{"id":136,"date":"2025-10-31T00:25:51","date_gmt":"2025-10-31T00:25:51","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/vibromera.eu\/glossary\/harmonics\/"},"modified":"2026-06-08T04:12:17","modified_gmt":"2026-06-08T04:12:17","slug":"harmonics","status":"publish","type":"glossary","link":"https:\/\/vibromera.eu\/mn\/glossary\/harmonics\/","title":{"rendered":"What are Harmonics in Vibration Analysis?"},"content":{"rendered":"<style>\n:root {\n  --navy: #0a2540;\n  --navy-light: #1a3a5c;\n  --blue: #2563eb;\n  --blue-light: #3b82f6;\n  --blue-pale: #dbeafe;\n  --blue-ghost: #eff6ff;\n  --beige: #f5f0e8;\n  --beige-dark: #e8dfd3;\n  --beige-light: #faf7f2;\n  --white: #ffffff;\n  --text: #1e293b;\n  --text-secondary: #475569;\n  --text-muted: #94a3b8;\n  --border: #cbd5e1;\n  --border-light: #e2e8f0;\n  --success: #059669;\n  --success-light: #d1fae5;\n  --warning: #d97706;\n  --warning-light: #fef3c7;\n  --danger: #dc2626;\n  --danger-light: #fee2e2;\n  --purple: #7c3aed;\n  --purple-light: #ede9fe;\n  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Vibration analyzer Balanset-1A<\/a>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/h4>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"footer\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"price\"><h4><span class=\"woocommerce-Price-amount amount\"><span class=\"woocommerce-Price-currencySymbol\">&euro;<\/span>1,975.00<\/span> + VAT (if applicable)<\/h4><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"stats\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"\/mn\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/glossary\/136?add-to-cart=986\" data-quantity=\"1\" data-product_id=\"986\" data-product_sku=\"BS-1\" class=\"button product_type_simple add_to_cart_button ajax_add_to_cart btn btn-just-icon btn-simple btn-default\" title=\"Add to cart\" data-no-translation-title=\"\"><i rel=\"tooltip\" data-original-title=\"Add to cart\" class=\"fas fa-cart-plus\" data-no-translation-data-original-title=\"\"><\/i><\/a>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a><a href=\"\/mn\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/glossary\/136?add-to-cart=986\" aria-describedby=\"woocommerce_loop_add_to_cart_link_describedby_986\" data-quantity=\"1\" class=\"button product_type_simple add_to_cart_button ajax_add_to_cart\" data-product_id=\"986\" data-product_sku=\"BS-1\" aria-label=\"Add to cart: \u201cPortable balancer &amp; Vibration analyzer Balanset-1A\u201d\" rel=\"nofollow\" data-success_message=\"\u201cPortable balancer &amp; Vibration analyzer Balanset-1A\u201d has been added to your cart\" data-no-translation=\"\" data-trp-gettext=\"\" data-no-translation-aria-label=\"\" data-no-translation-data-success_message=\"\">Add to cart<\/a>\t<span id=\"woocommerce_loop_add_to_cart_link_describedby_986\" class=\"screen-reader-text\">\n\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"col-ms-6 col-sm-6 col-md-3 shop-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/vibromera.eu\/mn\/product\/vibration-sensor\/\" class=\"woocommerce-LoopProduct-link woocommerce-loop-product__link\">\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"card-image\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/vibromera.eu\/mn\/product\/vibration-sensor\/\" title=\"Vibration sensor\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"230\" height=\"153\" src=\"https:\/\/vibromera.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/05\/IMG-3-230x153.webp\" class=\"attachment-woocommerce_thumbnail size-woocommerce_thumbnail\" alt=\"Balanset-1A vibration sensor close-up\" srcset=\"https:\/\/vibromera.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/05\/IMG-3-230x153.webp 230w, https:\/\/vibromera.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/05\/IMG-3-600x400.webp 600w, https:\/\/vibromera.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/05\/IMG-3-300x200.webp 300w, https:\/\/vibromera.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/05\/IMG-3-768x512.webp 768w, https:\/\/vibromera.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/05\/IMG-3-1024x682.webp 1024w, https:\/\/vibromera.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/05\/IMG-3-272x182.webp 272w, https:\/\/vibromera.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/05\/IMG-3.webp 1280w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 230px) 100vw, 230px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"ripple-container\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"content\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"category\"><a href=\"https:\/\/vibromera.eu\/mn\/product-category\/parts\/\" rel=\"tag\">Parts<\/a><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"card-title\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"shop-item-title-link\" href=\"https:\/\/vibromera.eu\/mn\/product\/vibration-sensor\/\" title=\"Vibration sensor\">Vibration sensor<\/a>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/h4>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"footer\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"price\"><h4><span class=\"woocommerce-Price-amount amount\"><span class=\"woocommerce-Price-currencySymbol\">&euro;<\/span>90.00<\/span> + VAT (if applicable)<\/h4><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"stats\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"\/mn\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/glossary\/136?add-to-cart=1820\" data-quantity=\"1\" data-product_id=\"1820\" data-product_sku=\"VS-1\" class=\"button product_type_simple add_to_cart_button ajax_add_to_cart btn btn-just-icon btn-simple btn-default\" title=\"Add to cart\" data-no-translation-title=\"\"><i rel=\"tooltip\" data-original-title=\"Add to cart\" class=\"fas fa-cart-plus\" data-no-translation-data-original-title=\"\"><\/i><\/a>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a><a href=\"\/mn\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/glossary\/136?add-to-cart=1820\" aria-describedby=\"woocommerce_loop_add_to_cart_link_describedby_1820\" data-quantity=\"1\" class=\"button product_type_simple add_to_cart_button ajax_add_to_cart\" data-product_id=\"1820\" data-product_sku=\"VS-1\" aria-label=\"Add to cart: \u201cVibration sensor\u201d\" rel=\"nofollow\" data-success_message=\"\u201cVibration sensor\u201d has been added to your cart\" data-no-translation=\"\" data-trp-gettext=\"\" data-no-translation-aria-label=\"\" data-no-translation-data-success_message=\"\">Add to cart<\/a>\t<span id=\"woocommerce_loop_add_to_cart_link_describedby_1820\" class=\"screen-reader-text\">\n\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"col-ms-6 col-sm-6 col-md-3 shop-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/vibromera.eu\/mn\/product\/optical-sensor-for-balanset-and-arbalance\/\" class=\"woocommerce-LoopProduct-link woocommerce-loop-product__link\">\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"card-image\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/vibromera.eu\/mn\/product\/optical-sensor-for-balanset-and-arbalance\/\" title=\"Optical Sensor (Laser Tachometer)\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"230\" height=\"153\" src=\"https:\/\/vibromera.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/ZKqzGXSCCBU-230x153.webp\" class=\"attachment-woocommerce_thumbnail size-woocommerce_thumbnail\" alt=\"Optical Sensor (Laser Tachometer)\" srcset=\"https:\/\/vibromera.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/ZKqzGXSCCBU-230x153.webp 230w, https:\/\/vibromera.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/ZKqzGXSCCBU-300x200.webp 300w, https:\/\/vibromera.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/ZKqzGXSCCBU-1024x682.webp 1024w, https:\/\/vibromera.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/ZKqzGXSCCBU-768x512.webp 768w, https:\/\/vibromera.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/ZKqzGXSCCBU-1536x1023.webp 1536w, https:\/\/vibromera.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/ZKqzGXSCCBU-18x12.webp 18w, https:\/\/vibromera.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/ZKqzGXSCCBU-360x240.webp 360w, https:\/\/vibromera.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/ZKqzGXSCCBU-460x306.webp 460w, https:\/\/vibromera.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/ZKqzGXSCCBU-600x400.webp 600w, https:\/\/vibromera.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/ZKqzGXSCCBU-272x182.webp 272w, https:\/\/vibromera.