th>Class II (mm\/s)<\/th>\n <th>Class III (mm\/s)<\/th>\n <th>Class IV (mm\/s)<\/th>\n <\/tr>\n <\/thead>\n <tbody>\n <tr>\n <td><strong>A \/ B<\/strong><\/td>\n <td>0.71<\/td>\n <td>1.12<\/td>\n <td>1.80<\/td>\n <td>2.80<\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <tr>\n <td><strong>B \/ C<\/strong><\/td>\n <td>1.80<\/td>\n <td>2.80<\/td>\n <td>4.50<\/td>\n <td>7.10<\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <tr>\n <td><strong>C \/ D<\/strong><\/td>\n <td>4.50<\/td>\n <td>7.10<\/td>\n <td>11.20<\/td>\n <td>18.00<\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n\n<h4>Visual Comparison: Zone Boundaries by Machine Class<\/h4>\n<div class=\"comparison-chart\">\n <div class=\"chart-row\">\n <div class=\"chart-label\">Class I<\/div>\n <div class=\"chart-bar-track\">\n <div class=\"chart-segment seg-a\" style=\"width:16%\"><0.71<\/div>\n <div class=\"chart-segment seg-b\" style=\"width:24%\">0.71\u20131.8<\/div>\n <div class=\"chart-segment seg-c\" style=\"width:30%\">1.8\u20134.5<\/div>\n <div class=\"chart-segment seg-d\" style=\"width:30%\">>4.5<\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"chart-row\">\n <div class=\"chart-label\">Class II<\/div>\n <div class=\"chart-bar-track\">\n <div class=\"chart-segment seg-a\" style=\"width:12%\"><1.12<\/div>\n <div class=\"chart-segment seg-b\" style=\"width:20%\">1.12\u20132.8<\/div>\n <div class=\"chart-segment seg-c\" style=\"width:33%\">2.8\u20137.1<\/div>\n <div class=\"chart-segment seg-d\" style=\"width:35%\">>7.1<\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"chart-row\">\n <div class=\"chart-label\">Class III (rigid)<\/div>\n <div class=\"chart-bar-track\">\n <div class=\"chart-segment seg-a\" style=\"width:10%\"><1.8<\/div>\n <div class=\"chart-segment seg-b\" style=\"width:18%\">1.8\u20134.5<\/div>\n <div class=\"chart-segment seg-c\" style=\"width:34%\">4.5\u201311.2<\/div>\n <div class=\"chart-segment seg-d\" style=\"width:38%\">>11.2<\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"chart-row\">\n <div class=\"chart-label\">Class IV (flexible)<\/div>\n <div class=\"chart-bar-track\">\n <div class=\"chart-segment seg-a\" style=\"width:8%\"><2.8<\/div>\n <div class=\"chart-segment seg-b\" style=\"width:16%\">2.8\u20137.1<\/div>\n <div class=\"chart-segment seg-c\" style=\"width:32%\">7.1\u201318<\/div>\n <div class=\"chart-segment seg-d\" style=\"width:44%\">>18<\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n<p>\n<strong>Analytical interpretation.<\/strong> Consider the value 4.5 mm\/s. For small machines (Class I) this is the boundary of the emergency condition (C\/D), which requires shutdown. For medium-sized machines (Class II) this is the middle of the \"requires attention\" zone. For large machines on a rigid foundation (Class III) this is only the boundary between \"satisfactory\" and \"unsatisfactory\" zones. For machines on a flexible foundation (Class IV) this is a normal operating vibration level (Zone B). This progression demonstrates the risk of using universal limits without proper classification.\n<\/p>\n\n<h3>2.5. Two Evaluation Criteria: Absolute Value vs. Relative Change<\/h3>\n<p>\nISO 10816-1 defines two independent evaluation criteria that should be applied simultaneously:\n<\/p>\n<p>\n<strong>Criterion I \u2014 Vibration Magnitude:<\/strong> The absolute broadband RMS vibration velocity compared against the zone limits. This is the primary criterion described in the tables above.\n<\/p>\n<p>\n<strong>Criterion II \u2014 Change in Vibration:<\/strong> A significant change (increase or decrease) in vibration level relative to the established baseline, regardless of whether the absolute level crosses a zone boundary. A sudden change of more than 25% in vibration level may indicate a developing fault even if the machine remains in Zone B. Conversely, a sudden decrease may indicate that a coupling has failed or a component has broken off.\n<\/p>\n<div class=\"info-box\">\n <p><strong>Practical tip:<\/strong> Always record baseline vibration levels during commissioning or after maintenance. Trending vibration data over time is often more valuable than a single-point measurement. The Balanset-1A software allows saving measurement results for comparison.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n\n<!-- ==================== CHAPTER 3: COMPLETE ISO SERIES OVERVIEW ==================== -->\n<section id=\"ch3\">\n<h2>Chapter 3. Complete Overview of the ISO 10816 \/ 20816 Series<\/h2>\n<p>\nThe ISO 10816 standard was published as a multi-part series, where Part 1 provides the general framework and subsequent parts define specific requirements for different machine types. Understanding which part applies to your specific equipment is essential for correct evaluation.