{"id":100024,"date":"2026-02-15T20:09:04","date_gmt":"2026-02-15T20:09:04","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/vibromera.eu\/?post_type=calculator&#038;p=100024"},"modified":"2026-07-11T19:03:34","modified_gmt":"2026-07-11T19:03:34","slug":"bearing-modified-life-l10a","status":"publish","type":"calculator","link":"https:\/\/vibromera.eu\/ko\/calculators\/bearing-modified-life-l10a\/","title":{"rendered":"\ubca0\uc5b4\ub9c1 \uc218\uc815 \uc815\uaca9 \uc218\uba85 \uacc4\uc0b0\uae30 | ISO 281"},"content":{"rendered":"\r\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\">\r\n{\"@context\":\"https:\/\/schema.org\",\"@type\":\"WebApplication\",\"name\":\"Bearing Modified Rating Life Calculator\",\"alternateName\":[\"ISO 281 Bearing Life Calculator\",\"Lnm Rating Life Calculator\"],\"description\":\"Engineering calculator for bearing modified rating life Lnm per ISO 281:2007. Applies the ISO reliability factor a1 and a verified externally determined aISO factor to basic rating life.\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/vibromera.eu\/calculators\/bearing-modified-life-l10a\/\",\"applicationCategory\":\"Engineering Calculator\",\"operatingSystem\":\"Any (Web Browser)\",\"offers\":{\"@type\":\"Offer\",\"price\":\"0\",\"priceCurrency\":\"EUR\"},\"creator\":{\"@type\":\"Organization\",\"name\":\"Vibromera\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/vibromera.eu\/\"},\"datePublished\":\"2025-01-01\",\"dateModified\":\"2026-07-11\",\"inLanguage\":\"en\",\"isAccessibleForFree\":true,\"featureList\":[\"Ball and roller bearing support\",\"ISO 281:2007 reliability factors a1\",\"Externally determined aISO factor input\",\"Lnm in hours and revolutions\",\"Strict input validation\",\"Applicability warning\"],\"keywords\":\"bearing life, Lnm, ISO 281, modified rating life, reliability factor, aISO\"}\r\n<\/script>\r\n\r\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\">\r\n{\"@context\":\"https:\/\/schema.org\",\"@type\":\"FAQPage\",\"mainEntity\":[\r\n{\"@type\":\"Question\",\"name\":\"What is bearing modified rating life Lnm?\",\"acceptedAnswer\":{\"@type\":\"Answer\",\"text\":\"ISO 281 expresses modified rating life as Lnm = a1 \u00d7 aISO \u00d7 L10. The subscript n is failure probability in percent, a1 corresponds to the selected reliability, and aISO must be determined from the ISO method or verified bearing-manufacturer data for the actual operating conditions.\"}},\r\n{\"@type\":\"Question\",\"name\":\"What is the difference between L10 and Lnm?\",\"acceptedAnswer\":{\"@type\":\"Answer\",\"text\":\"L10 is basic rating life at 90% reliability under the conventional conditions stated by ISO 281. Lnm is modified rating life after applying reliability factor a1 and the condition-dependent aISO factor. Neither is a guarantee of actual service life.\"}},\r\n{\"@type\":\"Question\",\"name\":\"How do I choose the reliability factor a1?\",\"acceptedAnswer\":{\"@type\":\"Answer\",\"text\":\"Use the ISO 281:2007 factor for the required reliability: 1.00 at 90%, 0.64 at 95%, 0.55 at 96%, 0.47 at 97%, 0.37 at 98%, and 0.25 at 99%. Higher required reliability gives a lower rating life.\"}},\r\n{\"@type\":\"Question\",\"name\":\"What does the life exponent p mean?\",\"acceptedAnswer\":{\"@type\":\"Answer\",\"text\":\"The life exponent p is 3 for ball bearings and 10\/3 for roller bearings. It appears in the basic rating life formula L10 = (C\/P)^p and reflects the different contact geometry (point vs line contact).\"}},\r\n{\"@type\":\"Question\",\"name\":\"How do I obtain aISO?\",\"acceptedAnswer\":{\"@type\":\"Answer\",\"text\":\"Do not choose aISO from a generic clean or dirty label. Determine it with the ISO 281 method or verified bearing-manufacturer software or diagrams using the actual bearing type, viscosity ratio, contamination factor, fatigue load limit and equivalent load. 