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/ZKqzGXSCCBU.webp 1600w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 230px) 100vw, 230px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"ripple-container\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"content\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"category\"><a href=\"https:\/\/vibromera.eu\/mn\/product-category\/parts\/\" rel=\"tag\">Parts<\/a><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"card-title\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"shop-item-title-link\" href=\"https:\/\/vibromera.eu\/mn\/product\/optical-sensor-for-balanset-and-arbalance\/\" title=\"Optical Sensor (Laser Tachometer)\">Optical Sensor (Laser Tachometer)<\/a>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/h4>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"footer\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"price\"><h4><span class=\"woocommerce-Price-amount amount\"><span class=\"woocommerce-Price-currencySymbol\">&euro;<\/span>124.00<\/span> + VAT (if applicable)<\/h4><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"stats\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"\/mn\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/glossary\/136?add-to-cart=1832\" data-quantity=\"1\" data-product_id=\"1832\" data-product_sku=\"Tach-1\" class=\"button product_type_simple add_to_cart_button ajax_add_to_cart btn btn-just-icon btn-simple btn-default\" title=\"Add to cart\" data-no-translation-title=\"\"><i rel=\"tooltip\" data-original-title=\"Add to cart\" class=\"fas fa-cart-plus\" data-no-translation-data-original-title=\"\"><\/i><\/a>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a><a href=\"\/mn\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/glossary\/136?add-to-cart=1832\" aria-describedby=\"woocommerce_loop_add_to_cart_link_describedby_1832\" data-quantity=\"1\" class=\"button product_type_simple add_to_cart_button ajax_add_to_cart\" data-product_id=\"1832\" data-product_sku=\"Tach-1\" aria-label=\"Add to cart: \u201cOptical Sensor (Laser Tachometer)\u201d\" rel=\"nofollow\" data-success_message=\"\u201cOptical Sensor (Laser Tachometer)\u201d has been added to your cart\" data-no-translation=\"\" data-trp-gettext=\"\" data-no-translation-aria-label=\"\" data-no-translation-data-success_message=\"\">Add to cart<\/a>\t<span id=\"woocommerce_loop_add_to_cart_link_describedby_1832\" class=\"screen-reader-text\">\n\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"col-ms-6 col-sm-6 col-md-3 shop-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/vibromera.eu\/mn\/product\/balanset-4\/\" class=\"woocommerce-LoopProduct-link woocommerce-loop-product__link\">\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"card-image\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/vibromera.eu\/mn\/product\/balanset-4\/\" title=\"Balanset-4\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"230\" height=\"153\" src=\"https:\/\/vibromera.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/balkom4-230x153.webp\" class=\"attachment-woocommerce_thumbnail size-woocommerce_thumbnail\" alt=\"Vibromera rotor balancing kit: carry case, multi-channel signal conditioner, handheld analyzer, magnetic base, vibration sensors, and coiled cables.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/vibromera.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/balkom4-230x153.webp 230w, https:\/\/vibromera.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/balkom4-300x200.webp 300w, https:\/\/vibromera.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/balkom4-18x12.webp 18w, https:\/\/vibromera.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/balkom4-360x240.webp 360w, https:\/\/vibromera.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/balkom4-460x306.webp 460w, https:\/\/vibromera.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/balkom4-600x400.webp 600w, https:\/\/vibromera.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/balkom4-272x182.webp 272w, https:\/\/vibromera.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/balkom4.webp 640w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 230px) 100vw, 230px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"ripple-container\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"content\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"category\"><a href=\"https:\/\/vibromera.eu\/mn\/product-category\/devices\/\" rel=\"tag\">Devices<\/a><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"card-title\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"shop-item-title-link\" href=\"https:\/\/vibromera.eu\/mn\/product\/balanset-4\/\" title=\"Balanset-4\">Balanset-4<\/a>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/h4>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"footer\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"price\"><h4><span class=\"woocommerce-Price-amount amount\"><span class=\"woocommerce-Price-currencySymbol\">&euro;<\/span>6,803.00<\/span> + VAT (if applicable)<\/h4><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"stats\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"\/mn\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/glossary\/136?add-to-cart=1833\" data-quantity=\"1\" data-product_id=\"1833\" data-product_sku=\"BS-4\" class=\"button product_type_simple add_to_cart_button ajax_add_to_cart btn btn-just-icon btn-simple btn-default\" title=\"Add to cart\" data-no-translation-title=\"\"><i rel=\"tooltip\" data-original-title=\"Add to cart\" class=\"fas fa-cart-plus\" data-no-translation-data-original-title=\"\"><\/i><\/a>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a><a href=\"\/mn\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/glossary\/136?add-to-cart=1833\" aria-describedby=\"woocommerce_loop_add_to_cart_link_describedby_1833\" data-quantity=\"1\" class=\"button product_type_simple add_to_cart_button ajax_add_to_cart\" data-product_id=\"1833\" data-product_sku=\"BS-4\" aria-label=\"Add to cart: \u201cBalanset-4\u201d\" rel=\"nofollow\" data-success_message=\"\u201cBalanset-4\u201d has been added to your cart\" data-no-translation=\"\" data-trp-gettext=\"\" data-no-translation-aria-label=\"\" data-no-translation-data-success_message=\"\">Add to cart<\/a>\t<span id=\"woocommerce_loop_add_to_cart_link_describedby_1833\" class=\"screen-reader-text\">\n\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- \/.row --><div class=\"row\">\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"col-ms-6 col-sm-6 col-md-3 shop-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/vibromera.eu\/mn\/product\/magnet-stand\/\" class=\"woocommerce-LoopProduct-link woocommerce-loop-product__link\">\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"card-image\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/vibromera.eu\/mn\/product\/magnet-stand\/\" title=\"Magnetic Stand Insize-60-kgf\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"230\" height=\"153\" src=\"https:\/\/vibromera.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/05\/IMG-36-230x153.webp\" class=\"attachment-woocommerce_thumbnail size-woocommerce_thumbnail\" alt=\"Magnet base.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/vibromera.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/05\/IMG-36-230x153.webp 230w, https:\/\/vibromera.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/05\/IMG-36-600x400.webp 600w, https:\/\/vibromera.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/05\/IMG-36-300x200.webp 300w, https:\/\/vibromera.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/05\/IMG-36-1024x682.webp 1024w, https:\/\/vibromera.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/05\/IMG-36-768x512.webp 768w, https:\/\/vibromera.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/05\/IMG-36-360x240.webp 360w, https:\/\/vibromera.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/05\/IMG-36-272x182.webp 272w, https:\/\/vibromera.