\n<\/p>\n\n<h4>Table 3.0. Full List of ISO 10816 Parts and Their ISO 20816 Replacements<\/h4>\n<div class=\"content-table-wrap\">\n<table class=\"content-table\">\n <thead>\n <tr>\n <th>ISO 10816 Part<\/th>\n <th>Machine Type \/ Scope<\/th>\n <th>Replaced by (ISO 20816)<\/th>\n <th>Key Parameters<\/th>\n <\/tr>\n <\/thead>\n <tbody>\n <tr>\n <td><strong>10816-1:1995<\/strong><\/td>\n <td>General guidelines for all machines<\/td>\n <td>20816-1:2016<\/td>\n <td>Velocity RMS, 10\u20131000 Hz<\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <tr>\n <td><strong>10816-2:2009<\/strong><\/td>\n <td>Steam turbines and generators >50 MW on land<\/td>\n <td>20816-2:2017<\/td>\n <td>Velocity RMS + Displacement peak-to-peak<\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <tr>\n <td><strong>10816-3:2009<\/strong><\/td>\n <td>Industrial machines >15 kW, 120\u201315,000 rpm (fans, pumps, compressors, motors)<\/td>\n <td>20816-3 (in development)<\/td>\n <td>Velocity RMS, 10\u20131000 Hz<\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <tr>\n <td><strong>10816-4:2009<\/strong><\/td>\n <td>Gas turbine driven sets, excluding aircraft derivatives<\/td>\n <td>20816-4:2018<\/td>\n <td>Velocity RMS + Displacement<\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <tr>\n <td><strong>10816-5:2000<\/strong><\/td>\n <td>Hydraulic machines >1 MW or with speed >600 rpm (water turbines, pumps)<\/td>\n <td>20816-5:2018<\/td>\n <td>Velocity RMS + Displacement<\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <tr>\n <td><strong>10816-6:1995<\/strong><\/td>\n <td>Reciprocating machines >100 kW<\/td>\n <td>20816-8:2018<\/td>\n <td>Velocity RMS (modified bands)<\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <tr>\n <td><strong>10816-7:2009<\/strong><\/td>\n <td>Rotodynamic pumps (incl. centrifugal, mixed-flow)<\/td>\n <td>20816-7 (in development)<\/td>\n <td>Velocity RMS, 10\u20131000 Hz<\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <tr>\n <td><strong>10816-8:2014<\/strong><\/td>\n <td>Reciprocating compressor systems<\/td>\n <td>20816-8:2018<\/td>\n <td>Velocity RMS<\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n\n<h3>3.1. ISO 7919 Series (Shaft Vibration) \u2014 Now Part of ISO 20816<\/h3>\n<p>\nWhile ISO 10816 focused exclusively on housing vibration, the parallel ISO 7919 series addressed shaft vibration measured using non-contact proximity probes (eddy current sensors). For critical rotating machinery such as large steam turbines, gas turbines, and generators, shaft relative vibration is often the more informative parameter because it directly measures the motion of the rotor within its bearing clearances.\n<\/p>\n<p>\nThe unification of these two series into ISO 20816 reflects the modern understanding that comprehensive condition monitoring of critical machines requires both housing vibration (for structural assessment) and shaft vibration (for rotor dynamic assessment).\n<\/p>\n\n<h3>3.2. Related International Standards<\/h3>\n<p>\nISO 10816 does not exist in isolation. Several companion standards define sensor specifications, balancing quality, and measurement methodology:\n<\/p>\n\n<div class=\"content-table-wrap\">\n<table class=\"content-table\">\n <thead>\n <tr>\n <th>Standard<\/th>\n <th>Title \/ Scope<\/th>\n <th>Relevance to ISO 10816<\/th>\n <\/tr>\n <\/thead>\n <tbody>\n <tr>\n <td><strong>ISO 1940-1<\/strong><\/td>\n <td>Balance quality requirements of rotating rigid bodies<\/td>\n <td>Defines permissible residual unbalance (G grades: G0.4 to G4000). Directly linked to achievable vibration levels per ISO 10816.<\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <tr>\n <td><strong>ISO 2954<\/strong><\/td>\n <td>Requirements for vibration measuring instruments<\/td>\n <td>Specifies accuracy and frequency response for instruments used per ISO 10816.<\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <tr>\n <td><strong>ISO 5348<\/strong><\/td>\n <td>Mechanical mounting of accelerometers<\/td>\n <td>Defines correct sensor mounting to ensure valid measurements per ISO 10816.<\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <tr>\n <td><strong>ISO 13373-1\/2<\/strong><\/td>\n <td>Condition monitoring of machines \u2014 vibration<\/td>\n <td>Provides guidance on data acquisition and spectral analysis techniques used alongside ISO 10816 evaluations.<\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <tr>\n <td><strong>ISO 10816-21<\/strong><\/td>\n <td>Horizontal axis wind turbines with gearbox<\/td>\n <td>Specific vibration limits for wind energy applications.<\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <tr>\n <td><strong>ISO 14694<\/strong><\/td>\n <td>Balance quality requirements for fans<\/td>\n <td>Fan-specific balance grades (BV-1 to BV-5) that complement ISO 10816-3 vibration zones.<\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n\n<h3>3.3. Relationship Between ISO 1940 Balance Quality and ISO 10816 Vibration Zones<\/h3>\n<p>\nOne of the most common questions in practice is how the balance quality grade (G value per ISO 1940) relates to the vibration zones in ISO 10816. While no exact mathematical formula links them (the relationship depends on bearing stiffness, machine mass, and support dynamics), there is a general correlation:\n<\/p>\n<ul>\n <li>Balance grade G2.5 (typical for fans, pumps, motors) generally achieves Zone A or B on properly installed machines.<\/li>\n <li>Balance grade G6.3 (general machinery) typically achieves Zone B, but may be in Zone C for rigid, lightweight structures.<\/li>\n <li>Balance grade G16 (agricultural equipment, crushers) usually corresponds to Zone C or worse per ISO 10816.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\nThe Balanset-1A system can achieve balance quality G2.5 and better, which directly contributes to meeting ISO 10816 Zone A requirements.\n<\/p>\n<\/section>\n\n<!-- ==================== CHAPTER 4: ISO 10816-3 ==================== -->\n<section id=\"ch4\">\n<h2>Chapter 4. Specifics of Industrial Machines: ISO 10816-3<\/h2>\n<p>\nWhile ISO 10816-1 defines the general framework, in practice most industrial units (pumps, fans, compressors above 15 kW) are governed by the more specific Part 3 of the standard (ISO 10816-3). It is important to understand the difference because Balanset-1A is often used to balance fans and pumps covered by this part.