{"id":2138,"date":"2023-04-07T21:01:25","date_gmt":"2023-04-07T21:01:25","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/vibromera.eu\/?p=2138"},"modified":"2026-07-02T19:45:53","modified_gmt":"2026-07-02T19:45:53","slug":"application-of-the-fourier-transform-to-the-analysis-of-vibration-signals","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/vibromera.eu\/hr\/example\/application-of-the-fourier-transform-to-the-analysis-of-vibration-signals\/","title":{"rendered":"Primjena Fourierove transformacije na analizu vibracijskih signala."},"content":{"rendered":"<h1>Primjena Fourierove transformacije na analizu vibracijskih signala<\/h1>\n<p style=\"text-align: right\">Andrei Shelkovenko. Jedan od programera i osniva\u010da Vibromera.<br \/>\nPrijevod \u010dlanka mo\u017ee sadr\u017eavati neto\u010dnosti.<\/p>\n<h2>Fourierova transformacija i spektar signala<\/h2>\n<p>U mnogim slu\u010dajevima zadatak dobivanja (izra\u010dunavanja) <a href=\"https:\/\/vibromera.eu\/hr\/glossary\/spectrum\/\">spektar<\/a> signala je sljede\u0107i. Postoji ADC, koji uzorkovanjem <a href=\"https:\/\/vibromera.eu\/hr\/glossary\/frequency\/\">frekvencija<\/a> Fd pretvara kontinuirani signal, koji dolazi na njegov ulaz tijekom vremena T, u digitalne uzorke \u2013 N komada. Zatim se taj niz uzoraka dovodi u neki program (na primjer <span><a href=\"http:\/\/www.siarion.net\/rus\/free\/fourierscope\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">FourierScope<\/a><\/span>) koji izbacuje N\/2 nekih numeri\u010dkih vrijednosti.<\/p>\n<p>Da bismo provjerili radi li program ispravno, formiramo niz uzoraka kao zbroj dvaju sin(10*2*pi*x)+0.5*sin(5*2*pi*x) i unosimo ga u program. Program je nacrtao sljede\u0107e:<br \/>\n<div id=\"attachment_2139\" style=\"width: 650px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-2139\" src=\"https:\/\/vibromera.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/\u041f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435-\u043f\u0440\u0435\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f-\u0424\u0443\u0440\u044c\u0435-\u0434\u043b\u044f-\u0430\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0430-\u0432\u0438\u0431\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0438\u0433\u043d\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0432-en-US725.webp\" alt=\"Fourierova transformacija i spektar signala\" width=\"640\" height=\"299\" class=\"size-full wp-image-2139\" srcset=\"https:\/\/vibromera.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/\u041f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435-\u043f\u0440\u0435\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f-\u0424\u0443\u0440\u044c\u0435-\u0434\u043b\u044f-\u0430\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0430-\u0432\u0438\u0431\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0438\u0433\u043d\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0432-en-US725.webp 640w, https:\/\/vibromera.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/\u041f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435-\u043f\u0440\u0435\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f-\u0424\u0443\u0440\u044c\u0435-\u0434\u043b\u044f-\u0430\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0430-\u0432\u0438\u0431\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0438\u0433\u043d\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0432-en-US725-600x280.webp 600w, https:\/\/vibromera.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/\u041f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435-\u043f\u0440\u0435\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f-\u0424\u0443\u0440\u044c\u0435-\u0434\u043b\u044f-\u0430\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0430-\u0432\u0438\u0431\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0438\u0433\u043d\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0432-en-US725-300x140.webp 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\" \/><p id=\"caption-attachment-2139\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><em><i><span>Slika 1. Graf vremenske funkcije signala<\/span><\/i><\/em><\/p><\/div><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_2140\" style=\"width: 650px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-2140\" src=\"https:\/\/vibromera.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/\u041f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435-\u043f\u0440\u0435\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f-\u0424\u0443\u0440\u044c\u0435-\u0434\u043b\u044f-\u0430\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0430-\u0432\u0438\u0431\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0438\u0433\u043d\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0432-en-US779.webp\" alt=\"Slika 2. Graf spektra signala\" width=\"640\" height=\"353\" class=\"size-full wp-image-2140\" srcset=\"https:\/\/vibromera.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/\u041f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435-\u043f\u0440\u0435\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f-\u0424\u0443\u0440\u044c\u0435-\u0434\u043b\u044f-\u0430\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0430-\u0432\u0438\u0431\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0438\u0433\u043d\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0432-en-US779.webp 640w, https:\/\/vibromera.