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/05\/IMG-36.webp 1280w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 230px) 100vw, 230px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"ripple-container\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"content\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"category\"><a href=\"https:\/\/vibromera.eu\/mn\/product-category\/parts\/\" rel=\"tag\">Parts<\/a><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"card-title\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"shop-item-title-link\" href=\"https:\/\/vibromera.eu\/mn\/product\/magnet-stand\/\" title=\"Magnetic Stand Insize-60-kgf\">Magnetic Stand Insize-60-kgf<\/a>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/h4>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"footer\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"price\"><h4><span class=\"woocommerce-Price-amount amount\"><span class=\"woocommerce-Price-currencySymbol\">&euro;<\/span>46.00<\/span> + VAT (if applicable)<\/h4><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"stats\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"\/mn\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/glossary\/136?add-to-cart=1852\" data-quantity=\"1\" data-product_id=\"1852\" data-product_sku=\"MS-1\" class=\"button product_type_simple add_to_cart_button ajax_add_to_cart btn btn-just-icon btn-simple btn-default\" title=\"Add to cart\" data-no-translation-title=\"\"><i rel=\"tooltip\" data-original-title=\"Add to cart\" class=\"fas fa-cart-plus\" data-no-translation-data-original-title=\"\"><\/i><\/a>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a><a href=\"\/mn\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/glossary\/136?add-to-cart=1852\" aria-describedby=\"woocommerce_loop_add_to_cart_link_describedby_1852\" data-quantity=\"1\" class=\"button product_type_simple add_to_cart_button ajax_add_to_cart\" data-product_id=\"1852\" data-product_sku=\"MS-1\" aria-label=\"Add to cart: \u201cMagnetic Stand Insize-60-kgf\u201d\" rel=\"nofollow\" data-success_message=\"\u201cMagnetic Stand Insize-60-kgf\u201d has been added to your cart\" data-no-translation=\"\" data-trp-gettext=\"\" data-no-translation-aria-label=\"\" data-no-translation-data-success_message=\"\">Add to cart<\/a>\t<span id=\"woocommerce_loop_add_to_cart_link_describedby_1852\" class=\"screen-reader-text\">\n\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"col-ms-6 col-sm-6 col-md-3 shop-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/vibromera.eu\/mn\/product\/reflective-tape\/\" class=\"woocommerce-LoopProduct-link woocommerce-loop-product__link\">\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"card-image\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/vibromera.eu\/mn\/product\/reflective-tape\/\" title=\"Reflective tape\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"230\" height=\"153\" src=\"https:\/\/vibromera.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/s-l1600-230x153.webp\" class=\"attachment-woocommerce_thumbnail size-woocommerce_thumbnail\" alt=\"Reflective tape\" srcset=\"https:\/\/vibromera.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/s-l1600-230x153.webp 230w, https:\/\/vibromera.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/s-l1600-16x12.webp 16w, https:\/\/vibromera.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/s-l1600-360x240.webp 360w, https:\/\/vibromera.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/s-l1600-460x306.webp 460w, https:\/\/vibromera.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/s-l1600-272x182.webp 272w\" 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class=\"shop-item-title-link\" href=\"https:\/\/vibromera.eu\/mn\/product\/dynamic-balancer-balanset-1a\/\" title=\"Dynamic balancer \u201cBalanset-1A\u201d OEM\">Dynamic balancer \u201cBalanset-1A\u201d OEM<\/a>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/h4>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"footer\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"price\"><h4><span class=\"woocommerce-Price-amount amount\"><span class=\"woocommerce-Price-currencySymbol\">&euro;<\/span>1,735.00<\/span> + VAT (if applicable)<\/h4><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"stats\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"\/mn\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/glossary\/136?add-to-cart=4193\" data-quantity=\"1\" data-product_id=\"4193\" data-product_sku=\"BS-1OEM\" class=\"button product_type_simple add_to_cart_button ajax_add_to_cart btn btn-just-icon btn-simple btn-default\" title=\"Add to cart\" data-no-translation-title=\"\"><i rel=\"tooltip\" data-original-title=\"Add to cart\" class=\"fas fa-cart-plus\" 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class=\"screen-reader-text\">\n\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\n<p><!-- QUICK NAV --><\/p>\n<nav class=\"quick-nav\">\n<div class=\"quick-nav-inner\">\n    <a href=\"#calculator\">\u2699 Harmonic Calculator<\/a><br \/>\n    <a href=\"#diagnostic-cards\">\ud83d\udcca Fault Patterns<\/a><br \/>\n    <a href=\"#diagnostic-table\">\ud83d\udccb Diagnostic Table<\/a><br \/>\n    <a href=\"#definition\">\ud83d\udcd0 Definition<\/a><br \/>\n    <a href=\"#why-generated\">\ud83d\udd22 Why Generated<\/a><br \/>\n    <a href=\"#fault-signatures\">\ud83d\udd0d Fault Signatures<\/a><br \/>\n    <a href=\"#non-synchronous\">\u3030\ufe0f Non-Synchronous<\/a><br \/>\n    <a href=\"#analysis-guide\">\ud83d\udee0 Analysis Guide<\/a><br \/>\n    <a href=\"#case-studies\">\ud83d\udcdd Case Studies<\/a>\n  <\/div>\n<\/nav>\n<p><!-- SUMMARY DASHBOARD --><\/p>\n<section class=\"summary-dashboard\" id=\"calculator\">\n<div class=\"container\">\n<div class=\"dashboard-grid\">\n<p>      <!-- Calculator --><\/p>\n<div class=\"calc-panel\">\n<h2 class=\"panel-title\">Harmonic Frequency Calculator<\/h2>\n<p class=\"panel-subtitle\">Calculate harmonics and common fault frequencies for any shaft speed<\/p>\n<div class=\"calc-form\">\n<div class=\"form-group\">\n            <label>Shaft Speed <span class=\"unit\">(RPM)<\/span><\/label><br \/>\n            <input type=\"number\" id=\"shaftRPM\" value=\"1800\" min=\"1\" step=\"1\">\n          <\/div>\n<div class=\"form-group\">\n            <label>Number of Harmonics<\/label><br \/>\n            <select id=\"numHarmonics\"><option value=\"5\">5 harmonics<\/option><option value=\"10\" selected>10 harmonics<\/option><option value=\"15\">15 harmonics<\/option><option value=\"20\">20 harmonics<\/option><\/select>\n          <\/div>\n<div class=\"form-group\">\n            <label>Number of Blades\/Vanes <span class=\"unit\">(optional)<\/span><\/label><br \/>\n            <input type=\"number\" id=\"numBlades\" value=\"\" min=\"0\" step=\"1\" placeholder=\"e.g. 5, 7\">\n          <\/div>\n<div class=\"form-group\">\n            <label>Number of Gear Teeth <span class=\"unit\">(optional)<\/span><\/label><br \/>\n            <input type=\"number\" id=\"numTeeth\" value=\"\" min=\"0\" step=\"1\" placeholder=\"e.g. 48\">\n          <\/div>\n<div class=\"form-group\">\n            <label>Line Frequency <span class=\"unit\">(Hz)<\/span><\/label><br \/>\n            <select id=\"lineFreq\"><option value=\"50\" selected>50 Hz (Europe \/ Asia)<\/option><option value=\"60\">60 Hz (Americas)<\/option><\/select>\n          <\/div>\n<div class=\"form-group\">\n            <label>Number of Poles <span class=\"unit\">(motor)<\/span><\/label><br \/>\n            <select id=\"numPoles\"><option value=\"2\">2-pole<\/option><option value=\"4\" selected>4-pole<\/option><option value=\"6\">6-pole<\/option><option value=\"8\">8-pole<\/option><\/select>\n          <\/div>\n<p>          <button class=\"calc-btn\" onclick=\"calculate()\">Calculate All Frequencies \u2192<\/button>\n        <\/div>\n<\/p><\/div>\n<p>      <!-- Results --><\/p>\n<div class=\"results-panel\">\n<h2 class=\"panel-title\">Harmonic Spectrum<\/h2>\n<p class=\"panel-subtitle\">Visual frequency map and complete harmonic table<\/p>\n<div id=\"resultsArea\">\n<div class=\"results-empty\">\n            <span class=\"icon\">\ud83d\udcc8<\/span><br \/>\n            Enter shaft speed and click Calculate<br \/>to see harmonic frequencies\n          <\/div>\n<\/p><\/div>\n<\/p><\/div>\n<\/p><\/div>\n<\/p><\/div>\n<\/section>\n<p><!-- DIAGNOSTIC CARDS + TABLES --><\/p>\n<section class=\"diagnostic-section\" id=\"diagnostic-cards\">\n<div class=\"container\">\n<div class=\"section-header\">\n<h2>Fault Signature Patterns \u2014 Quick Identification<\/h2>\n<p>Each machinery fault produces a characteristic harmonic pattern visible in the <a href=\"https:\/\/vibromera.eu\/mn\/glossary\/spectrum\/\">vibration spectrum<\/a><\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n<div class=\"fault-cards\">\n<div class=\"fault-card unbalance\">\n<div class=\"fc-icon\">\u2696\ufe0f<\/div>\n<div class=\"fc-title\">Unbalance<\/div>\n<div class=\"fc-pattern\">Dominant 1\u00d7 \u2014 clean, single peak<\/div>\n<div class=\"fc-body\"><strong>Pattern:<\/strong> Strong 1\u00d7 with minimal harmonics. Amplitude proportional to speed\u00b2. Phase is stable and repeatable. <strong>Direction:<\/strong> Primarily radial vibration.