\n<\/p>\n\n<h3>4.1. Machine Groups in ISO 10816-3<\/h3>\n<p>\nUnlike the four classes in Part 1, Part 3 divides machines into two main groups:\n<\/p>\n<p>\n<strong>Group 1<\/strong>: Large machines with rated power above 300 kW, or electrical machines with shaft height greater than 315 mm, operating at speeds between 120 rpm and 15,000 rpm.\n<\/p>\n<p>\n<strong>Group 2<\/strong>: Medium-sized machines with rated power from 15 kW to 300 kW, or electrical machines with shaft height from 160 mm to 315 mm, at operating speeds between 120 rpm and 15,000 rpm.\n<\/p>\n\n<div class=\"info-box\">\n <p><strong>Scope note:<\/strong> ISO 10816-3 specifically excludes machines already covered by other parts: steam turbines (Part 2), gas turbines (Part 4), hydraulic machines (Part 5), and reciprocating machines (Part 6). It also excludes machines with operating speed below 120 rpm or above 15,000 rpm.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n<h3>4.2. Vibration Limits in ISO 10816-3<\/h3>\n<p>\nThe limits depend on foundation type (Rigid \/ Flexible), which remains the same definition as in Part 1.\n<\/p>\n\n<h4>Table 4.1. Vibration Limits According to ISO 10816-3 (RMS, mm\/s)<\/h4>\n<div class=\"content-table-wrap\">\n<table class=\"content-table\">\n <thead>\n <tr>\n <th>Condition (Zone)<\/th>\n <th>Group 1 (>300 kW) Rigid<\/th>\n <th>Group 1 (>300 kW) Flexible<\/th>\n <th>Group 2 (15\u2013300 kW) Rigid<\/th>\n <th>Group 2 (15\u2013300 kW) Flexible<\/th>\n <\/tr>\n <\/thead>\n <tbody>\n <tr>\n <td><strong>A (New)<\/strong><\/td>\n <td>< 2.3<\/td>\n <td>< 3.5<\/td>\n <td>< 1.4<\/td>\n <td>< 2.3<\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <tr>\n <td><strong>B (Long-term)<\/strong><\/td>\n <td>2.3 \u2013 4.5<\/td>\n <td>3.5 \u2013 7.1<\/td>\n <td>1.4 \u2013 2.8<\/td>\n <td>2.3 \u2013 4.5<\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <tr>\n <td><strong>C (Limited)<\/strong><\/td>\n <td>4.5 \u2013 7.1<\/td>\n <td>7.1 \u2013 11.0<\/td>\n <td>2.8 \u2013 4.5<\/td>\n <td>4.5 \u2013 7.1<\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <tr>\n <td><strong>D (Damage)<\/strong><\/td>\n <td>> 7.1<\/td>\n <td>> 11.0<\/td>\n <td>> 4.5<\/td>\n <td>> 7.1<\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n\n<p>\n<strong>Data synthesis.<\/strong> Comparing ISO 10816-1 and ISO 10816-3 tables shows that ISO 10816-3 imposes stricter requirements on medium-power machines (Group 2) on rigid foundations. The boundary of Zone D is set at 4.5 mm\/s, which coincides with the limit for Class I in Part 1. This confirms the trend toward stricter limits for modern, faster, and lighter equipment. When using Balanset-1A to diagnose a 45 kW fan on a concrete floor, you should focus on the \"Group 2 \/ Rigid\" column of this table, where the transition to the emergency zone occurs at 4.5 mm\/s.\n<\/p>\n\n<h3>4.3. Additional Requirements of ISO 10816-3<\/h3>\n<p>\nISO 10816-3 adds important provisions beyond the basic zone limits:\n<\/p>\n<ul>\n <li><strong>Acceptance testing:<\/strong> For newly installed or repaired machines, vibration should be in Zone A. If it falls in Zone B, an investigation is recommended to determine the cause.<\/li>\n <li><strong>Operational alarms:<\/strong> The standard recommends setting two alarm levels \u2014 ALERT (typically at the B\/C boundary) and DANGER (at the C\/D boundary). These can be implemented in continuous monitoring systems.<\/li>\n <li><strong>Transient conditions:<\/strong> The standard acknowledges that during startup and shutdown, vibration may temporarily exceed steady-state limits, particularly when passing through critical speeds (resonances).<\/li>\n <li><strong>Coupled machines:<\/strong> For coupled equipment (e.g., motor-pump sets), each machine should be evaluated individually using the limits appropriate to its group classification.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/section>\n\n<!-- ==================== CHAPTER 5: HARDWARE ==================== -->\n<section id=\"ch5\">\n<h2>Chapter 5. Hardware Architecture of the Balanset-1A System<\/h2>\n<p>\nTo implement the requirements of ISO 10816\/20816, you need an instrument that provides accurate and repeatable measurements and matches the required frequency ranges. The Balanset-1A system developed by Vibromera is an integrated solution that combines the functions of a two-channel vibration analyzer and a field balancing instrument.\n<\/p>\n\n<h3>5.1. Measurement Channels and Sensors<\/h3>\n<p>\nThe Balanset-1A system has two independent vibration measurement channels (X1 and X2), which allows simultaneous measurements at two points or in two planes.\n<\/p>\n<p>\n<strong>Sensor type.<\/strong> The system uses accelerometers (vibration transducers that measure acceleration). This is the modern industry standard because accelerometers provide high reliability, wide frequency range, and good linearity.\n<\/p>\n<p>\n<strong>Signal integration.<\/strong> Because ISO 10816 requires evaluation of vibration velocity (mm\/s), the signal from the accelerometers is integrated in hardware or software. This is a critical signal processing step, and the quality of the analog-to-digital converter plays a key role.\n<\/p>\n<p>\n<strong>Measurement range.<\/strong> The instrument measures vibration velocity (RMS) in the range from 0.05 to 100 mm\/s. This range fully covers all ISO 10816 evaluation zones (from Zone A < 0.71 to Zone D > 45 mm\/s for the largest machines).