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/\u041f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435-\u043f\u0440\u0435\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f-\u0424\u0443\u0440\u044c\u0435-\u0434\u043b\u044f-\u0430\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0430-\u0432\u0438\u0431\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0438\u0433\u043d\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0432-en-US779-600x331.webp 600w, https:\/\/vibromera.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/\u041f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435-\u043f\u0440\u0435\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f-\u0424\u0443\u0440\u044c\u0435-\u0434\u043b\u044f-\u0430\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0430-\u0432\u0438\u0431\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0438\u0433\u043d\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0432-en-US779-300x165.webp 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\" \/><p id=\"caption-attachment-2140\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Slika 2. Graf spektra signala<\/p><\/div>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Postoje dva <a href=\"https:\/\/vibromera.eu\/hr\/glossary\/harmonics\/\">harmonici<\/a> Na spektralnom grafikonu &#8211; 5 Hz s amplitudom 0,5 V i 10 Hz s amplitudom 1 V, sve je kao u formuli izvornog signala. Sve je u redu, program radi ispravno.<\/p>\n<p>To zna\u010di da ako na ulaz ADC-a dovedemo stvarni signal dobiven mije\u0161anjem dviju sinusoida, dobit \u0107emo sli\u010dan spektar koji se sastoji od dvije harmonike.<\/p>\n<p>Dakle, na\u0161 <strong><b><span>stvaran <\/span><\/b><\/strong>izmjereni signal <strong><b><span>od trajanja 5 sekundi<\/span><\/b><\/strong>, digitaliziran od strane ADC-a, tj. predstavljen <strong><b><span>odvojeno <\/span><\/b><\/strong>uzorci, ima <strong><b><span>diskretni neperiodi\u010dni <\/span><\/b><\/strong>Spektar.<br \/>\n<em><i><span>From a mathematical point of view \u2013 how many errors in this phrase? <\/span><\/i><\/em><\/p>\n<p>Now let\u2019s try to measure the same signal for 0.5 sec.<\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_2141\" style=\"width: 615px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-2141\" src=\"https:\/\/vibromera.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/Primenenie-preobrazovani\u00e2-Fur\u02b9e-dl\u00e2-analiza-vibrosignalov-en-US1459.png\" alt=\"Slika 3. Graf funkcije sin(10*2*pi*x)+0.5*sin(5*2*pi*x) za mjerni period od 0,5 s\" width=\"605\" height=\"317\" class=\"size-full wp-image-2141\" srcset=\"\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 605px) 100vw, 605px\" data-srcset=\"\" \/><p id=\"caption-attachment-2141\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Slika 3. Graf funkcije sin(10*2*pi*x)+0.5*sin(5*2*pi*x) za mjerni period od 0,5 s<\/p><\/div>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_2142\" style=\"width: 650px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-2142\" src=\"https:\/\/vibromera.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/\u041f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435-\u043f\u0440\u0435\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f-\u0424\u0443\u0440\u044c\u0435-\u0434\u043b\u044f-\u0430\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0430-\u0432\u0438\u0431\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0438\u0433\u043d\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0432-en-US1564.webp\" alt=\"Sl.4 Spektruma funkcije\" width=\"640\" height=\"351\" class=\"size-full wp-image-2142\" srcset=\"https:\/\/vibromera.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/\u041f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435-\u043f\u0440\u0435\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f-\u0424\u0443\u0440\u044c\u0435-\u0434\u043b\u044f-\u0430\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0430-\u0432\u0438\u0431\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0438\u0433\u043d\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0432-en-US1564.webp 640w, https:\/\/vibromera.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/\u041f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435-\u043f\u0440\u0435\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f-\u0424\u0443\u0440\u044c\u0435-\u0434\u043b\u044f-\u0430\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0430-\u0432\u0438\u0431\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0438\u0433\u043d\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0432-en-US1564-600x329.webp 600w, https:\/\/vibromera.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/\u041f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435-\u043f\u0440\u0435\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f-\u0424\u0443\u0440\u044c\u0435-\u0434\u043b\u044f-\u0430\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0430-\u0432\u0438\u0431\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0438\u0433\u043d\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0432-en-US1564-300x165.webp 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\" \/><p id=\"caption-attachment-2142\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Sl.4 Spektruma funkcije<\/p><\/div>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Ne\u0161to ovdje nije u redu! Harmonik od 10 Hz je normalno prikazan, a umjesto harmonika od 5 Hz pojavljuju se neki nejasni harmonici.<\/p>\n<p>Na internetu ka\u017eu da je potrebno dodati nule na kraj uzorka i spektar \u0107e biti ispravno iscrtan.<\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_2143\" style=\"width: 650px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-2143\" src=\"https:\/\/vibromera.