<\/div>\n<div class=\"fc-spectrum\">\n<div class=\"bar\" style=\"height:95%;background:var(--blue)\"><span class=\"bar-label\">1\u00d7<\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"bar\" style=\"height:8%;background:var(--blue-pale)\"><span class=\"bar-label\">2\u00d7<\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"bar\" style=\"height:3%;background:var(--blue-pale)\"><span class=\"bar-label\">3\u00d7<\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"bar\" style=\"height:2%;background:var(--blue-pale)\"><span class=\"bar-label\">4\u00d7<\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"bar\" style=\"height:1%;background:var(--blue-pale)\"><span class=\"bar-label\">5\u00d7<\/span><\/div>\n<\/p><\/div>\n<\/p><\/div>\n<div class=\"fault-card misalignment\">\n<div class=\"fc-icon\">\u2194\ufe0f<\/div>\n<div class=\"fc-title\">Misalignment<\/div>\n<div class=\"fc-pattern\">Strong 2\u00d7 (and 3\u00d7) relative to 1\u00d7<\/div>\n<div class=\"fc-body\"><strong>Angular:<\/strong> High 1\u00d7 axial. <strong>Parallel:<\/strong> High 2\u00d7 radial, often \u2265 1\u00d7 amplitude. Severe cases show 3\u00d7, 4\u00d7. <strong>Key:<\/strong> High axial vibration at coupling.<\/div>\n<div class=\"fc-spectrum\">\n<div class=\"bar\" style=\"height:60%;background:var(--warning)\"><span class=\"bar-label\">1\u00d7<\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"bar\" style=\"height:90%;background:var(--warning)\"><span class=\"bar-label\">2\u00d7<\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"bar\" style=\"height:40%;background:var(--warning-light)\"><span class=\"bar-label\">3\u00d7<\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"bar\" style=\"height:15%;background:var(--warning-light)\"><span class=\"bar-label\">4\u00d7<\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"bar\" style=\"height:5%;background:var(--warning-light)\"><span class=\"bar-label\">5\u00d7<\/span><\/div>\n<\/p><\/div>\n<\/p><\/div>\n<div class=\"fault-card looseness\">\n<div class=\"fc-icon\">\ud83d\udd29<\/div>\n<div class=\"fc-title\">Mechanical Looseness<\/div>\n<div class=\"fc-pattern\">Many harmonics: 1\u00d7, 2\u00d7, 3\u00d7, 4\u00d7\u2026 to 10\u00d7+<\/div>\n<div class=\"fc-body\"><strong>Pattern:<\/strong> Rich family of harmonics often with sub-harmonics (\u00bd\u00d7, \u2153\u00d7). Unstable phase. More harmonics = more severe looseness. <strong>Key indicator:<\/strong> sub-harmonics present.<\/div>\n<div class=\"fc-spectrum\">\n<div class=\"bar\" style=\"height:70%;background:var(--danger)\"><span class=\"bar-label\">1\u00d7<\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"bar\" style=\"height:55%;background:var(--danger)\"><span class=\"bar-label\">2\u00d7<\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"bar\" style=\"height:50%;background:var(--danger)\"><span class=\"bar-label\">3\u00d7<\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"bar\" style=\"height:40%;background:var(--danger)\"><span class=\"bar-label\">4\u00d7<\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"bar\" style=\"height:35%;background:var(--danger-light)\"><span class=\"bar-label\">5\u00d7<\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"bar\" style=\"height:25%;background:var(--danger-light)\"><span class=\"bar-label\">6\u00d7<\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"bar\" style=\"height:20%;background:var(--danger-light)\"><span class=\"bar-label\">7\u00d7<\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"bar\" style=\"height:12%;background:var(--danger-light)\"><span class=\"bar-label\">8\u00d7<\/span><\/div>\n<\/p><\/div>\n<\/p><\/div>\n<div class=\"fault-card bearing\">\n<div class=\"fc-icon\">\ud83d\udd34<\/div>\n<div class=\"fc-title\">Bearing Defect<\/div>\n<div class=\"fc-pattern\">Non-synchronous peaks: BPFO, BPFI + harmonics<\/div>\n<div class=\"fc-body\"><strong>Pattern:<\/strong> Peaks at <a href=\"https:\/\/vibromera.eu\/mn\/glossary\/bearing-fault-frequencies\/\" style=\"color:var(--success)\">bearing fault frequencies<\/a> (not integer multiples of RPM). Harmonics of fault freq + <a href=\"https:\/\/vibromera.eu\/mn\/glossary\/sidebands\/\" style=\"color:var(--success)\">sidebands<\/a> at 1\u00d7 spacing.<\/div>\n<div class=\"fc-spectrum\">\n<div class=\"bar\" style=\"height:30%;background:var(--success)\"><span class=\"bar-label\">1\u00d7<\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"bar\" style=\"height:5%;background:#ddd\"><span class=\"bar-label\"><\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"bar\" style=\"height:75%;background:var(--success)\"><span class=\"bar-label\">BPFO<\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"bar\" style=\"height:45%;background:var(--success-light)\"><span class=\"bar-label\">2\u00b7BPF<\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"bar\" style=\"height:25%;background:var(--success-light)\"><span class=\"bar-label\">3\u00b7BPF<\/span><\/div>\n<\/p><\/div>\n<\/p><\/div>\n<div class=\"fault-card electrical\">\n<div class=\"fc-icon\">\u26a1<\/div>\n<div class=\"fc-title\">Electrical Faults<\/div>\n<div class=\"fc-pattern\">2\u00d7 line frequency (2FL) \u00b1 slip sidebands<\/div>\n<div class=\"fc-body\"><strong>Stator:<\/strong> 2FL (100\/120 Hz) dominant. <strong>Rotor bars:<\/strong> 1\u00d7 with sidebands at <a href=\"https:\/\/vibromera.eu\/mn\/glossary\/pole-pass-frequency\/\" style=\"color:var(--purple)\">pole pass frequency<\/a>. <strong>Test:<\/strong> Power cut \u2014 electrical vibration drops instantly.<\/div>\n<div class=\"fc-spectrum\">\n<div class=\"bar\" style=\"height:50%;background:var(--purple)\"><span class=\"bar-label\">1\u00d7<\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"bar\" style=\"height:85%;background:var(--purple)\"><span class=\"bar-label\">2FL<\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"bar\" style=\"height:30%;background:var(--purple-light)\"><span class=\"bar-label\">4FL<\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"bar\" style=\"height:15%;background:var(--purple-light)\"><span class=\"bar-label\">6FL<\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"bar\" style=\"height:5%;background:var(--purple-light)\"><span class=\"bar-label\">8FL<\/span><\/div>\n<\/p><\/div>\n<\/p><\/div>\n<div class=\"fault-card rub\">\n<div class=\"fc-icon\">\ud83d\udd25<\/div>\n<div class=\"fc-title\">Shaft Rub<\/div>\n<div class=\"fc-pattern\">Many high-order harmonics + sub-harmonics<\/div>\n<div class=\"fc-body\"><strong>Light rub:<\/strong> \u00bd\u00d7, 1\u00d7, and many harmonics to 10\u00d7+. <strong>Full annular:<\/strong> Sub-harmonics (\u00bd\u00d7, \u2153\u00d7, \u00bc\u00d7) dominant. Thermal bowing may cause drifting 1\u00d7 vector.<\/div>\n<div class=\"fc-spectrum\">\n<div class=\"bar\" style=\"height:35%;background:#ec4899\"><span class=\"bar-label\">\u00bd\u00d7<\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"bar\" style=\"height:65%;background:#ec4899\"><span class=\"bar-label\">1\u00d7<\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"bar\" style=\"height:40%;background:#ec4899\"><span class=\"bar-label\">2\u00d7<\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"bar\" style=\"height:30%;background:#fbcfe8\"><span class=\"bar-label\">3\u00d7<\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"bar\" style=\"height:25%;background:#fbcfe8\"><span class=\"bar-label\">4\u00d7<\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"bar\" style=\"height:20%;background:#fbcfe8\"><span class=\"bar-label\">5\u00d7<\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"bar\" style=\"height:15%;background:#fbcfe8\"><span class=\"bar-label\">6\u00d7<\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"bar\" style=\"height:12%;background:#fbcfe8\"><span class=\"bar-label\">7\u00d7<\/span><\/div>\n<\/p><\/div>\n<\/p><\/div>\n<\/p><\/div>\n<p>    <!