\n<\/p>\n\n<h3>5.2. Frequency Characteristics and Accuracy<\/h3>\n<p>\nThe metrological characteristics of Balanset-1A fully comply with the requirements of the standard.\n<\/p>\n<p>\n<strong>Frequency range.<\/strong> The basic version of the instrument operates in the 5 Hz \u2013 550 Hz band. The lower limit of 5 Hz (300 rpm) even exceeds the standard ISO 10816 requirement of 10 Hz and supports diagnostics of low-speed machines. The upper limit of 550 Hz covers up to the 11th harmonic for machines with a rotational frequency of 3000 rpm (50 Hz), which is sufficient to detect unbalance (1×), misalignment (2×, 3×), and looseness. Optionally, the frequency range can be extended to 1000 Hz, fully covering all standard requirements.\n<\/p>\n<p>\n<strong>Amplitude accuracy.<\/strong> The amplitude measurement error is ±5% of full scale. For operational monitoring tasks, where zone boundaries differ by hundreds of percent, this accuracy is more than sufficient.\n<\/p>\n<p>\n<strong>Phase accuracy.<\/strong> The instrument measures phase angle with an accuracy of ±1 degree. Although phase is not regulated by ISO 10816, it is critically important for the balancing procedure.\n<\/p>\n\n<h3>5.3. Tachometer Channel<\/h3>\n<p>\nThe kit includes a laser tachometer (optical sensor) that performs two functions: measures rotor speed (RPM) from 150 to 60,000 rpm (in some versions up to 100,000 rpm), making it possible to identify whether vibration is synchronous with rotational frequency (1×) or asynchronous; and generates a reference phase signal (phase mark) for synchronous averaging and calculating correction mass angles during balancing.\n<\/p>\n\n<h3>5.4. Connections and Layout<\/h3>\n<p>\nThe standard kit includes sensor cables 4 meters long (optional 10 meters). This increases safety during in-situ measurements. Long cables let the operator stay at a safe distance from rotating machine parts, which meets industrial safety requirements for working with rotating equipment.\n<\/p>\n\n<h4>Table 5.1. Balanset-1A Key Specifications vs. ISO 10816 Requirements<\/h4>\n<div class=\"content-table-wrap\">\n<table class=\"content-table\">\n <thead>\n <tr>\n <th>Parameter<\/th>\n <th>ISO 10816 Requirement<\/th>\n <th>Balanset-1A Specification<\/th>\n <th>Compliance<\/th>\n <\/tr>\n <\/thead>\n <tbody>\n <tr>\n <td>Measured parameter<\/td>\n <td>Vibration velocity, RMS<\/td>\n <td>Velocity RMS (integrated from acceleration)<\/td>\n <td>✓<\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <tr>\n <td>Frequency range<\/td>\n <td>10\u20131000 Hz<\/td>\n <td>5\u2013550 Hz (optionally to 1000 Hz)<\/td>\n <td>✓<\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <tr>\n <td>Measurement range<\/td>\n <td>0.71\u201345 mm\/s (zone range)<\/td>\n <td>0.05\u2013100 mm\/s<\/td>\n <td>✓<\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <tr>\n <td>Number of channels<\/td>\n <td>At least 1<\/td>\n <td>2 simultaneous<\/td>\n <td>✓<\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <tr>\n <td>Amplitude accuracy<\/td>\n <td>Per ISO 2954: ±10%<\/td>\n <td>±5%<\/td>\n <td>✓ (exceeds)<\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <tr>\n <td>RPM measurement<\/td>\n <td>Not specified<\/td>\n <td>150\u201360,000 rpm<\/td>\n <td>Bonus capability<\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n\n<!-- ==================== CHAPTER 6: MEASUREMENT METHODOLOGY ==================== -->\n<section id=\"ch6\">\n<h2>Chapter 6. Measurement Methodology and ISO 10816 Evaluation Using Balanset-1A<\/h2>\n\n<h3>6.1. Preparation for Measurements<\/h3>\n<p>\n<strong>Identify the machine.<\/strong> Determine the machine class or group (according to Chapters 2 and 4 of this report). For example, a \"45 kW fan on vibration isolators\" belongs to Group 2 (ISO 10816-3) with a flexible foundation.\n<\/p>\n<p>\n<strong>Software installation.<\/strong> Install Balanset-1A drivers and software from the supplied USB drive. Connect the interface unit to the laptop's USB port.\n<\/p>\n<p>\n<strong>Mount the sensors.<\/strong> Install sensors on bearing housings \u2014 not on thin covers, guards, or sheet metal casings. Use magnetic bases and ensure the magnet sits firmly on a clean, flat surface. Paint or rust under the magnet acts as a damper and reduces high-frequency readings. Maintain orthogonality: perform measurements in vertical (V), horizontal (H), and axial (A) directions at each bearing. Balanset-1A has two channels, so you can measure V and H simultaneously at one support.\n<\/p>\n\n<h3>6.2. Vibrometer Mode (F5)<\/h3>\n<p>\nBalanset-1A software has a dedicated mode for ISO 10816 evaluation. Run the program, press F5 (or click the \"F5 - Vibrometer\" button in the interface), then press F9 (Run) to start data acquisition.\n<\/p>\n<p><strong>Indicator analysis:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n <li><strong>RMS (Total)<\/strong>: The instrument displays overall RMS vibration velocity (V1s, V2s). This is the value you compare with the standard's tabulated limits.<\/li>\n <li><strong>1× Vibration<\/strong>: The instrument extracts the vibration amplitude at rotational frequency (synchronous component).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\nIf the RMS value is high (Zone C\/D) but the 1× component is low, the problem is not unbalance. It may be a bearing fault, cavitation (for a pump), or electromagnetic issues. If RMS is close to the 1× value (for example, RMS = 10 mm\/s, 1× = 9.8 mm\/s), unbalance dominates and balancing will reduce vibration by approximately 95%.