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/Primenenie-preobrazovani\u00e2-Fur\u02b9e-dl\u00e2-analiza-vibrosignalov-en-US1861.png\" alt=\"Slika 5. Dodali smo nule u uzorak do 5 sekundi.\" width=\"640\" height=\"334\" class=\"size-full wp-image-2143\" srcset=\"\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\" data-srcset=\"\" \/><p id=\"caption-attachment-2143\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Slika 5. Dodali smo nule u uzorak do 5 sekundi.<\/p><\/div>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_2144\" style=\"width: 650px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-2144\" src=\"https:\/\/vibromera.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/\u041f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435-\u043f\u0440\u0435\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f-\u0424\u0443\u0440\u044c\u0435-\u0434\u043b\u044f-\u0430\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0430-\u0432\u0438\u0431\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0438\u0433\u043d\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0432-en-US1916.webp\" alt=\"Slika 6. Dobiveni spektar.\" width=\"640\" height=\"352\" class=\"size-full wp-image-2144\" srcset=\"https:\/\/vibromera.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/\u041f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435-\u043f\u0440\u0435\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f-\u0424\u0443\u0440\u044c\u0435-\u0434\u043b\u044f-\u0430\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0430-\u0432\u0438\u0431\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0438\u0433\u043d\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0432-en-US1916.webp 640w, https:\/\/vibromera.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/\u041f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435-\u043f\u0440\u0435\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f-\u0424\u0443\u0440\u044c\u0435-\u0434\u043b\u044f-\u0430\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0430-\u0432\u0438\u0431\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0438\u0433\u043d\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0432-en-US1916-600x330.webp 600w, https:\/\/vibromera.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/\u041f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435-\u043f\u0440\u0435\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f-\u0424\u0443\u0440\u044c\u0435-\u0434\u043b\u044f-\u0430\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0430-\u0432\u0438\u0431\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0438\u0433\u043d\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0432-en-US1916-300x165.webp 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\" \/><p id=\"caption-attachment-2144\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Slika 6. Dobiveni spektar.<\/p><\/div>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>That\u2019s not it at all. I will have to deal with the theory. Let\u2019s go to <span><a href=\"https:\/\/ru.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/R\u00e2d_Fur\u02b9e\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><strong><b>wikipedija<\/b><\/strong><\/a><\/span>\u00a0\u2013 the source of knowledge.<\/p>\n<h2>Kontinuirana funkcija i njezina Fourierova serijska reprezentacija<\/h2>\n<p>Matematikom je na\u0161 signal trajanja T sekundi neka funkcija f(x) definirana na intervalu {0, T} (X je u ovom slu\u010daju vrijeme). Takvu se funkciju uvijek mo\u017ee predstaviti kao zbroj harmoni\u010dnih funkcija (sinusa ili kosinusa) oblika:<\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_2145\" style=\"width: 368px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-2145\" src=\"https:\/\/vibromera.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/Primenenie-preobrazovani\u00e2-Fur\u02b9e-dl\u00e2-analiza-vibrosignalov-en-US2409.png\" alt=\"Kontinuirana funkcija i njezina Fourierova serijska reprezentacija\" width=\"358\" height=\"62\" class=\"size-full wp-image-2145\" srcset=\"\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 358px) 100vw, 358px\" data-srcset=\"\" \/><p id=\"caption-attachment-2145\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">\u00a0(1), gdje:<\/p>\n<p><\/p><\/div>\n<p>k je broj trigonometrijske funkcije (broj harmoni\u010dke komponente, broj harmonika)<br \/>\nT \u2013 segment where the function is defined (the duration of the signal)<br \/>\nAk - amplituda k-te harmonijske komponente,<br \/>\n\u03b8k- po\u010detna faza k-te harmonijske komponente<br \/>\n\u0160to zna\u010di &#8220;predstaviti funkciju kao zbroj niza&#8221;? To zna\u010di da zbrajanjem vrijednosti harmonijskih komponenti Fourierova niza u svakoj to\u010dki dobivamo vrijednost na\u0161e funkcije u toj to\u010dki.<br \/>\n(Strogo govore\u0107i, srednja kvadratna devijacija niza od funkcije f(x) te\u017eit \u0107e nuli, ali unato\u010d srednjoj kvadratnoj konvergenciji Fourierovi nizovi neke funkcije op\u0107enito ne moraju konvergirati toj funkciji to\u010dku po to\u010dku.)<br \/>\nOvaj niz se tako\u0111er mo\u017ee zapisati u obliku:<\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_2146\" style=\"width: 229px\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-2146\" src=\"https:\/\/vibromera.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/Primenenie-preobrazovani\u00e2-Fur\u02b9e-dl\u00e2-analiza-vibrosignalov-en-US3314.png\" alt=\"(2),\" width=\"219\" height=\"62\" class=\"size-full wp-image-2146\" \/><p id=\"caption-attachment-2146\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">(2),<\/p><\/div>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Gdje <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/vibromera.