-- MASTER DIAGNOSTIC TABLE --><\/p>\n<div class=\"table-wrap\" id=\"diagnostic-table\">\n<div class=\"table-title\">\ud83d\udccb Complete Harmonic Pattern Diagnostic Reference<\/div>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th>Fault Condition<\/th>\n<th>Dominant Harmonics<\/th>\n<th>Amplitude Pattern<\/th>\n<th>Direction<\/th>\n<th>Phase Behavior<\/th>\n<th>Distinguishing Feature<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>Mass unbalance<\/td>\n<td class=\"mono\">1\u00d7<\/td>\n<td>1\u00d7 \u226b all others<\/td>\n<td>Radial<\/td>\n<td>Stable; follows heavy spot<\/td>\n<td>Clean single peak; proportional to speed\u00b2<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Bent shaft<\/td>\n<td class=\"mono\">1\u00d7 + 2\u00d7<\/td>\n<td>Both high<\/td>\n<td>Axial + Radial<\/td>\n<td>1\u00d7 phase 180\u00b0 between ends (axial)<\/td>\n<td>High axial 1\u00d7; not correctable by balancing<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Angular misalignment<\/td>\n<td class=\"mono\">1\u00d7 (axial)<\/td>\n<td>High axial 1\u00d7 at coupling<\/td>\n<td>Axial dominant<\/td>\n<td>180\u00b0 across coupling (axial)<\/td>\n<td>Axial 1\u00d7 at coupling &gt; radial<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Parallel misalignment<\/td>\n<td class=\"mono\">2\u00d7 (radial)<\/td>\n<td>2\u00d7 \u2248 or &gt; 1\u00d7; 3\u00d7 may appear<\/td>\n<td>Radial dominant<\/td>\n<td>180\u00b0 across coupling (radial)<\/td>\n<td>2\u00d7 ratio to 1\u00d7 is diagnostic<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Looseness \u2014 structural (Type A)<\/td>\n<td class=\"mono\">1\u00d7<\/td>\n<td>Directional \u2014 higher in loose direction<\/td>\n<td>Directional<\/td>\n<td>Unstable; may wander<\/td>\n<td>Amplitude changes with bolt torque<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Looseness \u2014 rotating (Type B)<\/td>\n<td class=\"mono\">1\u00d7, 2\u00d7, 3\u00d7\u2026n\u00d7<\/td>\n<td>Rich harmonic series + \u00bd\u00d7<\/td>\n<td>Radial<\/td>\n<td>Unstable; erratic<\/td>\n<td>Sub-harmonics (\u00bd\u00d7, \u2153\u00d7) are key differentiator<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Looseness \u2014 bearing seat (Type C)<\/td>\n<td class=\"mono\">Many harmonics + sub<\/td>\n<td>Floor noise rise with many peaks<\/td>\n<td>Radial<\/td>\n<td>Very unstable<\/td>\n<td>Broadband noise floor elevation<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Soft foot<\/td>\n<td class=\"mono\">1\u00d7 + 2\u00d7<\/td>\n<td>1\u00d7 changes with bolt torque<\/td>\n<td>Vertical dominant<\/td>\n<td>Shifts with bolt tightening<\/td>\n<td>1\u00d7 amplitude changes when bolts loosened individually<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Rotor rub (light, partial)<\/td>\n<td class=\"mono\">\u00bd\u00d7, 1\u00d7, 2\u00d7\u2026n\u00d7<\/td>\n<td>Many high-order harmonics<\/td>\n<td>Radial<\/td>\n<td>Erratic; thermal drift<\/td>\n<td>\u00bd\u00d7 and \u2153\u00d7 sub-harmonics; thermal vector drift<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Rotor rub (full annular)<\/td>\n<td class=\"mono\">\u00bd\u00d7, \u2153\u00d7, \u00bc\u00d7 dominant<\/td>\n<td>Sub-harmonics &gt; 1\u00d7<\/td>\n<td>Radial<\/td>\n<td>Chaotic<\/td>\n<td>Sub-synchronous dominance; reverse precession<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Oil whirl<\/td>\n<td class=\"mono\">0.42\u20130.48\u00d7<\/td>\n<td>Sub-synchronous peak just below \u00bd\u00d7<\/td>\n<td>Radial<\/td>\n<td>Forward precession<\/td>\n<td>Frequency tracks at ~0.43\u00d7 RPM; speed-dependent<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Oil whip<\/td>\n<td class=\"mono\">\u2248 1st critical<\/td>\n<td>Locked at 1st critical regardless of speed<\/td>\n<td>Radial<\/td>\n<td>Forward precession<\/td>\n<td>Frequency locks; catastrophic if unaddressed<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Gear mesh<\/td>\n<td class=\"mono\">GMF, 2\u00d7GMF, 3\u00d7GMF<\/td>\n<td>GMF = #teeth \u00d7 RPM + sidebands<\/td>\n<td>Radial + Axial<\/td>\n<td>N\/A (forced)<\/td>\n<td>Sidebands at shaft speed identify damaged gear<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Blade\/vane pass<\/td>\n<td class=\"mono\">BPF, 2\u00d7BPF<\/td>\n<td>BPF = #blades \u00d7 RPM<\/td>\n<td>Radial + Axial<\/td>\n<td>N\/A (forced)<\/td>\n<td>Normal; high amplitude = clearance or resonance issue<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Stator eccentricity<\/td>\n<td class=\"mono\">2FL (100\/120 Hz)<\/td>\n<td>2\u00d7 line frequency dominant<\/td>\n<td>Radial<\/td>\n<td>N\/A<\/td>\n<td>Disappears instantly on power cut<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Rotor bar defect<\/td>\n<td class=\"mono\">1\u00d7 with pole pass sidebands<\/td>\n<td>Sidebands at slip freq \u00d7 poles<\/td>\n<td>Radial<\/td>\n<td>Modulated<\/td>\n<td>Zoom around 1\u00d7 reveals evenly-spaced sidebands<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>VFD-induced<\/td>\n<td class=\"mono\">Switching freq harmonics<\/td>\n<td>Non-synchronous peaks at PWM freq<\/td>\n<td>Radial<\/td>\n<td>N\/A<\/td>\n<td>Frequency independent of shaft speed<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table><\/div>\n<p>    <!-- SUB-HARMONIC TABLE --><\/p>\n<div class=\"table-wrap\">\n<div class=\"table-title\">\u3030\ufe0f Sub-Harmonic and Fractional-Harmonic Reference<\/div>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th>Frequency<\/th>\n<th>Designation<\/th>\n<th>Common Causes<\/th>\n<th>Severity<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"mono\">0.42\u20130.48\u00d7<\/td>\n<td>Oil whirl<\/td>\n<td>Insufficient bearing load; excessive clearance; light shaft<\/td>\n<td><span class=\"tag high\">Critical \u2014 can lead to oil whip<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"mono\">\u00bd\u00d7 (0.50\u00d7)<\/td>\n<td>Half-order<\/td>\n<td>Rub, looseness (Type B\/C), cracked shaft (rare), belt issues<\/td>\n<td><span class=\"tag high\">Significant \u2014 investigate immediately<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"mono\">\u2153\u00d7 (0.33\u00d7)<\/td>\n<td>Third-order sub<\/td>\n<td>Full annular rub; severe looseness; fluid-induced instability<\/td>\n<td><span class=\"tag high\">Severe \u2014 dangerous condition<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"mono\">\u00bc\u00d7 (0.25\u00d7)<\/td>\n<td>Quarter-order sub<\/td>\n<td>Full rub with locked orbit; extreme looseness<\/td>\n<td><span class=\"tag high\">Very severe \u2014 shutdown may be needed<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"mono\">1.5\u00d7 (3\/2\u00d7)<\/td>\n<td>3\/2 order<\/td>\n<td>Oil whirl combined with unbalance<\/td>\n<td><span class=\"tag medium\">Monitor closely<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"mono\">2.5\u00d7, 3.5\u00d7\u2026<\/td>\n<td>Half-order family<\/td>\n<td>Looseness with strong rub component<\/td>\n<td><span class=\"tag medium\">Combined fault mechanisms<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table><\/div>\n<\/p><\/div>\n<\/section>\n<p><!-- MAIN ARTICLE CONTENT --><br \/>\n<main class=\"main-content\" id=\"definition\"><\/p>\n<div class=\"container\">\n<div class=\"content-layout\">\n<article class=\"article-content\">\n<h2>Definition: What is a Harmonic?<\/h2>\n<p>In vibration analysis, a <strong>harmonic<\/strong> is a frequency that is an exact integer multiple of a fundamental frequency. In rotating machinery, the fundamental frequency is typically the shaft rotational speed, referred to as the 1st harmonic or <strong>1\u00d7<\/strong>. The subsequent harmonics are integer multiples: 2\u00d7 (twice shaft speed), 3\u00d7 (three times), and so on. These frequencies are also called <em>orders<\/em> of running speed, or <em>synchronous harmonics<\/em> because they are precisely synchronized with shaft rotation.<\/p>\n<p>For example, if a motor operates at 1,800 RPM (30 Hz), its harmonics appear at 60 Hz (2\u00d7), 90 Hz (3\u00d7), 120 Hz (4\u00d7), 150 Hz (5\u00d7), and so forth. The harmonic series is theoretically infinite, but in practice, amplitude decreases at higher orders and only the first several harmonics carry diagnostic information.<\/p>\n<div class=\"formula-box\">\n<div class=\"formula-label\">Harmonic Frequency Definition<\/div>\n<div class=\"formula-main\">f<sub>n<\/sub> = n \u00d7 f<sub>1<\/sub> = n \u00d7 (RPM \/ 60)<\/div>\n<div class=\"formula-note\">where n = 1, 2, 3, 4\u2026 (harmonic order) and f\u2081 = shaft rotational frequency in Hz<\/div>\n<\/p><\/div>\n<div class=\"info-box\">\n<div class=\"box-title\">Harmonics vs. Sub-Harmonics vs. Non-Synchronous Peaks<\/div>\n<p><strong>Harmonics<\/strong> are integer multiples of shaft speed (2\u00d7, 3\u00d7, 4\u00d7\u2026). <strong>Sub-harmonics<\/strong> are fractional multiples (\u00bd\u00d7, \u2153\u00d7, \u00bc\u00d7) and always indicate severe mechanical problems. <strong>Non-synchronous peaks<\/strong> are frequencies unrelated to shaft speed \u2014 such as <a href=\"https:\/\/vibromera.eu\/mn\/glossary\/bearing-fault-frequencies\/\">bearing fault frequencies<\/a>, gear mesh frequencies, line frequency (50\/60 Hz), or <a href=\"https:\/\/vibromera.eu\/mn\/glossary\/natural-frequency\/\">natural frequencies<\/a> \u2014 and require different diagnostic approaches. A peak at 3.57\u00d7 RPM is NOT a harmonic; it is likely a bearing fault frequency.<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n<h2 id=\"why-generated\">Why Are Harmonics Generated?