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background:var(--vc-accent-light); }\r\n\r\n.vc-promo { margin-top:24px; padding:20px; background:linear-gradient(135deg, var(--vc-accent-light), var(--vc-surface)); border:1px solid var(--vc-border); border-radius:var(--vc-radius-lg); display:flex; align-items:center; gap:16px; }\r\n.vc-promo-text { flex:1; font-size:14px; color:var(--vc-ink-secondary); }\r\n.vc-promo-text strong { color:var(--vc-ink); }\r\n.vc-promo-link { padding:8px 20px; font-size:13px; font-weight:700; color:#fff; background:var(--vc-accent); border-radius:var(--vc-radius); text-decoration:none; white-space:nowrap; transition:background 0.15s; }\r\n.vc-promo-link:hover { background:var(--vc-accent-hover); }\r\n\r\n.vc-footer { text-align:center; padding:32px 16px; font-size:13px; color:var(--vc-ink-muted); }\r\n.vc-footer a { color:var(--vc-accent); text-decoration:none; }\r\n.vc-footer a:hover { text-decoration:underline; }\r\n.vc-footer-links { margin-top:8px; font-size:12px; }\r\n.vc-footer-links a { margin:0 8px; }\r\n\r\n@media print {\r\n    .vc-section-body { max-height:none!important; }\r\n    .vc-faq-a { max-height:none!important; }\r\n    .vc-results { max-height:none!important; padding:24px!important; }\r\n    .vc-copy-btn, .vc-section-chevron, .vc-faq-chevron, .vc-presets, .vc-promo { display:none!important; }\r\n}\r\n<\/style>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"vc-calculator\" id=\"vc-bearing-life\">\r\n\r\n<header class=\"vc-header\">\r\n    <p class=\"vc-header-eyebrow\">Free Engineering Tool #044<\/p>\r\n    <h1 class=\"vc-header-title\">Bearing Modified Rating Life L<sub>nm<\/sub> Calculator<\/h1>\r\n    <p class=\"vc-header-subtitle\">Calculate modified rating life L<sub>nm<\/sub> using ISO 281:2007 reliability factors and an a<sub>ISO<\/sub> value determined for the actual bearing and operating conditions.<\/p>\r\n    <div class=\"vc-badges\">\r\n        <span class=\"vc-badge\">ISO 281:2007<\/span>\r\n        <span class=\"vc-badge\">Lnm Rating Life<\/span>\r\n        <span class=\"vc-badge\">Ball &amp; Roller<\/span>\r\n    <\/div>\r\n<\/header>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"vc-card\">\r\n    <form class=\"vc-form\" id=\"vc-form\" autocomplete=\"off\">\r\n        <div class=\"vc-form-grid\">\r\n            <div class=\"vc-field\">\r\n                <label class=\"vc-label\" for=\"vc-C\">Dynamic Load Rating C <span class=\"vc-label-hint\">(kN)<\/span><\/label>\r\n                <input class=\"vc-input\" type=\"text\" id=\"vc-C\" inputmode=\"decimal\" autocomplete=\"off\" placeholder=\"e.g. 52.7 or 52,7\" value=\"52.7\">\r\n            <\/div>\r\n            <div class=\"vc-field\">\r\n                <label class=\"vc-label\" for=\"vc-P\">Equivalent Dynamic Load P <span class=\"vc-label-hint\">(kN)<\/span><\/label>\r\n                <input class=\"vc-input\" type=\"text\" id=\"vc-P\" inputmode=\"decimal\" autocomplete=\"off\" placeholder=\"e.g. 10 or 10,0\" value=\"10\">\r\n            <\/div>\r\n            <div class=\"vc-field\">\r\n                <label class=\"vc-label\" for=\"vc-speed\">Speed <span class=\"vc-label-hint\">(RPM)<\/span><\/label>\r\n                <input class=\"vc-input\" type=\"text\" id=\"vc-speed\" inputmode=\"decimal\" autocomplete=\"off\" placeholder=\"e.g. 1500 or 1500,0\" value=\"1500\">\r\n            <\/div>\r\n            <div class=\"vc-field\">\r\n                <label class=\"vc-label\" for=\"vc-type\">Bearing Type<\/label>\r\n                <select class=\"vc-select\" id=\"vc-type\">\r\n                    <option value=\"ball\" selected>Ball bearing (p = 3)<\/option>\r\n                    <option value=\"roller\">Roller bearing (p = 10\/3)<\/option>\r\n                <\/select>\r\n            <\/div>\r\n            <div class=\"vc-field\">\r\n                <label class=\"vc-label\" for=\"vc-a1\">Reliability Factor a<sub>1<\/sub><\/label>\r\n                <select class=\"vc-select\" id=\"vc-a1\">\r\n                    <option value=\"1.00\" data-n=\"10\" selected>90% reliability \u2014 a1 = 1.00 \u2014 L10m<\/option>\r\n                    <option value=\"0.64\" data-n=\"5\">95% reliability \u2014 a1 = 0.64 \u2014 L5m<\/option>\r\n                    <option value=\"0.55\" data-n=\"4\">96% reliability \u2014 a1 = 0.55 \u2014 L4m<\/option>\r\n                    <option value=\"0.47\" data-n=\"3\">97% reliability \u2014 a1 = 0.47 \u2014 L3m<\/option>\r\n                    <option value=\"0.37\" data-n=\"2\">98% reliability \u2014 a1 = 0.37 \u2014 L2m<\/option>\r\n                    <option value=\"0.25\" data-n=\"1\">99% reliability \u2014 a1 = 0.25 \u2014 L1m<\/option>\r\n                <\/select>\r\n            <\/div>\r\n            <div class=\"vc-field\">\r\n                <label class=\"vc-label\" for=\"vc-aiso\">Verified Life Modification Factor a<sub>ISO<\/sub> <span class=\"vc-label-hint\">(from ISO\/manufacturer method)<\/span><\/label>\r\n                <input class=\"vc-input\" type=\"text\" id=\"vc-aiso\" inputmode=\"decimal\" autocomplete=\"off\" placeholder=\"verified value, e.g. 1 or 1,0\" value=\"1\">\r\n            <\/div>\r\n        <\/div>\r\n\r\n        <div class=\"vc-presets\">\r\n            <div class=\"vc-presets-label\">Quick presets<\/div>\r\n            <button type=\"button\" class=\"vc-preset-btn\" data-c=\"52.7\" data-p=\"10\" data-s=\"1500\" data-t=\"ball\" data-a1=\"1.00\" data-aiso=\"1\">Example A \u00b7 ball \u00b7 aISO 1<\/button>\r\n            <button type=\"button\" class=\"vc-preset-btn\" data-c=\"143\" data-p=\"25\" data-s=\"3000\" data-t=\"roller\" data-a1=\"1.00\" data-aiso=\"2\">Example B \u00b7 roller \u00b7 aISO 2<\/button>\r\n            <button type=\"button\" class=\"vc-preset-btn\" data-c=\"95.6\" data-p=\"15\" data-s=\"1000\" data-t=\"ball\" data-a1=\"0.64\" data-aiso=\"1.5\">Example C \u00b7 ball \u00b7 95% \u00b7 aISO 1.5<\/button>\r\n            <button type=\"button\" class=\"vc-preset-btn\" data-c=\"270\" data-p=\"50\" data-s=\"500\" data-t=\"roller\" data-a1=\"1.00\" data-aiso=\"3\">Example D \u00b7 roller \u00b7 aISO 3<\/button>\r\n        <\/div>\r\n        <div class=\"vc-info-box\"><p><strong>a<sub>ISO<\/sub> is not estimated here.<\/strong> Obtain it for the actual bearing and duty from the ISO 281 method or verified manufacturer software\/diagrams using viscosity ratio, contamination, fatigue load limit and load. Generic labels such as \u201cclean oil\u201d are insufficient.<\/p><\/div>\r\n    <\/form>\r\n\r\n    <div class=\"vc-results\" id=\"vc-results\">\r\n        <div class=\"vc-results-head\">\r\n            <h2 class=\"vc-results-title\">Results<\/h2>\r\n            <button type=\"button\" class=\"vc-copy-btn\" id=\"vc-copy-btn\">\r\n                <svg width=\"14\" height=\"14\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2\"><rect x=\"9\" y=\"9\" width=\"13\" height=\"13\" rx=\"2\"\/><path d=\"M5 15H4a2 2 0 01-2-2V4a2 2 0 012-2h9a2 2 0 012 2v1\"\/><\/svg>\r\n                Copy\r\n            <\/button>\r\n        <\/div>\r\n        <div class=\"vc-result-grid\">\r\n            <div class=\"vc-rcard vc-rcard-primary\">\r\n                <div class=\"vc-rcard-label\" id=\"vc-r-lnm-label\">Modified Rating Life L10m<\/div>\r\n                <div class=\"vc-rcard-value\" id=\"vc-r-l10a-hrs\">\u2014<\/div>\r\n            <\/div>\r\n            <div class=\"vc-rcard\">\r\n                <div class=\"vc-rcard-label\">Basic Life L10<\/div>\r\n                <div class=\"vc-rcard-value\" id=\"vc-r-l10-hrs\">\u2014<\/div>\r\n            <\/div>\r\n            <div class=\"vc-rcard\">\r\n                <div class=\"vc-rcard-label\">L10 (million revolutions)<\/div>\r\n                <div class=\"vc-rcard-value\" id=\"vc-r-l10-rev\">\u2014<\/div>\r\n            <\/div>\r\n            <div class=\"vc-rcard\">\r\n                <div class=\"vc-rcard-label\" id=\"vc-r-lnm-rev-label\">L10m (million