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/\u041f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435-\u043f\u0440\u0435\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f-\u0424\u0443\u0440\u044c\u0435-\u0434\u043b\u044f-\u0430\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0430-\u0432\u0438\u0431\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0438\u0433\u043d\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0432-en-US3326.webp\" alt=\"Fourierova transformacijska jednad\u017eba (2) za analizu vibracijskog signala\" width=\"29\" height=\"33\" class=\"wp-image-2147 size-full alignnone\" \/> , k-ta kompleksna amplituda.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>ili<\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_2148\" style=\"width: 481px\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-2148\" src=\"https:\/\/vibromera.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/Primenenie-preobrazovani\u00e2-Fur\u02b9e-dl\u00e2-analiza-vibrosignalov-en-US3362.png\" alt=\" (3)\" width=\"471\" height=\"62\" class=\"size-full wp-image-2148\" srcset=\"\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 471px) 100vw, 471px\" data-srcset=\"\" \/><p id=\"caption-attachment-2148\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">(3)<\/p><\/div>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Odnos izme\u0111u koeficijenata (1) i (3) izra\u017een je sljede\u0107im formulama:<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/vibromera.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/Primenenie-preobrazovani\u00e2-Fur\u02b9e-dl\u00e2-analiza-vibrosignalov-en-US3464.png\" alt=\"Formula koja povezuje koeficijente Fourierovih serija\" width=\"156\" height=\"46\" class=\"size-full wp-image-2149 alignleft\" \/><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/vibromera.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/Primenenie-preobrazovani\u00e2-Fur\u02b9e-dl\u00e2-analiza-vibrosignalov-en-US3470.png\" alt=\"Formula za koeficijent Fourierove serije\" width=\"148\" height=\"58\" class=\"size-full wp-image-2150 alignleft\" \/><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left\">Imajte na umu da su sva tri ova prikaza Fourierova reda potpuno ekvivalentna. Ponekad je pri radu s Fourierovim redovima prakti\u010dnije koristiti eksponente imaginarnog argumenta umjesto sinusa i kosinusa, tj. koristiti Fourierovu transformaciju u kompleksnom obliku. No nama je prakti\u010dno koristiti formulu (1), u kojoj je Fourierov red prikazan kao zbroj kosinusa s odgovaraju\u0107im amplitudama i fazama. Strogo govore\u0107i, Fourierova transformacija realnog signala doista daje kompleksne koeficijente (oblik (3)): svaki koeficijent nosi i amplitudu i fazu svoje harmonike. Za realan signal ti kompleksni koeficijenti imaju konjugiranu (Hermitsku) simetriju \u2014 polovica negativnih frekvencija jednostavno zrcali pozitivnu polovicu i ne nosi dodatne informacije. Zato iz kompleksnih koeficijenata uvijek mo\u017eemo prije\u0107i na realne nenegativne amplitude Ak i faze \u03b8k iz formule (1) \u2014 i upravo taj amplitudni spektar prikazuju programi za analizu.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong><u><b><span>Su\u0161tina:<\/span><\/b><\/u><\/strong><strong><b><span><br \/>\n<\/span><\/b><\/strong><strong><b><span>Matematika osnova spektralne analize signala je Fourierova transformacija.<\/span><\/b><\/strong><strong><b><span><br \/>\n<\/span><\/b><\/strong><strong><b><span><br \/>\n<\/span><\/b><\/strong><strong><b><span>Fourierova transformacija omogu\u0107uje predstavljanje kontinuirane funkcije f(x) (signala) definirane na intervalu {0, T} kao zbroj beskona\u010dnog broja (beskona\u010dne serije) trigonometrijskih funkcija (sinusa i\/ili kosinusa) s odre\u0111enim amplitudama i fazama tako\u0111er uzetih na intervalu {0, T}. Takva se serija naziva Fourierova serija.<\/span><\/b><\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Zabilje\u017eite jo\u0161 nekoliko to\u010daka, \u010dije je razumijevanje potrebno za ispravnu primjenu Fourierove transformacije u analizi signala. Ako razmotrimo Fourierovu seriju (zbir sinusoida) na cijeloj osi X, vidjet \u0107emo da \u0107e se izvan intervala {0, T} funkcija Fourierove serije periodi\u010dno ponavljati na\u0161u funkciju.<\/p>\n<p>Na primjer, u grafikonu na slici 7 izvorna funkcija definirana je na intervalu {-T\/2, +T\/2}, a Fourierova serija predstavlja periodi\u010dnu funkciju definiranu na cijeloj osi x.<\/p>\n<p>To je zato \u0161to su same sinusoide periodi\u010dne funkcije, pa \u0107e i njihov zbir tako\u0111er biti periodi\u010dna funkcija.<\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_2151\" style=\"width: 674px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-2151\" src=\"https:\/\/vibromera.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/Primenenie-preobrazovani\u00e2-Fur\u02b9e-dl\u00e2-analiza-vibrosignalov-en-US5209.png\" alt=\"Slika 7 Prikaz neperiodi\u010dne funkcije izvora Fourierovom serijom\" width=\"664\" height=\"250\" class=\"size-full wp-image-2151\" srcset=\"\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 664px) 100vw, 664px\" data-srcset=\"\" \/><p id=\"caption-attachment-2151\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Slika 7 Prikaz neperiodi\u010dne funkcije izvora Fourierovom serijom<\/p><\/div>\n<p>Dakle:<\/p>\n<p>Na\u0161a izvorna funkcija je neprekidna, neperiodi\u010dna funkcija definirana na nekom segmentu duljine T.