<\/h2>\n<p>In a perfectly linear system excited by a pure sinusoidal force (such as a perfectly balanced, perfectly aligned rotor in perfect bearings), only the 1\u00d7 fundamental would appear. Real machinery is never perfectly linear. Harmonics appear whenever the vibration waveform is distorted from a pure sine wave \u2014 whenever the system response is <em>non-linear<\/em> or the forcing function itself is non-sinusoidal.<\/p>\n<h3>The Mathematics: Fourier&#8217;s Theorem<\/h3>\n<p><strong>Fourier&#8217;s theorem<\/strong> states that any periodic waveform \u2014 no matter how complex \u2014 can be decomposed into a sum of sine waves at the fundamental frequency and its integer multiples, each with a specific amplitude and phase. The FFT (Fast Fourier Transform) algorithm used by vibration analyzers performs this decomposition computationally, revealing the harmonic content of the signal.<\/p>\n<p>A pure sine wave has only a single frequency component. A square wave contains all odd harmonics (1\u00d7, 3\u00d7, 5\u00d7, 7\u00d7\u2026) with amplitudes decreasing as 1\/n. A sawtooth wave contains all harmonics with amplitudes decreasing as 1\/n. The specific shape of the distortion determines which harmonics appear \u2014 this is what makes harmonic analysis so diagnostically powerful.<\/p>\n<h3>Physical Mechanisms That Generate Harmonics<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Waveform clipping \/ truncation:<\/strong> When shaft movement is physically constrained (bearing housing, rub contact), the resulting waveform is clipped, generating harmonics. More severe clipping produces more harmonics.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Asymmetric stiffness:<\/strong> If system stiffness differs between positive and negative halves of the vibration cycle (cracked shaft opening\/closing, misalignment creating different tension\/compression stiffness), even harmonics (2\u00d7, 4\u00d7, 6\u00d7) are generated.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Impact events:<\/strong> Periodic impacts (loose bolts, bearing defect impacts) create sharp, short-duration waveforms that are extremely rich in harmonic content \u2014 like how a drum stick produces many overtones.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Non-linear restoring forces:<\/strong> When stiffness changes with displacement (bearings under varying load, progressive-rate rubber mounts), the response to a sinusoidal force contains harmonics.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Parametric excitation:<\/strong> When system properties vary periodically at a frequency related to shaft speed, they can generate harmonics and sub-harmonics of the excitation frequency.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<div class=\"info-box success\">\n<div class=\"box-title\">The Key Diagnostic Principle<\/div>\n<p>The pattern of which harmonics are present, their relative amplitudes, and which are absent tells the analyst what physical mechanism generates the non-linearity. Experienced analysts examine the complete harmonic structure of the spectrum \u2014 not just overall vibration level \u2014 to identify specific fault mechanisms.<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n<h2 id=\"fault-signatures\">Detailed Fault Signatures \u2014 Harmonic Patterns<\/h2>\n<h3>1\u00d7 Dominant \u2014 Unbalance<\/h3>\n<p>A dominant peak at 1\u00d7 with minimal higher harmonics is the classic signature of <strong><a href=\"https:\/\/vibromera.eu\/mn\/glossary\/unbalance\/\">mass unbalance<\/a><\/strong>. The unbalance force is inherently sinusoidal (it rotates with the shaft at 1\u00d7 frequency), producing a clean single peak in the frequency domain.<\/p>\n<h4>Diagnostic Details<\/h4>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Amplitude:<\/strong> Proportional to speed\u00b2 (double speed \u2192 4\u00d7 amplitude) and proportional to unbalance mass<\/li>\n<li><strong>Phase:<\/strong> Stable, repeatable, single-valued. Changes predictably with trial weight addition \u2014 this is the foundation of all <a href=\"https:\/\/vibromera.eu\/mn\/glossary\/balancing\/\">balancing procedures<\/a><\/li>\n<li><strong>Direction:<\/strong> Primarily radial; axial 1\u00d7 is low unless rotor has significant overhang<\/li>\n<li><strong>Confirmation:<\/strong> Response to trial weights confirms unbalance. If 1\u00d7 doesn&#8217;t respond to trial weights, consider bent shaft, eccentricity, or resonance<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<div class=\"info-box warning\">\n<div class=\"box-title\">Not All 1\u00d7 Vibration is Unbalance<\/div>\n<p>Several conditions produce high 1\u00d7 that is NOT correctable by balancing: bent shaft, shaft eccentricity, electrical runout on proximity probes, rotor bow from thermal effects, coupling eccentricity, and <a href=\"https:\/\/vibromera.eu\/mn\/glossary\/resonance\/\">resonance<\/a> amplification. Always verify the diagnosis before attempting to balance.<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n<h3>2\u00d7 Dominant \u2014 Misalignment<\/h3>\n<p>A strong 2nd harmonic, often comparable in amplitude to or exceeding the 1\u00d7 peak, is the primary indicator of <strong><a href=\"https:\/\/vibromera.eu\/mn\/glossary\/misalignment\/\">shaft misalignment<\/a><\/strong>. Misalignment forces the shaft through a non-sinusoidal path during each revolution, creating the distortion that generates 2\u00d7 and sometimes higher harmonics.<\/p>\n<h4>Angular vs. Parallel Misalignment<\/h4>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Angular misalignment:<\/strong> Shaft centerlines intersect at an angle at the coupling. Produces high 1\u00d7 axial vibration. Phase across coupling shows ~180\u00b0 shift in the axial direction.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Parallel (offset) misalignment:<\/strong> Shaft centerlines are parallel but offset. Produces high 2\u00d7 radial vibration, often with 2\u00d7 \u2265 1\u00d7. Severe cases generate 3\u00d7 and 4\u00d7. Radial phase across coupling shows ~180\u00b0 shift.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Combined:<\/strong> In practice, both usually coexist, producing a mix of the signatures.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h4>The 2\u00d7\/1\u00d7 Ratio as a Diagnostic Indicator<\/h4>\n<table class=\"article-table\">\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th>2\u00d7\/1\u00d7 Ratio<\/th>\n<th>Likely Condition<\/th>\n<th>Action<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"mono\">&lt; 0.25<\/td>\n<td>Normal; 2\u00d7 present at low level in most machines<\/td>\n<td>No action required<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"mono\">0.25 \u2013 0.50<\/td>\n<td>Mild misalignment possible; normal for some coupling types<\/td>\n<td>Check alignment; compare with baseline<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"mono\">0.50 \u2013 1.00<\/td>\n<td>Significant misalignment probable<\/td>\n<td>Perform precision laser alignment<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"mono\">&gt; 1.00<\/td>\n<td>Severe misalignment; 2\u00d7 exceeds 1\u00d7<\/td>\n<td>Urgent \u2014 realign; check coupling and pipe strain<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<h3>Multiple Harmonics \u2014 Mechanical Looseness<\/h3>\n<p>A rich series of <a href=\"https:\/\/vibromera.eu\/mn\/glossary\/running-speed\/\">running speed<\/a> harmonics (1\u00d7, 2\u00d7, 3\u00d7, 4\u00d7, 5\u00d7\u2026 to 10\u00d7 or more) indicate <strong>mechanical looseness<\/strong>. The impacts, rattling, and non-linear contact\/separation cycles generate extreme waveform distortion that decomposes into many harmonic components.<\/p>\n<h4>Three Types of Looseness<\/h4>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Type A \u2014 Structural:<\/strong> Loose machine-to-foundation connection (soft foot, cracked base, loose anchor bolts). Produces directional 1\u00d7 (higher in the loose direction). Key test: tighten\/loosen individual bolts while monitoring 1\u00d7 amplitude.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Type B \u2014 Component:<\/strong> Loose bearing liner in cap, loose cap on housing, excessive bearing clearance. Produces a family of harmonics, often with sub-harmonics (\u00bd\u00d7). Sub-harmonics are the key differentiator from misalignment (looseness, not misalignment, produces sub-harmonics).<\/li>\n<li><strong>Type C \u2014 Bearing seat:<\/strong> Loose impeller on shaft, loose coupling hub, excessive bearing clearance allowing rotor to bounce. Produces many harmonics with broadband noise floor elevation.