revolutions)<\/div>\r\n                <div class=\"vc-rcard-value\" id=\"vc-r-l10a-rev\">\u2014<\/div>\r\n            <\/div>\r\n            <div class=\"vc-rcard\">\r\n                <div class=\"vc-rcard-label\">C\/P Ratio<\/div>\r\n                <div class=\"vc-rcard-value\" id=\"vc-r-cp\">\u2014<\/div>\r\n            <\/div>\r\n        <\/div>\r\n        <div class=\"vc-warning-box\" id=\"vc-domain-warning\" hidden><p><strong>Applicability warning:<\/strong> C\/P is below 2. Public manufacturer guidance states that conventional rating-life theory is no longer fully valid in this range. The mathematical result is shown, but bearing-specific guidance and a more complete analysis are required.<\/p><\/div>\r\n    <\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n<!-- Theory -->\r\n<div class=\"vc-section vc-open\" id=\"vc-sec-theory\">\r\n    <button type=\"button\" class=\"vc-section-toggle\" aria-expanded=\"true\">\r\n        <span class=\"vc-section-toggle-text\">\r\n            <span class=\"vc-section-icon\">\ud83d\udcd8<\/span>\r\n            <span class=\"vc-section-title\">Theory &amp; Formulas<\/span>\r\n        <\/span>\r\n        <svg class=\"vc-section-chevron\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2\"><path d=\"M6 9l6 6 6-6\"\/><\/svg>\r\n    <\/button>\r\n    <div class=\"vc-section-body\">\r\n        <div class=\"vc-section-inner vc-theory\">\r\n            <h3>Basic Rating Life L<sub>10<\/sub><\/h3>\r\n            <p>Per ISO 281, the basic rating life in millions of revolutions is:<\/p>\r\n            <div class=\"vc-formula-box\" id=\"vc-katex-1\"><\/div>\r\n            <ul>\r\n                <li><strong>C<\/strong> \u2014 basic dynamic load rating (kN)<\/li>\r\n                <li><strong>P<\/strong> \u2014 equivalent dynamic bearing load (kN)<\/li>\r\n                <li><strong>p<\/strong> \u2014 life exponent: 3 for ball bearings, 10\/3 for roller bearings<\/li>\r\n            <\/ul>\r\n\r\n            <h3>Modified Rating Life L<sub>nm<\/sub><\/h3>\r\n            <p>The ISO modified rating life applies the reliability factor a<sub>1<\/sub> and the condition-dependent factor a<sub>ISO<\/sub>:<\/p>\r\n            <div class=\"vc-formula-box\" id=\"vc-katex-2\"><\/div>\r\n            <ul>\r\n                <li><strong>a<sub>1<\/sub><\/strong> \u2014 life adjustment factor for reliability (1.00 for 90%, 0.25 for 99% in ISO 281:2007)<\/li>\r\n                <li><strong>a<sub>ISO<\/sub><\/strong> \u2014 life modification factor for lubrication, contamination, and fatigue load limit<\/li>\r\n            <\/ul>\r\n\r\n            <h3>Conversion to Hours<\/h3>\r\n            <div class=\"vc-formula-box\" id=\"vc-katex-3\"><\/div>\r\n\r\n            <h3>Reliability Factor a<sub>1<\/sub><\/h3>\r\n            <table class=\"vc-table\">\r\n                <thead><tr><th>Reliability (%)<\/th><th>a<sub>1<\/sub><\/th><th>L<sub>n<\/sub> notation<\/th><\/tr><\/thead>\r\n                <tbody>\r\n                    <tr><td>90<\/td><td>1.00<\/td><td>L<sub>10m<\/sub><\/td><\/tr>\r\n                    <tr><td>95<\/td><td>0.64<\/td><td>L<sub>5m<\/sub><\/td><\/tr>\r\n                    <tr><td>96<\/td><td>0.55<\/td><td>L<sub>4m<\/sub><\/td><\/tr>\r\n                    <tr><td>97<\/td><td>0.47<\/td><td>L<sub>3m<\/sub><\/td><\/tr>\r\n                    <tr><td>98<\/td><td>0.37<\/td><td>L<sub>2m<\/sub><\/td><\/tr>\r\n                    <tr><td>99<\/td><td>0.25<\/td><td>L<sub>1m<\/sub><\/td><\/tr>\r\n                <\/tbody>\r\n            <\/table>\r\n\r\n            <h3>Practical Example<\/h3>\r\n            <div class=\"vc-example-box\">\r\n                <div class=\"vc-example-title\">Worked example \u2014 stated rating and verified factors<\/div>\r\n                <p><strong>Given:<\/strong> C = 52.7 kN, P = 10 kN, n = 1500 RPM, a<sub>1<\/sub> = 1.0, a<sub>ISO<\/sub> = 1.0<\/p>\r\n                <p>L<sub>10<\/sub> = (52.7 \/ 