\n<\/p>\n\n<h3>6.3. Spectral Analysis (FFT)<\/h3>\n<p>\nIf overall vibration exceeds the limit (Zone C or D), you must identify the cause. The F5 mode includes a Charts tab with FFT spectrum display.\n<\/p>\n<ul>\n <li>A dominant peak at 1× (rotational frequency) indicates unbalance.<\/li>\n <li>Peaks at 2×, 3× indicate misalignment or looseness.<\/li>\n <li>High-frequency \"noise\" or a forest of harmonics indicates rolling bearing defects.<\/li>\n <li>The blade passing frequency (number of blades × rpm) indicates aerodynamic problems in a fan or hydraulic problems in a pump.<\/li>\n <li>2× line frequency (100 Hz or 120 Hz) indicates electrical faults in motors (stator eccentricity, broken rotor bars).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\nBalanset-1A provides these visualizations, which turns it from a simple \"compliance meter\" into a full diagnostic tool.\n<\/p>\n\n<h3>6.4. Measurement Points and Directions<\/h3>\n<p>\nISO 10816-1 recommends measuring vibration in three mutually perpendicular directions at each bearing location. For a typical two-bearing machine, this means up to six measurement points (3 directions × 2 bearings). In practice, the most important measurements are:\n<\/p>\n<ul>\n <li><strong>Vertical (V):<\/strong> Most sensitive to unbalance. Typically gives the highest readings because bearings have less stiffness in the vertical direction.<\/li>\n <li><strong>Horizontal (H):<\/strong> Sensitive to misalignment and looseness. Horizontal vibration that significantly exceeds vertical vibration often indicates a soft foot or loose bolts.<\/li>\n <li><strong>Axial (A):<\/strong> Elevated axial vibration (more than 50% of radial vibration) suggests misalignment, bent shaft, or unbalanced overhung rotor.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\nThe highest reading among all measurement points and directions is typically used for the ISO 10816 evaluation. Always record all measurements for trend analysis.\n<\/p>\n<\/section>\n\n<!-- ==================== CHAPTER 7: BALANCING ==================== -->\n<section id=\"ch7\">\n<h2>Chapter 7. Balancing as a Correction Method: Practical Use of Balanset-1A<\/h2>\n<p>\nWhen diagnostics (based on 1× dominance in the spectrum) indicate unbalance as the main cause of ISO 10816 limit exceedance, the next step is balancing. Balanset-1A implements the influence coefficient method (three-run method).\n<\/p>\n\n<h3>7.1. Balancing Theory<\/h3>\n<p>\nUnbalance occurs when the rotor's center of mass does not coincide with its axis of rotation. This causes a centrifugal force <em>F = m · r · ω²<\/em> that generates vibration at rotational frequency. The goal of balancing is to add a correction mass (weight) that produces a force equal in magnitude and opposite in direction to the unbalance force.\n<\/p>\n\n<h3>7.2. Single-Plane Balancing Procedure<\/h3>\n<p>\nUse this procedure for narrow rotors (fans, pulleys, disks). Select F2 mode in the program.\n<\/p>\n<p>\n<strong>Run 0 \u2014 Initial:<\/strong> Start the rotor, press F9. The instrument measures the initial vibration (amplitude and phase). Example: 8.5 mm\/s at 120°.\n<\/p>\n<p>\n<strong>Run 1 \u2014 Trial Weight:<\/strong> Stop the rotor, mount a trial weight of known mass (for example, 10 g) at an arbitrary location. Start the rotor, press F9. Example: 5.2 mm\/s at 160°.\n<\/p>\n<p>\n<strong>Calculation and correction:<\/strong> The program automatically calculates the mass and angle of the correction weight. For example, the instrument may instruct: \"Add 15 g at an angle of 45° from the trial weight position.\" Balanset functions support split weights: if you cannot place the weight at the calculated location, the program splits it into two weights for mounting, for example, on fan blades.\n<\/p>\n<p>\n<strong>Run 2 \u2014 Verification:<\/strong> Install the calculated correction weight (removing the trial weight if required). Start the rotor and confirm that residual vibration has dropped to Zone A or B according to ISO 10816 (for example, below 2.8 mm\/s for Group 2 \/ Rigid).\n<\/p>\n\n<h3>7.3. Two-Plane Balancing<\/h3>\n<p>\nLong rotors (shafts, crusher drums) require dynamic balancing in two correction planes. The procedure is similar but requires two vibration sensors (X1, X2) and three runs (Initial, Trial weight in Plane 1, Trial weight in Plane 2). Use F3 mode for this procedure.\n<\/p>\n<\/section>\n\n<!-- ==================== CHAPTER 8: CASE STUDIES ==================== -->\n<section id=\"ch8\">\n<h2>Chapter 8. Practical Scenarios and Interpretation (Case Studies)<\/h2>\n\n<div class=\"case-study\">\n <div class=\"case-study-tag\">Case Study 1<\/div>\n <h4>Industrial Exhaust Fan (45 kW)<\/h4>\n <p><strong>Context:<\/strong> The fan is installed on a roof on spring-type vibration isolators.<\/p>\n <p><strong>Classification:<\/strong> ISO 10816-3, Group 2, flexible foundation.<\/p>\n <p><strong>Measurement:<\/strong> Balanset-1A in F5 mode shows RMS = 6.8 mm\/s.<\/p>\n <p><strong>Analysis:<\/strong> According to Table 4.1, the B\/C boundary for \"Flexible\" is 4.5 mm\/s, and the C\/D boundary is 7.1 mm\/s. The fan operates in Zone C (limited operation), approaching the emergency Zone D.<\/p>\n <p><strong>Diagnostics:<\/strong> The spectrum shows a strong 1× peak, confirming unbalance as the dominant source.