<br \/>\nSpektar ove funkcije je diskretan, tj. prikazan je kao beskona\u010dan niz harmonijskih komponenti &#8211; Fourierov niz.<br \/>\nZapravo, Fourierova serija definira neku periodi\u010dnu funkciju koja se podudara s na\u0161om funkcijom na intervalu {0, T}, ali za nas ta periodi\u010dnost nije bitna.<\/p>\n<p>Sljede\u0107e.<\/p>\n<p>Periodi harmonijskih komponenti su vi\u0161ekratnici intervala {0, T}, na kojem je po\u010detna funkcija f(x) definirana. Drugim rije\u010dima, periodi harmonika su vi\u0161ekratnici trajanja mjerenja signala. Na primjer, period prve harmonike u Fourierovoj seriji jednak je intervalu T u kojem je funkcija f(x) definirana. Period druge harmonike u Fourierovoj seriji jednak je intervalu T\/2. I tako dalje (vidi Sliku 8).<\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_2152\" style=\"width: 687px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-2152\" src=\"https:\/\/vibromera.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/Primenenie-preobrazovani\u00e2-Fur\u02b9e-dl\u00e2-analiza-vibrosignalov-en-US6155.png\" alt=\"Sl. 8 Periodi (frekvencije) harmonijskih komponenti Fourierove serije (ovdje T=2\u03c0)\" width=\"677\" height=\"362\" class=\"size-full wp-image-2152\" srcset=\"\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 677px) 100vw, 677px\" data-srcset=\"\" \/><p id=\"caption-attachment-2152\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Sl. 8 Periodi (frekvencije) harmonijskih komponenti Fourierove serije (ovdje T=2\u03c0)<\/p><\/div>\n<p>Accordingly, the frequencies of harmonic components are multiples of 1\/T. That is, frequencies of harmonic components Fk are Fk= k\\T, where k runs values from 0 to \u221e, for example, k=0 F0=0; k=1 F1=1\\T; k=2 F2=2\\T;k=3 F3=3\\T;\u2026. Fk= k\\T (at zero frequency, a constant component).<\/p>\n<p>Neka na\u0161a po\u010detna funkcija bude signal snimljen tijekom T=1 s. Onda \u0107e period prve harmonike biti jednak trajanju na\u0161eg signala T1=T=1 s, a frekvencija harmonike iznosi 1 Hz. Period druge harmonike bit \u0107e jednak trajanju na\u0161eg signala podijeljenom s 2 (T2=T\/2=0,5 s), a frekvencija je jednaka 2 Hz. Za tre\u0107u harmoniku, T3=T\/3 s i frekvencija je 3 Hz. I tako dalje.<\/p>\n<p>Korak izme\u0111u harmonika u ovom je slu\u010daju 1 Hz.<\/p>\n<p>Dakle, signal trajanja 1 sekunde mo\u017ee se razlo\u017eiti na harmonijske komponente (za dobivanje spektra) s frekvencijskom razlu\u010divo\u0161\u0107u od 1 Hz.<br \/>\nDa bi se rezolucija pove\u0107ala za faktor 2, na 0,5 Hz, potrebno je pove\u0107ati trajanje mjerenja za faktor 2, na 2 s. Desetsekundni signal mo\u017ee se razlo\u017eiti na harmonijske komponente (spektrum) s frekvencijskom rezolucijom od 0,1 Hz. Ne postoje drugi na\u010dini za pove\u0107anje frekvencijske razlu\u010divosti. Ovaj odnos mo\u017eete istra\u017eiti s na\u0161im <a href=\"https:\/\/vibromera.eu\/hr\/calculators\/fft-resolution-calculator\/\">Kalkulator FFT rezolucije<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>Postoji na\u010din umjetnog pove\u0107anja trajanja signala dodavanjem nule u niz uzoraka. Ali to ne pove\u0107ava stvarnu razlu\u010divost frekvencije.<\/p>\n<h2>Diskretni signali i diskretna Fourierova pretvorba<\/h2>\n<p>S razvojem digitalne tehnologije na\u010dini pohrane mjernih podataka (signala) su se promijenili. Dok se ranije signal mogao snimiti na magnetofonsku vrpcu i pohraniti u analognom obliku, sada se signali digitaliziraju i pohranjuju u datotekama u ra\u010dunalnoj memoriji kao skup brojeva (brojeva).<\/p>\n<p>Uobi\u010dajeni postupak mjerenja i digitalizacije signala izgleda ovako.<\/p>\n<p>Mjerni pretvara\u010d &#8212;- Normalizator signala &#8212;- ADC &#8212;&#8211; Ra\u010dunalo<br \/>\n(<em><i><span>Sl. 9 Shematski prikaz mjernog kanala)<\/p>\n<p><\/span><\/i><\/em><\/p>\n<p>Signal s mjernog pretvara\u010da ide u ADC tijekom vremena T. O\u010ditanja signala (uzorkovanje) primljena tijekom vremena T prenose se na ra\u010dunalo i spremaju u memoriju.<\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_2154\" style=\"width: 650px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-2154\" src=\"https:\/\/vibromera.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/\u041f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435-\u043f\u0440\u0435\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f-\u0424\u0443\u0440\u044c\u0435-\u0434\u043b\u044f-\u0430\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0430-\u0432\u0438\u0431\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0438\u0433\u043d\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0432-en-US8285.webp\" alt=\"Slika 10. Digitalni signal \u2013 N uzoraka primljenih za vrijeme T\" width=\"640\" height=\"327\" class=\"size-full wp-image-2154\" srcset=\"https:\/\/vibromera.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/\u041f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435-\u043f\u0440\u0435\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f-\u0424\u0443\u0440\u044c\u0435-\u0434\u043b\u044f-\u0430\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0430-\u0432\u0438\u0431\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0438\u0433\u043d\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0432-en-US8285.webp 640w, https:\/\/vibromera.