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<div class=\"info-box\">\n<div class=\"box-title\">Sub-Harmonics: The Looseness Fingerprint<\/div>\n<p>The presence of sub-harmonics (\u00bd\u00d7, \u2153\u00d7) is the most reliable differentiator between looseness and misalignment. Misalignment generates 2\u00d7 and 3\u00d7 but rarely produces sub-harmonics. Looseness (Types B and C) characteristically generates \u00bd\u00d7 because the rotor contacts one side of the bearing on one half-revolution and bounces to the other on the next \u2014 creating a pattern that repeats every two revolutions, hence \u00bd\u00d7.<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n<h3>Other Harmonic-Generating Conditions<\/h3>\n<h4>Bent Shaft<\/h4>\n<p>Produces both 1\u00d7 and 2\u00d7 vibration with high axial component. Unlike misalignment, a <a href=\"https:\/\/vibromera.eu\/mn\/glossary\/bent-shaft\/\">bent shaft<\/a> shows 1\u00d7 that cannot be corrected by balancing (geometric eccentricity, not mass distribution) and ~180\u00b0 axial phase difference between shaft ends. The 2\u00d7 comes from asymmetric stiffness as the bend opens and closes during rotation.<\/p>\n<h4>Reciprocating Machinery<\/h4>\n<p>Engines, compressors, and reciprocating machines inherently generate rich harmonic spectra because piston\/crankshaft motion is fundamentally non-sinusoidal. The harmonic pattern depends on cylinder count, firing order, and stroke type (2-stroke vs. 4-stroke).<\/p>\n<h4>Rotor Rub<\/h4>\n<p>A partial rub (contact for a portion of each revolution) produces many high-order harmonics \u2014 sometimes to 10\u00d7, 20\u00d7, or more. A full annular rub (continuous 360\u00b0 contact) generates dominant sub-harmonics (\u00bd\u00d7, \u2153\u00d7, \u00bc\u00d7) through reverse precession mechanisms.<\/p>\n<h4>Electrical Issues in Motors<\/h4>\n<p>AC motors generate vibration at multiples of line frequency (50 or 60 Hz) independently of shaft speed. The most common is 2\u00d7 line frequency (100 Hz in 50 Hz systems, 120 Hz in 60 Hz systems). This is NOT a harmonic of shaft speed \u2014 it&#8217;s a harmonic of line frequency, which is the key to distinguishing electrical from mechanical vibration. The <strong>power cut test<\/strong> is definitive: electrical vibration drops instantly when power is removed, mechanical vibration persists during coast-down.<\/p>\n<p>Rotor bar defects produce sidebands around 1\u00d7 spaced at the pole pass frequency (<a href=\"https:\/\/vibromera.eu\/mn\/glossary\/slip-frequency\/\">slip frequency<\/a> \u00d7 number of poles). These sidebands are very close to 1\u00d7 (within 1\u20135 Hz), requiring high-resolution <a href=\"https:\/\/vibromera.eu\/mn\/glossary\/zoom-fft\/\">zoom FFT<\/a> analysis to resolve.<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"non-synchronous\">Non-Synchronous Frequencies \u2014 Not True Harmonics<\/h2>\n<p>Several important frequencies are sometimes confused with harmonics but are actually independent of shaft speed:<\/p>\n<table class=\"article-table\">\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th>Frequency Type<\/th>\n<th>Formula<\/th>\n<th>Relationship to RPM<\/th>\n<th>Notes<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>Bearing fault frequencies<\/td>\n<td class=\"mono\"><a href=\"https:\/\/vibromera.eu\/mn\/calculators\/bearing-defect-frequencies\/\">BPFO, BPFI, BSF, FTF<\/a><\/td>\n<td>Non-integer multiples (e.g. 3.57\u00d7, 5.43\u00d7)<\/td>\n<td>Always non-synchronous; depends on bearing geometry<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><a href=\"https:\/\/vibromera.eu\/mn\/glossary\/gear-mesh-frequency\/\">Gear mesh frequency<\/a><\/td>\n<td class=\"mono\">GMF = #teeth \u00d7 RPM<\/td>\n<td>Integer but very high order<\/td>\n<td>Technically a harmonic but analyzed separately<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Blade\/vane pass<\/td>\n<td class=\"mono\">BPF = #blades \u00d7 RPM<\/td>\n<td>Integer multiple<\/td>\n<td>Normal; excessive amplitude indicates problem<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Line frequency<\/td>\n<td class=\"mono\">FL = 50 or 60 Hz<\/td>\n<td>Not related to RPM<\/td>\n<td>Electrical; disappears on power cut<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><a href=\"https:\/\/vibromera.eu\/mn\/glossary\/natural-frequency\/\">Natural frequencies<\/a><\/td>\n<td class=\"mono\">f<sub>n<\/sub> = \u221a(k\/m)\/2\u03c0<\/td>\n<td>Fixed; not related to RPM<\/td>\n<td>Constant frequency regardless of speed changes<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Belt frequencies<\/td>\n<td class=\"mono\">f<sub>belt<\/sub> = RPM\u00d7\u03c0\u00d7D\/L<\/td>\n<td>Sub-synchronous (&lt; shaft speed)<\/td>\n<td>Belt frequency and its harmonics 2\u00d7, 3\u00d7, 4\u00d7 BF<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<h2 id=\"analysis-guide\">Analysis Guide \u2014 How to Interpret Harmonic Patterns<\/h2>\n<h3>Step 1: Identify the Fundamental (1\u00d7)<\/h3>\n<p>Locate the 1\u00d7 peak corresponding to shaft rotational speed. Verify using a <a href=\"https:\/\/vibromera.eu\/mn\/glossary\/tachometer\/\">tachometer<\/a> or motor nameplate. In variable-speed machines, 1\u00d7 must be identified precisely for each measurement.<\/p>\n<h3>Step 2: Catalog All Peaks<\/h3>\n<p>For each significant peak, determine: is it an exact integer multiple of 1\u00d7 (true harmonic)? A fractional multiple (sub-harmonic)? Unrelated to shaft speed (non-synchronous)? Use analyzer harmonic cursor features for efficiency.<\/p>\n<h3>Step 3: Examine the Amplitude Pattern<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>Which harmonic is dominant? \u2192 Points to specific fault<\/li>\n<li>How many harmonics are present? \u2192 More = more severe distortion<\/li>\n<li>Does 2\u00d7 exceed 1\u00d7? \u2192 Likely misalignment<\/li>\n<li>Are sub-harmonics present? \u2192 Looseness, rub, or <a href=\"https:\/\/vibromera.eu\/mn\/glossary\/oil-whirl\/\">oil whirl<\/a><\/li>\n<li>Is amplitude decreasing with order (1\/n decay)? \u2192 Typical for looseness<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>Step 4: Check Directionality<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>High radial, low axial:<\/strong> Unbalance or looseness<\/li>\n<li><strong>High axial:<\/strong> Misalignment (especially angular) or bent shaft<\/li>\n<li><strong>Directional radial:<\/strong> Structural looseness (higher in loose direction)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>Step 5: Trend Over Time<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>Are harmonic amplitudes increasing? \u2192 Fault is progressing<\/li>\n<li>Are new harmonics appearing? \u2192 New fault mechanism developing<\/li>\n<li>Is the noise floor rising? \u2192 General wear or late-stage failure<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>Step 6: Correlate with Phase Data<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Unbalance:<\/strong> 1\u00d7 phase is stable and repeatable<\/li>\n<li><strong>Misalignment:<\/strong> 1\u00d7 or 2\u00d7 phase shows ~180\u00b0 across coupling<\/li>\n<li><strong>Looseness:<\/strong> Phase is unstable, may shift randomly between measurements<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>In practice, all six steps can be carried out on site with a portable two-channel instrument such as the <a href=\"https:\/\/vibromera.eu\/mn\/product\/balanset-1\/\">Balanset-1A<\/a>: mount the accelerometers, capture the spectrum and 1\u00d7 phase while the machine runs, and read off the harmonic pattern directly against the diagnostic table above \u2014 then correct any residual unbalance without removing the rotor.<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"case-studies\">Case Studies \u2014 Real-World Harmonic Analysis<\/h2>\n<div class=\"example-block\">\n<div class=\"example-title\">Case 1: Motor-Pump \u2014 Is it Unbalance or Misalignment?<\/div>\n<p><strong>Machine:<\/strong> 30 kW motor driving centrifugal pump at 2960 RPM via flexible coupling. Overall vibration: 6.2 mm\/s at motor drive-end bearing.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Spectrum:<\/strong> 1\u00d7 = 4.1 mm\/s, 2\u00d7 = 3.8 mm\/s, 3\u00d7 = 1.2 mm\/s. The 2\u00d7\/1\u00d7 ratio = 0.93.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Direction:<\/strong> High radial 2\u00d7 at both drive-end bearings. Axial 1\u00d7 at coupling: motor = 2.8 mm\/s, pump = 3.1 mm\/s with 165\u00b0 phase difference.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Diagnosis:<\/strong> Combined angular and parallel misalignment. The 2\u00d7\/1\u00d7 ratio approaching 1.0, high axial readings, and ~180\u00b0 phase across coupling all confirm. NOT unbalance \u2014 even though 1\u00d7 is elevated, the 2\u00d7 pattern is the real story.