<\/p>\n <p><strong>Action:<\/strong> Balancing was performed with Balanset-1A. Vibration dropped to 1.2 mm\/s.<\/p>\n <span class=\"result result-good\">✓ Result: Zone A (1.2 mm\/s) \u2014 Failure Prevented<\/span>\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"case-study\">\n <div class=\"case-study-tag\">Case Study 2<\/div>\n <h4>Boiler Feed Pump (200 kW)<\/h4>\n <p><strong>Context:<\/strong> The pump is rigidly mounted on a massive concrete foundation.<\/p>\n <p><strong>Classification:<\/strong> ISO 10816-3, Group 2, rigid foundation.<\/p>\n <p><strong>Measurement:<\/strong> Balanset-1A shows RMS = 5.0 mm\/s.<\/p>\n <p><strong>Analysis:<\/strong> According to Table 4.1, the C\/D boundary for \"Rigid\" is 4.5 mm\/s. The pump operates in Zone D \u2014 emergency condition.<\/p>\n <p><strong>Diagnostics:<\/strong> The spectrum shows a series of harmonics and a high noise level. The 1× peak is low relative to the total vibration.<\/p>\n <p><strong>Action:<\/strong> Balancing will not help. The problem is likely in the bearings or cavitation. The pump must be stopped for mechanical inspection.<\/p>\n <span class=\"result result-bad\">✕ Result: Zone D (5.0 mm\/s) \u2014 Immediate Shutdown Required<\/span>\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"case-study\">\n <div class=\"case-study-tag\">Case Study 3<\/div>\n <h4>Centrifugal Compressor (500 kW)<\/h4>\n <p><strong>Context:<\/strong> The compressor is mounted on a concrete block foundation with anchor bolts.<\/p>\n <p><strong>Classification:<\/strong> ISO 10816-3, Group 1, rigid foundation.<\/p>\n <p><strong>Measurement:<\/strong> Balanset-1A shows RMS = 3.8 mm\/s vertical, 5.1 mm\/s horizontal at the drive-end bearing.<\/p>\n <p><strong>Analysis:<\/strong> According to Table 4.1 (Group 1 \/ Rigid), 3.8 mm\/s is Zone B and 5.1 mm\/s is Zone C. The horizontal value governs: the machine is in Zone C.<\/p>\n <p><strong>Diagnostics:<\/strong> The spectrum shows a dominant 2× peak, with axial vibration elevated. Misalignment is the primary suspect.<\/p>\n <p><strong>Action:<\/strong> The coupling alignment was checked with a laser tool. Angular misalignment of 0.12 mm was found and corrected to 0.03 mm. Post-correction vibration: 1.9 mm\/s horizontal.<\/p>\n <span class=\"result result-good\">✓ Result: Zone A (1.9 mm\/s) \u2014 Alignment Corrected<\/span>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n\n<!-- ==================== CHAPTER 9: PARAMETER RELATIONSHIPS ==================== -->\n<section id=\"ch9\">\n<h2>Chapter 9. Relationship Between Vibration Parameters: Displacement, Velocity, Acceleration<\/h2>\n<p>\nUnderstanding the mathematical relationship between the three vibration parameters is important for converting between them and for understanding why ISO 10816 chose velocity as its primary metric.\n<\/p>\n<p>\nFor a simple harmonic motion at frequency <em>f<\/em> (Hz):\n<\/p>\n<ul>\n <li><strong>Displacement:<\/strong> D = D<sub>0<\/sub> · sin(2πft), measured in µm (peak or peak-to-peak)<\/li>\n <li><strong>Velocity:<\/strong> V = 2πf · D<sub>0<\/sub> · cos(2πft), measured in mm\/s<\/li>\n <li><strong>Acceleration:<\/strong> A = (2πf)² · D<sub>0<\/sub> · sin(2πft), measured in m\/s²<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\nThe key relationships (for peak values at frequency <em>f<\/em>):\n<\/p>\n<ul>\n <li>V<sub>peak<\/sub> (mm\/s) = π · f · D<sub>p-p<\/sub> (µm) \/ 1000<\/li>\n <li>A<sub>peak<\/sub> (m\/s²) = 2πf · V<sub>peak<\/sub> (mm\/s) \/ 1000<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\nThis explains why displacement is dominant at low frequencies and acceleration is dominant at high frequencies, while velocity provides a relatively flat (frequency-independent) representation of vibration severity across the typical machine speed range. A constant velocity value represents constant stress in the structure regardless of frequency \u2014 this is the fundamental reason ISO 10816 uses velocity.\n<\/p>\n\n<h4>Table 9.1. Practical Conversion Examples at 50 Hz (3000 rpm)<\/h4>\n<div class=\"content-table-wrap\">\n<table class=\"content-table\">\n <thead>\n <tr>\n <th>Velocity RMS (mm\/s)<\/th>\n <th>Displacement p-p (µm)<\/th>\n <th>Acceleration RMS (m\/s²)<\/th>\n <th>ISO 10816-1 Zone (Class II)<\/th>\n <\/tr>\n <\/thead>\n <tbody>\n <tr>\n <td>1.0<\/td>\n <td>9.0<\/td>\n <td>0.44<\/td>\n <td>Zone A<\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <tr>\n <td>2.8<\/td>\n <td>25.2<\/td>\n <td>1.24<\/td>\n <td>B\/C boundary<\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <tr>\n <td>4.5<\/td>\n <td>40.5<\/td>\n <td>2.00<\/td>\n <td>Zone C<\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <tr>\n <td>7.1<\/td>\n <td>63.9<\/td>\n <td>3.15<\/td>\n <td>C\/D boundary<\/td>\n <\/tr>\n <\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n\n<!-- ==================== CHAPTER 10: COMMON ERRORS ==================== -->\n<section id=\"ch10\">\n<h2>Chapter 10. Common Measurement Errors and How to Avoid Them<\/h2>\n<p>\nEven with a properly calibrated instrument like the Balanset-1A, measurement errors can lead to incorrect conclusions. Here are the most common pitfalls:\n<\/p>\n\n<h3>10.1. Sensor Mounting Errors<\/h3>\n<p>\n<strong>Problem:<\/strong> Sensor mounted on a guard, thin cover, or loose structure instead of the bearing housing. This causes false high readings due to structural resonances of the cover, leading to unnecessary shutdowns.