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/\u041f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435-\u043f\u0440\u0435\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f-\u0424\u0443\u0440\u044c\u0435-\u0434\u043b\u044f-\u0430\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0430-\u0432\u0438\u0431\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0438\u0433\u043d\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0432-en-US8285-600x307.webp 600w, https:\/\/vibromera.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/\u041f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435-\u043f\u0440\u0435\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f-\u0424\u0443\u0440\u044c\u0435-\u0434\u043b\u044f-\u0430\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0430-\u0432\u0438\u0431\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0438\u0433\u043d\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0432-en-US8285-300x153.webp 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\" \/><p id=\"caption-attachment-2154\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Sl.10 Digitalizirani signal &#8211; N uzoraka primljenih tijekom vremena T<\/p><\/div>\n<p>Koji su zahtjevi za signalne parametre digitalizacije? Ure\u0111aj koji pretvara ulazni analogni signal u diskretni kod (digitalni signal) naziva se analogno-digitalni pretvara\u010d (ADC) (\u00a9 Wiki).<\/p>\n<p>Jedan od osnovnih parametara ADC-a je maksimalna frekvencija uzorkovanja &#8211; frekvencija uzorkovanja signala koji je kontinuiran u vremenu. Frekvencija uzorkovanja mjeri se u hercima. ((\u00a9 Wiki))<\/p>\n<p>Prema Kotelnikovljevu teoremu, ako kontinuirani signal ima spektar ograni\u010den frekvencijom Fmax, mo\u017ee se potpuno i jednozna\u010dno rekonstruirati iz diskretnih uzoraka uzetih u vremenskim intervalima \u0394t \u2264 1\/(2*Fmax), tj. s frekvencijom uzorkovanja Fd \u2265 2*Fmax, gdje je Fd &#8211; frekvencija uzorkovanja; Fmax &#8211; najve\u0107a frekvencija spektra signala. Drugim rije\u010dima, frekvencija digitalizacije signala (frekvencija uzorkovanja ADC-a) mora biti najmanje dvostruko ve\u0107a od najve\u0107e frekvencije signala koji \u017eelimo mjeriti.<\/p>\n<p>A \u0161to \u0107e se dogoditi ako uzimamo uzorke frekvencijom ni\u017eom od one koju zahtijeva Kotelnikovljev teorem?<\/p>\n<p>U ovom slu\u010daju postoji \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/vibromera.eu\/hr\/glossary\/aliasing\/\">aliasiranje<\/a>In this case there is an \u201caliasing\u201d effect (aka stroboscopic effect, moir\u00e9 effect), in which a high frequency signal after digitization turns into a low frequency signal, which in fact does not exist. In Fig. 11 the red sine wave of high frequency is the real signal. The blue sine wave of lower frequency is a fictitious signal, arising due to the fact that during the sampling time has time to pass more than half a period of the high-frequency signal.<\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_2156\" style=\"width: 730px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-2156\" src=\"https:\/\/vibromera.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/\u041f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435-\u043f\u0440\u0435\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f-\u0424\u0443\u0440\u044c\u0435-\u0434\u043b\u044f-\u0430\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0430-\u0432\u0438\u0431\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0438\u0433\u043d\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0432-en-US9777.webp\" alt=\"Sl. 11. Pojava la\u017enog niskofrekventnog signala pri nedovoljno visokoj brzini uzorkovanja\" width=\"720\" height=\"255\" class=\"size-full wp-image-2156\" srcset=\"https:\/\/vibromera.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/\u041f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435-\u043f\u0440\u0435\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f-\u0424\u0443\u0440\u044c\u0435-\u0434\u043b\u044f-\u0430\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0430-\u0432\u0438\u0431\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0438\u0433\u043d\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0432-en-US9777.webp 720w, https:\/\/vibromera.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/\u041f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435-\u043f\u0440\u0435\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f-\u0424\u0443\u0440\u044c\u0435-\u0434\u043b\u044f-\u0430\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0430-\u0432\u0438\u0431\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0438\u0433\u043d\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0432-en-US9777-600x213.webp 600w, https:\/\/vibromera.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/\u041f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435-\u043f\u0440\u0435\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f-\u0424\u0443\u0440\u044c\u0435-\u0434\u043b\u044f-\u0430\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0430-\u0432\u0438\u0431\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0438\u0433\u043d\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0432-en-US9777-300x106.webp 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 720px) 100vw, 720px\" \/><p id=\"caption-attachment-2156\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Sl. 11. Pojava la\u017enog niskofrekventnog signala pri nedovoljno visokoj brzini uzorkovanja<\/p><\/div>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Kako bi se izbjegao aliasing efekt, poseban anti-alias filter (<a href=\"https:\/\/vibromera.eu\/hr\/glossary\/low-pass-filter\/\">propusni filtar<\/a>) se postavlja ispred ADC-a. Propu\u0161ta frekvencije ni\u017ee od polovice frekvencije uzorkovanja ADC-a i presijeca vi\u0161e frekvencije.