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Action:<\/strong> Laser alignment performed. Post-alignment: 1\u00d7 = 0.8 mm\/s, 2\u00d7 = 0.3 mm\/s. Overall dropped to 1.1 mm\/s \u2014 an 82% reduction.<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n<div class=\"example-block\">\n<div class=\"example-title\">Case 2: Fan \u2014 Why Doesn&#8217;t Balancing Work?<\/div>\n<p><strong>Machine:<\/strong> Centrifugal fan at 1480 RPM. Vibration: 8.5 mm\/s. Previous balancing attempt reduced 1\u00d7 but overall vibration remained high.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Spectrum:<\/strong> 1\u00d7 = 2.1 mm\/s (low after balancing), \u00bd\u00d7 = 1.8 mm\/s, 2\u00d7 = 3.2 mm\/s, 3\u00d7 = 2.5 mm\/s, 4\u00d7 = 1.8 mm\/s, 5\u00d7 = 1.1 mm\/s, 6\u00d7 = 0.7 mm\/s.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Diagnosis:<\/strong> Mechanical looseness (Type B). The harmonic family with \u00bd\u00d7 sub-harmonic is the signature. Balancing corrected 1\u00d7 but couldn&#8217;t address the looseness-generated harmonics that dominate overall vibration.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Action:<\/strong> Inspection revealed bearing housing 0.08 mm loose in pedestal bore. Housing rebored and new bearing fitted. Post-repair: all harmonics dropped to baseline. Overall: 1.4 mm\/s.<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n<div class=\"example-block\">\n<div class=\"example-title\">Case 3: Compressor Motor \u2014 Electrical or Mechanical?<\/div>\n<p><strong>Machine:<\/strong> 4-pole, 50 Hz induction motor at 1485 RPM driving a screw compressor. Vibration increased from 2.0 to 5.5 mm\/s over 3 months.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Spectrum:<\/strong> Dominant peak at 100 Hz (= 2FL). Also: 1\u00d7 at 24.75 Hz = 1.2 mm\/s, sidebands around 1\u00d7 at \u00b11.0 Hz spacing.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Key Test:<\/strong> Power cut \u2014 the 100 Hz peak dropped to zero within one revolution. The 1\u00d7 sidebands persisted during coast-down.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Diagnosis:<\/strong> Two problems: (1) Electrical \u2014 stator eccentricity causing 2FL. (2) Mechanical \u2014 1\u00d7 sidebands at \u00b11.0 Hz (= pole pass frequency for 4-pole motor with 1.0% slip) suggest developing rotor bar defect.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Action:<\/strong> Motor sent for rewind. Confirmed: 2 broken rotor bars + stator eccentricity from base sag. After rewind and shimming: vibration 1.6 mm\/s.<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n<div class=\"info-box success\">\n<div class=\"box-title\">Vibromera Equipment for Harmonic Analysis<\/div>\n<p>The <a href=\"https:\/\/vibromera.eu\/mn\/product\/balanset-1\/\">Balanset-1A<\/a> and <a href=\"https:\/\/vibromera.eu\/mn\/product\/balanset-4\/\">Balanset-4<\/a> provide real-time <a href=\"https:\/\/vibromera.eu\/mn\/glossary\/fft\/\">FFT spectrum analysis<\/a> with harmonic cursor tracking, enabling field identification of 1\u00d7, 2\u00d7, 3\u00d7 patterns and fault diagnosis. The devices combine vibration analysis for diagnostics and precision <a href=\"https:\/\/vibromera.eu\/mn\/glossary\/balancing\/\">balancing<\/a> for correction \u2014 identifying the problem and fixing it with one instrument.<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n<hr style=\"margin: 48px 0 24px; border: none; border-top: 1px solid var(--border-light);\">\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/vibromera.eu\/mn\/glossary\/\">\u2190 Back to Glossary Index<\/a><\/p>\n<\/article>\n<p>      <!-- TOC SIDEBAR --><\/p>\n<aside class=\"toc-sidebar\">\n<div class=\"toc-box\">\n<h3>On This Page<\/h3>\n<p>          <a href=\"#calculator\">Harmonic Calculator<\/a><br \/>\n          <a href=\"#diagnostic-cards\">Fault Pattern Cards<\/a><br \/>\n          <a href=\"#diagnostic-table\">Diagnostic Table<\/a><br \/>\n          <a href=\"#definition\">Definition<\/a><br \/>\n          <a href=\"#why-generated\">Why Generated<\/a><br \/>\n          <a class=\"sub\" href=\"#why-generated\">Fourier&#8217;s Theorem<\/a><br \/>\n          <a class=\"sub\" href=\"#why-generated\">Physical Mechanisms<\/a><br \/>\n          <a href=\"#fault-signatures\">Fault Signatures<\/a><br \/>\n          <a class=\"sub\" href=\"#fault-signatures\">1\u00d7 \u2014 Unbalance<\/a><br \/>\n          <a class=\"sub\" href=\"#fault-signatures\">2\u00d7 \u2014 Misalignment<\/a><br \/>\n          <a class=\"sub\" href=\"#fault-signatures\">Many \u00d7 \u2014 Looseness<\/a><br \/>\n          <a class=\"sub\" href=\"#fault-signatures\">Bent Shaft, Rub, Electrical<\/a><br \/>\n          <a href=\"#non-synchronous\">Non-Synchronous Peaks<\/a><br \/>\n          <a href=\"#analysis-guide\">Analysis Guide (6 Steps)<\/a><br \/>\n          <a href=\"#case-studies\">Case Studies<\/a>\n        <\/div>\n<div class=\"toc-box\" style=\"margin-top: 24px; background: var(--navy); border-color: var(--navy);\">\n<h3 style=\"color: var(--white);\">Vibromera Equipment<\/h3>\n<p style=\"color: rgba(255,255,255,0.6); font-size: 13px; margin-bottom: 12px;\">Portable FFT spectrum analysis + precision balancing in one device.<\/p>\n<p>          <a href=\"https:\/\/vibromera.eu\/mn\/product\/balanset-1\/\" style=\"display: block; padding: 8px 14px; background: var(--blue); color: white; border-radius: 6px; text-align: center; font-weight: 600; font-size: 14px; text-decoration: none; margin-bottom: 8px; border-left: none;\">Balanset-1A \u2192<\/a><br \/>\n          <a href=\"https:\/\/vibromera.eu\/mn\/product\/balanset-4\/\" style=\"display: block; padding: 8px 14px; background: rgba(255,255,255,0.1); color: white; border-radius: 6px; text-align: center; font-weight: 600; font-size: 14px; text-decoration: none; border: 1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.2); border-left: none;\">Balanset-4 \u2192<\/a>\n        <\/div>\n<\/aside><\/div>\n<\/p><\/div>\n<p><\/main><\/p>\n<p><!-- SHOP CTA --><\/p>\n<section class=\"shop-cta\">\n<div class=\"container\">\n<h2>Professional Vibration Analysis &amp; Balancing<\/h2>\n<p>Diagnose harmonic patterns and balance rotors in the field with Vibromera&#8217;s portable devices \u2014 FFT spectrum, phase measurement, and ISO-compliant balancing in one instrument.<\/p>\n<p>    <a href=\"https:\/\/vibromera.eu\/mn\/shop\/\" class=\"cta-btn\">Browse Equipment \u2192<\/a>\n  <\/div>\n<\/section>\n<p><!-- FOOTER --><\/p>\n<footer class=\"page-footer\">\n<div class=\"container\">\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/vibromera.eu\/mn\/glossary\/\">\u2190 Back to Glossary<\/a> &nbsp;|&nbsp; <a href=\"https:\/\/vibromera.eu\/mn\/\">vibromera.eu<\/a><\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n<\/footer>\n<hr>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/vibromera.eu\/mn\/glossary\/\">\u2190 Back to Main Index<\/a><\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Learn about harmonics in vibration analysis. Understand how these integer multiples of a fundamental frequency are generated and what they indicate about machine health, such as misalignment and looseness.<\/p>","protected":false},"featured_media":0,"template":"","meta":{"ai_generated_summary":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[114,109],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-136","glossary","type-glossary","status-publish","hentry","category-analysis","category-glossary"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/vibromera.eu\/mn\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/glossary\/136","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/vibromera.eu\/mn\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/glossary"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/vibromera.eu\/mn\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/glossary"}],"version-history":[{"count":5,"href":"https:\/\/vibromera.eu\/mn\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/glossary\/136\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":101731,"href":"https:\/\/vibromera.eu\/mn\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/glossary\/136\/revisions\/101731"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/vibromera.eu\/mn\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=136"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vibromera.eu\/mn\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=136"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vibromera.eu\/mn\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=136"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}