\n<\/p>\n<p>\n<strong>Solution:<\/strong> Always mount directly on the bearing housing. Use magnetic mounting on a clean, flat, metallic surface. For surfaces with paint thicker than 0.1 mm, scrape a small area to bare metal.\n<\/p>\n\n<h3>10.2. Wrong Machine Classification<\/h3>\n<p>\n<strong>Problem:<\/strong> Applying Class I limits to a 200 kW compressor (which should be Group 2 per ISO 10816-3) results in premature alarms.\n<\/p>\n<p>\n<strong>Solution:<\/strong> Always identify the machine's power rating, speed, and foundation type before selecting the applicable standard and group.\n<\/p>\n\n<h3>10.3. Ignoring Operating Conditions<\/h3>\n<p>\n<strong>Problem:<\/strong> Measuring vibration during startup or at partial load. ISO 10816 limits apply to steady-state operation at normal operating conditions.\n<\/p>\n<p>\n<strong>Solution:<\/strong> Allow the machine to reach thermal equilibrium and normal operating speed\/load before recording measurements. For electric motors, this typically means at least 15 minutes of operation.\n<\/p>\n\n<h3>10.4. Cable and Electrical Noise<\/h3>\n<p>\n<strong>Problem:<\/strong> Running sensor cables alongside power cables introduces electromagnetic interference, causing artificially elevated readings especially at 50\/60 Hz and harmonics.\n<\/p>\n<p>\n<strong>Solution:<\/strong> Route sensor cables away from power cables. Use shielded cables where possible. The Balanset-1A cables are shielded by design, but proper routing remains important.\n<\/p>\n\n<h3>10.5. Single-Point Measurements<\/h3>\n<p>\n<strong>Problem:<\/strong> Measuring only one direction at one bearing and concluding \"the machine is fine.\"\n<\/p>\n<p>\n<strong>Solution:<\/strong> Measure in at least two directions (V and H) at each bearing. Use the highest reading for the ISO 10816 evaluation. Significant differences between directions can indicate specific faults (e.g., horizontal > vertical often indicates structural looseness).\n<\/p>\n<\/section>\n\n<!-- ==================== FAQ ==================== -->\n<section id=\"faq\">\n<h2>Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)<\/h2>\n\n<div class=\"faq-item\">\n <div class=\"faq-q\">What is ISO 10816-1?<\/div>\n <div class=\"faq-a\">ISO 10816-1 is an international standard that provides general guidelines for evaluating machine vibration by measurements on non-rotating parts such as bearing housings, pedestals, and foundations. It establishes vibration severity zones (A, B, C, D) using RMS vibration velocity (mm\/s) in the frequency range 10\u20131000 Hz. The standard classifies machines into four classes based on size, power, and foundation type.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"faq-item\">\n <div class=\"faq-q\">What is the difference between ISO 10816 and ISO 20816?<\/div>\n <div class=\"faq-a\">ISO 20816 is the modern replacement for ISO 10816. It merges two earlier series: ISO 10816 (vibration on non-rotating parts) and ISO 7919 (vibration on rotating shafts) into a single unified framework. ISO 20816-1:2016 replaced ISO 10816-1:1995, though the fundamental measurement methodology and zone classification remain similar. The transition is gradual \u2014 many ISO 10816 parts are still the current reference until their ISO 20816 replacements are published.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"faq-item\">\n <div class=\"faq-q\">What vibration level is acceptable according to ISO 10816?<\/div>\n <div class=\"faq-a\">Acceptable vibration depends entirely on the machine class. For small machines (Class I, up to 15 kW), Zone A (good) is below 0.71 mm\/s RMS, and the alarm threshold (C\/D boundary) is at 4.5 mm\/s. For medium machines (Class II), Zone A is below 1.12 mm\/s. For large machines on rigid foundations (Class III), Zone A is below 1.80 mm\/s. For large machines on flexible foundations (Class IV), Zone A is below 2.80 mm\/s. Always use the correct class for your specific machine.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"faq-item\">\n <div class=\"faq-q\">What are the four vibration zones in ISO 10816?<\/div>\n <div class=\"faq-a\">Zone A \u2014 newly commissioned machines in excellent condition. Zone B \u2014 acceptable for unrestricted long-term operation. Zone C \u2014 unsatisfactory for long-term continuous operation, requires remedial action to be scheduled. Zone D \u2014 dangerous vibration levels that may cause damage; immediate shutdown is required.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"faq-item\">\n <div class=\"faq-q\">How do I measure vibration according to ISO 10816?<\/div>\n <div class=\"faq-a\">Mount an accelerometer on the bearing housing (a non-rotating, structurally rigid part) of the machine. Measure broadband RMS vibration velocity in mm\/s over the frequency range 10\u20131000 Hz. Take readings in at least two directions (vertical and horizontal) at each bearing. Compare the highest measured value against the zone limits for the appropriate machine class and foundation type. Instruments like the Balanset-1A integrate the acceleration signal internally to provide the required velocity readings.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"faq-item\">\n <div class=\"faq-q\">What is the difference between ISO 10816-1 and ISO 10816-3?<\/div>\n <div class=\"faq-a\">ISO 10816-1 is the general (umbrella) standard that defines methodology and broad machine classes (I\u2013IV). ISO 10816-3 provides more specific vibration limits for industrial machines with nominal power above 15 kW and up to 50 MW at operating speeds between 120 and 15,000 rpm. ISO 10816-3 divides machines into Group 1 (>300 kW) and Group 2 (15\u2013300 kW) and is the standard most commonly used in practice for fans, pumps, compressors, and motors.