10)<sup>3<\/sup> = <strong>146.36 million rev<\/strong><\/p>\r\n                <p>L<sub>10h<\/sub> = 146.36 \u00d7 10<sup>6<\/sup> \/ (60 \u00d7 1500) = <strong>1,626 hours<\/strong><\/p>\r\n                <p>L<sub>10m<\/sub> = 1.0 \u00d7 1.0 \u00d7 1,626 = <strong>1,626 hours<\/strong><\/p>\r\n            <\/div>\r\n\r\n            <div class=\"vc-warning-box\">\r\n                <p style=\"margin:0;font-size:14px;color:var(--vc-ink-secondary);\"><strong>\u26a0\ufe0f Scope:<\/strong> Modified rating life is a statistical fatigue rating, not guaranteed service life. ISO 281 does not cover wear, corrosion or electrical erosion. Values of a<sub>ISO<\/sub> above 50 are not accepted here because public manufacturer guidance states that such values are not meaningful for this simplified calculation.<\/p>\r\n            <\/div>\r\n        <\/div>\r\n    <\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n<!-- Related -->\r\n<div class=\"vc-section\" id=\"vc-sec-related\">\r\n    <button type=\"button\" class=\"vc-section-toggle\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\r\n        <span class=\"vc-section-toggle-text\">\r\n            <span class=\"vc-section-icon\">\ud83d\udd17<\/span>\r\n            <span class=\"vc-section-title\">Related Calculators<\/span>\r\n        <\/span>\r\n        <svg class=\"vc-section-chevron\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2\"><path d=\"M6 9l6 6 6-6\"\/><\/svg>\r\n    <\/button>\r\n    <div class=\"vc-section-body\">\r\n        <div class=\"vc-section-inner\">\r\n            <div class=\"vc-related\">\r\n                <a class=\"vc-related-link\" href=\"\/calculators\/bearing-static-load-rating\/\">Bearing Static Safety Factor<\/a>\r\n                <a class=\"vc-related-link\" href=\"\/calculators\/bearing-equivalent-load\/\">Bearing Equivalent Load<\/a>\r\n                <a class=\"vc-related-link\" href=\"\/calculators\/bearing-speed-factor\/\">Bearing Speed Factor n\u00d7dm<\/a>\r\n                <a class=\"vc-related-link\" href=\"\/calculators\/bearing-relubrication-interval\/\">Relubrication Interval<\/a>\r\n                <a class=\"vc-related-link\" href=\"\/calculators\/bearing-grease-quantity\/\">Grease Quantity<\/a>\r\n            <\/div>\r\n        <\/div>\r\n    <\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n<!-- FAQ -->\r\n<div class=\"vc-section\" id=\"vc-sec-faq\">\r\n    <button type=\"button\" class=\"vc-section-toggle\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\r\n        <span class=\"vc-section-toggle-text\">\r\n            <span class=\"vc-section-icon\">\u2753<\/span>\r\n            <span class=\"vc-section-title\">Frequently Asked Questions<\/span>\r\n        <\/span>\r\n        <svg class=\"vc-section-chevron\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2\"><path d=\"M6 9l6 6 6-6\"\/><\/svg>\r\n    <\/button>\r\n    <div class=\"vc-section-body\">\r\n        <div class=\"vc-section-inner\">\r\n            <div class=\"vc-faq-list\" id=\"vc-faq-list\"><\/div>\r\n        <\/div>\r\n    <\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n<!-- Promo -->\r\n<div class=\"vc-promo\">\r\n    <div class=\"vc-promo-text\">\r\n        <strong>Vibromera \u2014 Portable Balancing &amp; Vibration Analysis<\/strong><br>\r\n        Professional field balancing instruments and vibration analyzers. Monitor bearing condition on-site. Used in 50+ countries.