<\/p>\n<p>Kako bi se izra\u010dunao spektar signala na temelju njegovih diskretnih uzoraka, diskretni <a href=\"https:\/\/vibromera.eu\/hr\/glossary\/fft\/\">Fourierova transformacija (DFT)<\/a> se koristi. Ponovno primijetite da je spektar diskretnog signala \u201cpo definiciji\u201d ograni\u010den na frekvenciju Fmax manju od polovice frekvencije uzorkovanja Fd. Stoga se spektar diskretnog signala mo\u017ee predstaviti zbrojem <u>kona\u010dan <\/u>broja harmonika, za razliku od beskona\u010dnog zbroja u Fourierovu nizu kontinuiranog signala, \u010diji spektar mo\u017ee biti neograni\u010den. Prema Kotelnikovljevom teoremu, najve\u0107a frekvencija harmonika mora biti takva da na nju otpadaju najmanje dva uzorka, pa je broj harmonika jednak polovici broja uzoraka diskretnog signala. To jest, ako u uzorku ima N uzoraka, broj harmonika u spektru bit \u0107e N\/2.<\/p>\n<p>Razmotrite sada diskretnu Fourierovu pretvorbu (DFT).<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/vibromera.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/Primenenie-preobrazovani\u00e2-Fur\u02b9e-dl\u00e2-analiza-vibrosignalov-en-US10917.png\" alt=\"Jednad\u017eba diskretne Fourierove transformacije (DFT)\" width=\"502\" height=\"190\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-2157\" srcset=\"\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 502px) 100vw, 502px\" data-srcset=\"\" \/><\/p>\n<p>Uspore\u0111ivanje s Fourierovim nizom<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/vibromera.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/Primenenie-preobrazovani\u00e2-Fur\u02b9e-dl\u00e2-analiza-vibrosignalov-en-US10958.png\" alt=\"Formula spektra diskretne Fourierove transformacije u usporedbi s Fourierovim nizom\" width=\"440\" height=\"98\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-2158\" srcset=\"\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 440px) 100vw, 440px\" data-srcset=\"\" \/><\/p>\n<p>Kao \u0161to vidimo, oni se podudaraju, osim \u0161to je vrijeme u FFT-u diskretno i broj harmonika ograni\u010den na N\/2, \u0161to je polovica broja uzoraka.<\/p>\n<p>DFT formule su napisane u bezdimenzionalnim cjelobrojnim varijablama k i s, gdje je k broj uzoraka signala, a s broj spektralnih komponenti.<br \/>\nVrijednost s pokazuje broj punih harmonijskih oscilacija u periodu T (trajanje mjerenja signala). Diskretna Fourierova transformacija koristi se za numeri\u010dko pronala\u017eenje amplituda i faza harmonika, tj. &#8220;na ra\u010dunalu&#8221;.<\/p>\n<p>Kao \u0161to je ve\u0107 re\u010deno, kada se neperiodi\u010dna funkcija (na\u0161 signal) razla\u017ee na Fourierovu seriju, dobivena Fourierova serija zapravo odgovara periodi\u010dnoj funkciji s periodom T (slika 12).<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_2159\" style=\"width: 597px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-2159\" src=\"https:\/\/vibromera.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/Primenenie-preobrazovani\u00e2-Fur\u02b9e-dl\u00e2-analiza-vibrosignalov-en-US11706.png\" alt=\"Fig.12. Periodic function f(x) with period T0, with period T&gt;T0\" width=\"587\" height=\"235\" class=\"size-full wp-image-2159\" srcset=\"\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 587px) 100vw, 587px\" data-srcset=\"\" \/><p id=\"caption-attachment-2159\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Sl. 12. Periodi\u010dna funkcija f(x) s periodom T0, s periodom T&gt;T0<\/p><\/div>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Kao \u0161to se mo\u017ee vidjeti na slici 12, funkcija f(x) je periodi\u010dna s periodom T0. Me\u0111utim, zbog \u010dinjenice da duljina mjernog uzorka T nije jednaka periodu funkcije T0, funkcija dobivena Fourierovom serijom ima diskontinuitet u to\u010dki T. Kao rezultat, spektar ove funkcije sadr\u017eavat \u0107e velik broj visokofrekventnih harmonika. Ovaj fenomen je poznat kao <a href=\"https:\/\/vibromera.eu\/hr\/glossary\/spectral-leakage\/\">spektralno curenje<\/a>, a u praksi se smanjuje za <a href=\"https:\/\/vibromera.eu\/hr\/glossary\/windowing\/\">prozori<\/a> signal prije transformacije. Ako je trajanje mjernog uzorka T bilo jednako periodu funkcije T0, tada bi spektar dobiven Fourierovom transformacijom sadr\u017eavao samo prvu harmoniku (sinusoidu s periodom jednakom trajanju uzorka), jer je funkcija f(x) sinusoida.<\/p>\n<p>Drugim rije\u010dima, DFT program &#8220;ne zna&#8221; da je na\u0161 signal &#8220;isje\u010dak sinusnog vala&#8221;, nego ga poku\u0161ava prikazati kao niz periodi\u010dne funkcije koja ima diskontinuitet zbog diskontinuiteta pojedina\u010dnih dijelova sinusnog vala.<\/p>\n<p>Kao rezultat, u spektru se pojavljuju harmonici, koji bi u cjelini trebali predstavljati oblik funkcije, uklju\u010duju\u0107i ovu diskontinuitet.<\/p>\n<p>Dakle, da bi se dobio &#8220;ispravan&#8221; spektar signala koji je zbroj nekoliko sinusoida razli\u010ditih perioda, potrebno je da <u>cijeli broj perioda <\/u>Svaka sinusoida treba biti prisutna tijekom mjernog razdoblja signala. U praksi se ovo stanje mo\u017ee ispuniti dovoljno dugim trajanjem mjerenja signala.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_2160\" style=\"width: 808px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-2160\" src=\"https:\/\/vibromera.