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"faq-item\">\n <div class=\"faq-q\">Can Balanset-1A be used for ISO 10816 compliance measurements?<\/div>\n <div class=\"faq-a\">Yes. The Balanset-1A measures RMS vibration velocity in the range 0.05\u2013100 mm\/s with a frequency band of 5\u2013550 Hz (optionally to 1000 Hz), which covers the ISO 10816 requirements. Its two simultaneous measurement channels, FFT spectrum analysis, and ±5% amplitude accuracy make it suitable for both screening assessments and detailed diagnostics per the ISO 10816 methodology.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"faq-item\">\n <div class=\"faq-q\">Is ISO 10816-1 still valid or has it been superseded?<\/div>\n <div class=\"faq-a\">ISO 10816-1:1995 was formally superseded by ISO 20816-1:2016. However, the principles, methodology, and zone classification remain fundamentally the same. Many specific parts (like ISO 10816-3 for industrial machines) have not yet been fully replaced by their ISO 20816 counterparts. In engineering practice, the ISO 10816 framework and terminology continue to be widely used.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n\n<!-- ==================== CONCLUSION ==================== -->\n<section id=\"conclusion\">\n<h2>Conclusion<\/h2>\n<p>\nISO 10816-1 and its specialized Part 3 provide a fundamental basis for ensuring industrial equipment reliability. The transition from subjective perception to quantitative assessment of vibration velocity (RMS, mm\/s) lets engineers objectively classify machine condition and plan maintenance based on actual data rather than arbitrary schedules.\n<\/p>\n<p>\nThe four-zone evaluation system (A through D) provides a universally understood language for communicating machine condition between maintenance teams, management, and equipment vendors. When combined with spectral analysis, this methodology enables not just detection of problems but also identification of root causes \u2014 unbalance, misalignment, bearing wear, looseness, and electrical faults.\n<\/p>\n<p>\nInstrumental implementation of these standards using the Balanset-1A system has proven effective. The instrument provides metrologically accurate measurements in the 5\u2013550 Hz range (fully covering standard requirements for most machines) and offers the functionality required to identify the causes of elevated vibration (spectral analysis) and eliminate them (balancing).\n<\/p>\n<p>\nFor operating companies, implementing regular monitoring based on the ISO 10816 methodology and instruments such as Balanset-1A is a direct investment in reducing operating costs. The ability to distinguish Zone B from Zone C helps avoid both premature repairs of healthy machines and catastrophic failures caused by ignoring critical vibration levels.\n<\/p>\n<p>\n<em>End of report<\/em>\n<\/p>\n<\/section>\n\n<\/div><!-- .page-wrapper -->\n\n<\/body>\n<\/html><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>ISO 10816-1 \u098f\u09b0 \u098f\u0995\u099f\u09bf \u09b8\u0982\u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09bf\u09aa\u09cd\u09a4 \u09ac\u09bf\u09ac\u09b0\u09a3, \u09af\u09be \u09af\u09a8\u09cd\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0\u09aa\u09be\u09a4\u09bf\u09b0 \u0998\u09c2\u09b0\u09cd\u09a3\u09be\u09af\u09bc\u09ae\u09be\u09a8 \u0985\u0982\u09b6\u09c7\u09b0 \u0989\u09aa\u09b0 \u0995\u09ae\u09cd\u09aa\u09a8 \u09aa\u09b0\u09bf\u09ae\u09be\u09aa \u098f\u09ac\u0982 \u09ae\u09c2\u09b2\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09af\u09bc\u09a8\u09c7\u09b0 \u099c\u09a8\u09cd\u09af \u09b8\u09be\u09a7\u09be\u09b0\u09a3 \u09a8\u09bf\u09b0\u09cd\u09a6\u09c7\u09b6\u09bf\u0995\u09be \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09a6\u09be\u09a8 \u0995\u09b0\u09c7 \u098f\u09ae\u09a8 \u09ae\u09c2\u09b2 \u0986\u09a8\u09cd\u09a4\u09b0\u09cd\u099c\u09be\u09a4\u09bf\u0995 \u09ae\u09be\u09a8\u0964<\/p>","protected":false},"featured_media":0,"template":"","meta":{"ai_generated_summary":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[109,112],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-2","glossary","type-glossary","status-publish","hentry","category-glossary","category-iso-standards"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/vibromera.eu\/bn\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/glossary\/2","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/vibromera.eu\/bn\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/glossary"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/vibromera.eu\/bn\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/glossary"}],"version-history":[{"count":11,"href":"https:\/\/vibromera.eu\/bn\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/glossary\/2\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":101739,"href":"https:\/\/vibromera.eu\/bn\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/glossary\/2\/revisions\/101739"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/vibromera.eu\/bn\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vibromera.eu\/bn\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=2"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vibromera.eu\/bn\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=2"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}