\r\n    <\/div>\r\n    <a class=\"vc-promo-link\" href=\"https:\/\/vibromera.eu\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Learn More<\/a>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n<footer class=\"vc-footer\">\r\n    <p>\u00a9 2024\u20132026 <a href=\"https:\/\/vibromera.eu\/\">Vibromera<\/a> \u2014 Engineering Calculators<\/p>\r\n    <p style=\"font-size:12px;margin-top:4px;\">Formula basis: ISO 281:2007. Scientific review: July 2026<\/p>\r\n    <div class=\"vc-footer-links\">\r\n        <a href=\"\/calculators\/engineering-calculators\/\">All Calculators<\/a>\r\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/vibromera.eu\/contacts\/\">Contact<\/a>\r\n    <\/div>\r\n<\/footer>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n<script src=\"https:\/\/cdn.jsdelivr.net\/npm\/katex@0.16.11\/dist\/katex.min.js\"><\/script>\r\n<script>\r\n(function() {\r\n    'use strict';\r\n\r\n    var SLUG = 'bearing-modified-life-l10a';\r\n    function $(id) { return document.getElementById(id); }\r\n    function fmt(n, d) { if(isNaN(n)||!isFinite(n)) return '\u2014'; var f=n.toFixed(d===undefined?2:d); return f.replace(\/(\\.\\d*?)0+$\/,'$1').replace(\/\\.$\/,''); }\r\n    function fmtInt(n) { if(isNaN(n)||!isFinite(n)) return '\u2014'; return Math.round(n).toLocaleString('en-US'); }\r\n    function parseLocaleNumber(raw) {\r\n        var normalized = String(raw).trim().replace(\/\\s+\/g, '');\r\n        if (!\/^[+-]?(?:\\d+(?:[.,]\\d*)?|[.,]\\d+)$\/.test(normalized)) return NaN;\r\n        return Number(normalized.replace(',', '.'));\r\n    }\r\n\r\n    function calculate() {\r\n        var C = parseLocaleNumber($('vc-C').value);\r\n        var P = parseLocaleNumber($('vc-P').value);\r\n        var speed = parseLocaleNumber($('vc-speed').value);\r\n        var bearingType = $('vc-type').value;\r\n        var p = bearingType === 'ball' ? 3 : bearingType === 'roller' ? (10\/3) : NaN;\r\n        var a1Raw = $('vc-a1').value;\r\n        var reliabilityMap = {'1.00':10, '0.64':5, '0.55':4, '0.47':3, '0.37':2, '0.25':1};\r\n        var lifeN = reliabilityMap[a1Raw];\r\n        var a1 = parseLocaleNumber(a1Raw);\r\n        var aiso = parseLocaleNumber($('vc-aiso').value);\r\n\r\n        if (!isFinite(C) || C <= 0 || !isFinite(P) || P <= 0 || !isFinite(speed) || speed <= 0 || !isFinite(p) || lifeN === undefined || !isFinite(aiso) || aiso <= 0 || aiso > 50) {\r\n            $('vc-results').classList.remove('vc-visible');\r\n            return;\r\n        }\r\n\r\n        var cp = C \/ P;\r\n        var L10_rev = Math.pow(cp, p); \/\/ million revolutions\r\n        var L10_hrs = L10_rev * 1e6 \/ (60 * speed);\r\n        var L10a_rev = a1 * aiso * L10_rev;\r\n        var L10a_hrs = a1 * aiso * L10_hrs;\r\n        if (![L10_rev, L10_hrs, L10a_rev, L10a_hrs].every(isFinite)) { $('vc-results').classList.remove('vc-visible'); return; }\r\n        var notation = 'L' + lifeN + 'm';\r\n\r\n        $('vc-r-l10a-hrs').innerHTML = fmtInt(L10a_hrs) + ' <span class=\"vc-rcard-unit\">hours<\/span>';\r\n        $('vc-r-l10-hrs').innerHTML = fmtInt(L10_hrs) + ' <span class=\"vc-rcard-unit\">hours<\/span>';\r\n        $('vc-r-l10-rev').innerHTML = fmt(L10_rev, 1) + ' <span class=\"vc-rcard-unit\">\u00d710\u2076 rev<\/span>';\r\n        $('vc-r-l10a-rev').innerHTML = fmt(L10a_rev, 1) + ' <span class=\"vc-rcard-unit\">\u00d710\u2076 rev<\/span>';\r\n        $('vc-r-cp').innerHTML = fmt(cp, 2);\r\n        $('vc-r-lnm-label').textContent = 'Modified Rating Life ' + notation;\r\n        $('vc-r-lnm-rev-label').textContent = notation + ' (million revolutions)';\r\n        $('vc-domain-warning').hidden = cp >= 2;\r\n\r\n        $('vc-results').classList.add('vc-visible');\r\n\r\n        var u = new URL(window.location);\r\n        u.searchParams.set('C', C); u.searchParams.set('P', P); u.searchParams.set('speed', speed);\r\n        u.searchParams.set('type', bearingType); u.searchParams.set('a1', a1); u.searchParams.set('aiso', aiso);\r\n        history.replaceState(null, '', u.toString());\r\n\r\n        saveHistory({ C:C, P:P, speed:speed, bearingType:bearingType, a1:a1, aiso:aiso, _summary:'C='+C+'kN, P='+P+'kN, n='+speed+' RPM \u2192 '+notation+'='+fmtInt(L10a_hrs)+' h' });\r\n    }\r\n\r\n    \/* Presets *\/\r\n    document.querySelectorAll('.vc-preset-btn').forEach(function(btn) {\r\n        btn.addEventListener('click', function(e) {\r\n            e.preventDefault();\r\n            $('vc-C').value = this.getAttribute('data-c');\r\n            $('vc-P').value = this.getAttribute('data-p');\r\n            $('vc-speed').value = this.getAttribute('data-s');\r\n            $('vc-type').value = this.getAttribute('data-t');\r\n            $('vc-a1').value = this.getAttribute('data-a1');\r\n            $('vc-aiso').value = this.getAttribute('data-aiso');\r\n            calculate();\r\n        });\r\n    });\r\n\r\n    $('vc-form').addEventListener('input', calculate);\r\n    $('vc-form').addEventListener('change', calculate);\r\n\r\n    \/* Copy *\/\r\n    $('vc-copy-btn').addEventListener('click', function() {\r\n        var text = 'Bearing Modified Rating Life (ISO 281:2007)\\n\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\\n' +\r\n            'C = ' + $('vc-C').value + ' kN\\nP = ' + $('vc-P').value + ' kN\\n' +\r\n            'Speed: ' + $('vc-speed').value + ' RPM\\n' +\r\n            'a1 = ' + $('vc-a1').value + ', aISO = ' + $('vc-aiso').value + '\\n' +\r\n            $('vc-r-lnm-label').textContent + ': ' + $('vc-r-l10a-hrs').textContent + '\\n' +\r\n            'L10: ' + $('vc-r-l10-hrs').textContent + '\\n' +\r\n            '\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\\nvibromera.eu';\r\n        if(navigator.clipboard){navigator.clipboard.writeText(text).then(function(){\r\n            var b=$('vc-copy-btn');b.classList.add('vc-copied');b.innerHTML='<svg width=\"14\" height=\"14\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2\"><polyline points=\"20 6 9 17 4 12\"\/><\/svg> Copied!';\r\n            setTimeout(function(){b.classList.remove('vc-copied');b.innerHTML='<svg width=\"14\" height=\"14\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2\"><rect x=\"9\" y=\"9\" width=\"13\" height=\"13\" rx=\"2\"\/><path d=\"M5 15H4a2 2 0 01-2-2V4a2 2 0 012-2h9a2 2 0 012 2v1\"\/><\/svg> Copy';},2000);\r\n        });}\r\n    });\r\n\r\n    \/* Sections *\/\r\n    document.querySelectorAll('.vc-section-toggle').forEach(function(btn) {\r\n        btn.addEventListener('click', function() {\r\n            var s = this.closest('.vc-section'); s.classList.toggle('vc-open');\r\n            this.setAttribute('aria-expanded', s.classList.contains('vc-open'));\r\n        });\r\n    });\r\n\r\n    \/* FAQ *\/\r\n    var faqData = [\r\n        {q:'What is bearing modified rating life Lnm?',a:'<p>ISO 281 expresses modified rating life as L<sub>nm<\/sub> = a\u2081 \u00d7 a<sub>ISO<\/sub> \u00d7 L\u2081\u2080. The subscript n is failure probability in percent.<\/p><p>It is a statistical fatigue rating under the standard\u2019s conditions, not a guarantee of service life.<\/p>'},\r\n        {q:'What is the difference between L10 and Lnm?',a:'<p>L10 is basic rating life at 90% reliability under the conventional conditions stated by ISO 281. L<sub>nm<\/sub> applies the reliability factor a\u2081 and the condition-dependent a<sub>ISO<\/sub> factor.<\/p><p>Wear, corrosion and electrical erosion are outside ISO 281 rating-life scope.<\/p>'},\r\n        {q:'How do I choose the reliability factor a1?',a:'<p>Use the ISO 281:2007 factor for the required reliability:<\/p><ul><li>90%: 1.00<\/li><li>95%: 0.64<\/li><li>96%: 0.55<\/li><li>97%: 0.47<\/li><li>98%: 0.37<\/li><li>99%: 0.25<\/li><\/ul><p>Higher required reliability gives a lower rating life.<\/p>'},\r\n        {q:'What does the life exponent p mean?',a:'<p>The life exponent p is 3 for ball bearings and 10\/3 for roller bearings. It appears in the basic rating life formula L<sub>10<\/sub> = (C\/P)<sup>p<\/sup> and reflects the different contact geometry: point contact for balls, line contact for rollers.<\/p>'},\r\n        {q:'How do I obtain aISO?',a:'<p>Do not choose a<sub>ISO<\/sub> from a generic clean or dirty label. Determine it with the ISO 281 method or verified bearing-manufacturer software or diagrams for the exact bearing and operating conditions.