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/Primenenie-preobrazovani\u00e2-Fur\u02b9e-dl\u00e2-analiza-vibrosignalov-en-US13102.png\" alt=\"Sl. 13 Primjer kinemati\u010dke funkcije signala pogre\u0161ke i spektra mjenja\u010da\" width=\"798\" height=\"426\" class=\"size-full wp-image-2160\" srcset=\"\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 798px) 100vw, 798px\" data-srcset=\"\" \/><p id=\"caption-attachment-2160\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Sl. 13 Primjer kinemati\u010dke funkcije signala pogre\u0161ke i spektra mjenja\u010da<\/p><\/div>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>At shorter duration the picture will look \u201cworse\u201d:<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_2161\" style=\"width: 583px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-2161\" src=\"https:\/\/vibromera.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/Primenenie-preobrazovani\u00e2-Fur\u02b9e-dl\u00e2-analiza-vibrosignalov-en-US13237.png\" alt=\"Slika 14. Primjer funkcije i spektra vibracija rotora\" width=\"573\" height=\"420\" class=\"size-full wp-image-2161\" srcset=\"\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 573px) 100vw, 573px\" data-srcset=\"\" \/><p id=\"caption-attachment-2161\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Slika 14. Primjer funkcije i spektra vibracija rotora<\/p><\/div>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>U praksi mo\u017ee biti te\u0161ko razumjeti gdje su &#8220;stvarne komponente&#8221;, a gdje &#8220;artefakti&#8221; uzrokovani nepodudarno\u0161\u0107u perioda komponenti i trajanja uzorkovanja signala ili &#8220;skokovima i prekidima&#8221; u valnom obliku. Naravno, rije\u010di &#8220;stvarne komponente&#8221; i &#8220;artefakti&#8221; stavljene su pod navodnike s razlogom. Prisutnost mnogih harmonika na grafu spektra ne zna\u010di da se na\u0161 signal doista sastoji od njih. To je kao da mislimo da se broj 7 &#8220;sastoji&#8221; od brojeva 3 i 4. Broj 7 mo\u017ee se promatrati kao zbroj 3 i 4 &#8211; i to je to\u010dno.<\/p>\n<p>So also our signal\u2026 or rather not even \u201cour signal\u201d, but a periodic function composed by repeating our signal (sample) can be represented as a sum of harmonics (sine waves) with certain amplitudes and phases. But in many cases important for practice (see figures above) it is indeed possible to relate the harmonics obtained in the spectrum also to real processes having cyclic character and contributing significantly to the form of the signal.<\/p>\n<h2>Neki rezultati<\/h2>\n<p>1. Stvarni mjereni signal trajanja T sekundi, digitaliziran ADC-om, tj. predstavljen skupom diskretnih uzoraka (N komada), ima diskretni neperiodi\u010dni spektar predstavljen skupom harmonika (N\/2 komada).<\/p>\n<p>2. Signal je prikazan skupom realnih vrijednosti. Njegov DFT spektar je skup kompleksnih koeficijenata s konjugiranom simetrijom; iz njih se dobiva amplitudni spektar \u2014 skup realnih nenegativnih amplituda (i faza) na pozitivnim frekvencijama, i upravo se taj jednostrani amplitudni spektar u praksi prikazuje. Dvostrani kompleksni oblik s negativnim frekvencijama i jednostrani oblik amplitude\/faze ekvivalentni su prikazi istog spektra \u2014 za analizu signala obi\u010dno je prakti\u010dnije raditi s jednostranim amplitudnim spektrom.<\/p>\n<p>3. Signal izmjeren tijekom vremena T odre\u0111en je samo unutar vremena T. \u0160to se doga\u0111alo prije po\u010detka mjerenja signala i \u0161to \u0107e se dogoditi nakon toga, znanosti je nepoznato. A u na\u0161em slu\u010daju to nije ni va\u017eno. FFT vremenski ograni\u010denog signala daje njegov &#8220;stvarni&#8221; spektar, u smislu da pod odre\u0111enim uvjetima omogu\u0107uje izra\u010dun amplitude i frekvencije njegovih komponenti.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Application of the Fourier Transform to the Analysis of Vibration Signals Andrei Shelkovenko. One of the developers and founder of Vibromera. The translation of the article may contain inaccuracies. Fourier transform and signal spectrum In many cases the task of obtaining (calculating) the spectrum of a signal is as follows. [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":2161,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"ai_generated_summary":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[4],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-2138","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-example"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/vibromera.eu\/hr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2138","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/vibromera.eu\/hr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/vibromera.eu\/hr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vibromera.eu\/hr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vibromera.eu\/hr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=2138"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/vibromera.eu\/hr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2138\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":102137,"href":"https:\/\/vibromera.eu\/hr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2138\/revisions\/102137"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vibromera.eu\/hr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/2161"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/vibromera.eu\/hr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2138"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vibromera.eu\/hr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=2138"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vibromera.eu\/hr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=2138"}],"curies":[{"name":"radni list","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}