<\/p><p>The determination uses bearing-specific and operating inputs such as viscosity ratio, contamination factor, fatigue load limit and equivalent load. This calculator only applies the supplied value.<\/p>'}\r\n    ];\r\n    var fl = $('vc-faq-list');\r\n    faqData.forEach(function(f){fl.innerHTML+='<div class=\"vc-faq-item\"><button type=\"button\" class=\"vc-faq-q\"><span>'+f.q+'<\/span><svg class=\"vc-faq-chevron\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2\"><path d=\"M6 9l6 6 6-6\"\/><\/svg><\/button><div class=\"vc-faq-a\"><div class=\"vc-faq-a-inner\">'+f.a+'<\/div><\/div><\/div>';});\r\n    fl.addEventListener('click',function(e){var b=e.target.closest('.vc-faq-q');if(b)b.closest('.vc-faq-item').classList.toggle('vc-open');});\r\n\r\n    \/* History *\/\r\n    function saveHistory(entry){var key='vc_history_'+SLUG;var arr=[];try{arr=JSON.parse(localStorage.getItem(key))||[];}catch(e){}entry._ts=new Date().toISOString();arr.unshift(entry);if(arr.length>10)arr=arr.slice(0,10);try{localStorage.setItem(key,JSON.stringify(arr));}catch(e){}}\r\n\r\n    \/* URL Params *\/\r\n    function loadParams(){var p=new URLSearchParams(window.location.search);['C','P','speed','type','a1','aiso'].forEach(function(k){if(p.has(k)){var el=$('vc-'+k);if(el)el.value=p.get(k);}});}\r\n\r\n    \/* KaTeX *\/\r\n    function renderFormulas(){try{\r\n        katex.render('L_{10} = \\\\left(\\\\frac{C}{P}\\\\right)^p \\\\quad [\\\\text{million revolutions}]', $('vc-katex-1'), {displayMode:true,throwOnError:false});\r\n        katex.render('L_{nm} = a_1 \\\\times a_{ISO} \\\\times L_{10}', $('vc-katex-2'), {displayMode:true,throwOnError:false});\r\n        katex.render('L_{10h} = \\\\frac{L_{10} \\\\times 10^6}{60 \\\\times n} \\\\quad [\\\\text{hours}]', $('vc-katex-3'), {displayMode:true,throwOnError:false});\r\n    }catch(e){}}\r\n\r\n    function init(){loadParams();renderFormulas();calculate();}\r\n    if(document.readyState==='loading'){document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded',init);}else{init();}\r\n})();\r\n<\/script>\r\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>ISO 281\uc5d0 \ub530\ub978 \ubca0\uc5b4\ub9c1 \uc870\uc815 \uc218\uba85 L10a\ub97c \uacc4\uc0b0\ud558\ub294 \ubb34\ub8cc \uc628\ub77c\uc778 \uacc4\uc0b0\uae30\uc785\ub2c8\ub2e4. \ub3d9\uc801 \ud558\uc911 \ub4f1\uae09 C, \ub4f1\uac00 \ud558\uc911 P, \uc18d\ub3c4, \uc2e0\ub8b0\ub3c4 \uacc4\uc218 a1, \uc724\ud65c \uacc4\uc218\ub97c \uc785\ub825\ud558\uc5ec \uc218\uc815\ub41c \ubca0\uc5b4\ub9c1 \uc218\uba85\uc744 \uacc4\uc0b0\ud558\uc138\uc694.<\/p>","protected":false},"featured_media":0,"template":"","meta":{"ai_generated_summary":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-100024","calculator","type-calculator","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/vibromera.eu\/ko\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/calculator\/100024","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/vibromera.eu\/ko\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/calculator"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/vibromera.eu\/ko\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/calculator"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/vibromera.eu\/ko\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/calculator\/100024\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":102310,"href":"https:\/\/vibromera.eu\/ko\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/calculator\/100024\/revisions\/102310"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/vibromera.eu\/ko\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=100024"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vibromera.eu\/ko\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=100024"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vibromera.eu\/ko\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=100024"}],"curies":[{"name":"\uc6cc\ub4dc\ud504\ub808\uc2a4","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}