{"id":100198,"date":"2026-02-15T20:26:18","date_gmt":"2026-02-15T20:26:18","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/vibromera.eu\/?post_type=calculator&#038;p=100198"},"modified":"2026-04-05T15:35:34","modified_gmt":"2026-04-05T15:35:34","slug":"pressure-vessel-en13445","status":"publish","type":"calculator","link":"https:\/\/vibromera.eu\/nb\/calculators\/pressure-vessel-en13445\/","title":{"rendered":"Kalkulator for trykkbeholderdesign | EN 13445 og ASME VIII"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\">\n{\"@context\":\"https:\/\/schema.org\",\"@type\":\"WebApplication\",\"name\":\"Pressure Vessel Design Calculator\",\"alternateName\":[\"EN 13445 Calculator\",\"ASME VIII Calculator\",\"Wall Thickness Calculator\"],\"description\":\"Free online calculator for pressure vessel wall thickness per EN 13445 and ASME VIII Div.1. Supports cylindrical shell, hemispherical, ellipsoidal, and flat heads.\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/vibromera.eu\/calculators\/pressure-vessel-en13445\/\",\"applicationCategory\":\"Engineering Calculator\",\"operatingSystem\":\"Any (Web Browser)\",\"offers\":{\"@type\":\"Offer\",\"price\":\"0\",\"priceCurrency\":\"EUR\"},\"creator\":{\"@type\":\"Organization\",\"name\":\"Vibromera\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/vibromera.eu\/\"},\"datePublished\":\"2025-01-01\",\"dateModified\":\"2025-06-01\",\"inLanguage\":\"en\",\"isAccessibleForFree\":true,\"featureList\":[\"EN 13445 and ASME VIII formulas\",\"Cylindrical shell thickness\",\"Hemispherical head thickness\",\"Ellipsoidal head thickness\",\"Flat head thickness\",\"Weld joint efficiency\",\"Corrosion allowance\"],\"keywords\":\"pressure vessel, EN 13445, ASME VIII, wall thickness, cylindrical shell, hemispherical head\"}\n<\/script>\n\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\">\n{\"@context\":\"https:\/\/schema.org\",\"@type\":\"FAQPage\",\"mainEntity\":[\n{\"@type\":\"Question\",\"name\":\"What is the difference between EN 13445 and ASME VIII?\",\"acceptedAnswer\":{\"@type\":\"Answer\",\"text\":\"EN 13445 is the European standard for unfired pressure vessels. ASME BPVC Section VIII is the American standard. Both use similar engineering principles but differ in safety factors, allowable stress definitions, and design-by-formula approaches.\"}},\n{\"@type\":\"Question\",\"name\":\"What is weld joint efficiency?\",\"acceptedAnswer\":{\"@type\":\"Answer\",\"text\":\"Weld joint efficiency (E) is a factor (0 to 1.0) that accounts for the reduced strength of welded joints compared to the base material. Full radiographic examination typically allows E=1.0, spot examination E=0.85, no examination E=0.7.\"}},\n{\"@type\":\"Question\",\"name\":\"What is corrosion allowance?\",\"acceptedAnswer\":{\"@type\":\"Answer\",\"text\":\"Corrosion allowance is additional wall thickness added to account for material loss due to corrosion, erosion, or wear over the vessel's design life. 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id=\"vc-pressure-vessel\">\n\n<!-- Header -->\n<header class=\"vc-header\">\n    <p class=\"vc-header-eyebrow\">Free Engineering Tool<\/p>\n    <h1 class=\"vc-header-title\">Pressure Vessel Design Calculator<\/h1>\n    <p class=\"vc-header-subtitle\">Calculate required wall thickness for cylindrical shells and heads per EN 13445 and ASME VIII Div.1. Includes corrosion allowance and weld joint efficiency.<\/p>\n    <div class=\"vc-badges\">\n        <span class=\"vc-badge\">EN 13445-3<\/span>\n        <span class=\"vc-badge\">ASME VIII Div.1<\/span>\n        <span class=\"vc-badge\">Shell &amp; Heads<\/span>\n    <\/div>\n<\/header>\n\n<!-- Calculator Card -->\n<div class=\"vc-card\">\n    <div class=\"vc-unit-bar\">\n        <button type=\"button\" class=\"vc-unit-btn vc-active\" data-system=\"en\">EN 13445 (European)<\/button>\n        <button type=\"button\" class=\"vc-unit-btn\" data-system=\"asme\">ASME VIII Div.1<\/button>\n    <\/div>\n\n    <form class=\"vc-form\" id=\"vc-form\" autocomplete=\"off\">\n        <div class=\"vc-form-grid\">\n            <div class=\"vc-field\">\n                <label class=\"vc-label\" for=\"vc-pressure\">Design Pressure <span class=\"vc-label-hint\">(MPa)<\/span><\/label>\n                <input class=\"vc-input\" type=\"number\" id=\"vc-pressure\" inputmode=\"decimal\" step=\"any\" min=\"0\" placeholder=\"e.g. 1.6\" value=\"1.6\">\n            <\/div>\n            <div class=\"vc-field\">\n                <label class=\"vc-label\" for=\"vc-temp\">Design Temperature <span class=\"vc-label-hint\">(\u00b0C)<\/span><\/label>\n                <input class=\"vc-input\" type=\"number\" id=\"vc-temp\" inputmode=\"decimal\" step=\"any\" placeholder=\"e.g. 200\" value=\"200\">\n            <\/div>\n            <div class=\"vc-field\">\n                <label class=\"vc-label\" for=\"vc-od\">Vessel Outside Diameter <span class=\"vc-label-hint\">(mm)<\/span><\/label>\n                <input class=\"vc-input\" type=\"number\" id=\"vc-od\" inputmode=\"decimal\" step=\"any\" min=\"1\" placeholder=\"e.g. 1200\" value=\"1200\">\n            <\/div>\n            <div class=\"vc-field\">\n                <label class=\"vc-label\" for=\"vc-material\">Material<\/label>\n                <select class=\"vc-select\" id=\"vc-material\">\n                    <option value=\"sa516-70\" selected>SA-516 Gr.70 (Carbon Steel) \u2014 \u03c3=138 MPa<\/option>\n                    <option value=\"sa240-304\">SA-240 Type 304 (Stainless) \u2014 \u03c3=115 MPa<\/option>\n                    <option value=\"sa240-316\">SA-240 Type 316 (Stainless) \u2014 \u03c3=115 MPa<\/option>\n                    <option value=\"sa387-11\">SA-387 Gr.11 (Cr-Mo) \u2014 \u03c3=121 MPa<\/option>\n                    <option value=\"sa387-22\">SA-387 Gr.22 (2\u00bcCr-1Mo) \u2014 \u03c3=121 MPa<\/option>\n                    <option value=\"custom\">Custom \u2014 Enter allowable stress<\/option>\n                <\/select>\n            <\/div>\n            <div class=\"vc-field\" id=\"vc-custom-stress-field\" style=\"display:none;\">\n                <label class=\"vc-label\" for=\"vc-custom-stress\">Allowable Stress <span class=\"vc-label-hint\">(MPa)<\/span><\/label>\n                <input class=\"vc-input\" type=\"number\" id=\"vc-custom-stress\" inputmode=\"decimal\" step=\"any\" min=\"1\" placeholder=\"e.g. 138\" value=\"138\">\n            <\/div>\n            <div class=\"vc-field\">\n                <label class=\"vc-label\" for=\"vc-weld-eff\">Weld Joint Efficiency (E)<\/label>\n                <select class=\"vc-select\" id=\"vc-weld-eff\">\n                    <option value=\"1.0\" selected>1.0 \u2014 Full radiography<\/option>\n                    <option value=\"0.85\">0.85 \u2014 Spot radiography<\/option>\n                    <option value=\"0.7\">0.7 \u2014 No radiography<\/option>\n                <\/select>\n            <\/div>\n            <div class=\"vc-field\">\n                <label class=\"vc-label\" for=\"vc-ca\">Corrosion Allowance <span class=\"vc-label-hint\">(mm)<\/span><\/label>\n                <input class=\"vc-input\" type=\"number\" id=\"vc-ca\" inputmode=\"decimal\" step=\"any\" min=\"0\" placeholder=\"e.g. 3\" value=\"3\">\n            <\/div>\n        <\/div>\n\n        <!-- Presets -->\n        <div class=\"vc-presets\">\n            <div class=\"vc-presets-label\">Quick presets<\/div>\n            <button type=\"button\" class=\"vc-preset-btn\" data-p=\"1.6\" data-t=\"200\" data-d=\"1200\" data-m=\"sa516-70\" data-e=\"1.0\" data-c=\"3\">Steam Drum 1.6 MPa<\/button>\n            <button type=\"button\" class=\"vc-preset-btn\" data-p=\"4.0\" data-t=\"350\" data-d=\"800\" data-m=\"sa387-11\" data-e=\"1.0\" data-c=\"3\">Reactor 4.0 MPa<\/button>\n            <button type=\"button\" class=\"vc-preset-btn\" data-p=\"0.6\" data-t=\"50\" data-d=\"2000\" data-m=\"sa240-304\" data-e=\"0.85\" data-c=\"1\">Storage Tank 0.6 MPa<\/button>\n        <\/div>\n    <\/form>\n\n    <!-- Results -->\n    <div class=\"vc-results\" id=\"vc-results\">\n        <div class=\"vc-results-head\">\n            <h2 class=\"vc-results-title\">Results<\/h2>\n            <button type=\"button\" class=\"vc-copy-btn\" id=\"vc-copy-btn\">\n                <svg width=\"14\" height=\"14\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2\"><rect x=\"9\" y=\"9\" width=\"13\" height=\"13\" rx=\"2\"\/><path d=\"M5 15H4a2 2 0 01-2-2V4a2 2 0 012-2h9a2 2 0 012 2v1\"\/><\/svg>\n                Copy\n            <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n\n        <div class=\"vc-sub-title\" style=\"margin-top:0;border-top:none;\">Cylindrical Shell<\/div>\n        <div class=\"vc-result-grid\">\n            <div class=\"vc-rcard vc-rcard-primary\">\n                <div class=\"vc-rcard-label\">Required Wall Thickness (incl. CA)<\/div>\n                <div class=\"vc-rcard-value\" id=\"vc-r-cyl\">\u2014<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n            <div class=\"vc-rcard\">\n                <div class=\"vc-rcard-label\">Calculated Thickness (excl. CA)<\/div>\n                <div class=\"vc-rcard-value\" id=\"vc-r-cyl-net\">\u2014<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n            <div class=\"vc-rcard\">\n                <div class=\"vc-rcard-label\">Inner Radius<\/div>\n                <div class=\"vc-rcard-value\" id=\"vc-r-ri\">\u2014<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n        <\/div>\n\n        <div class=\"vc-sub-title\">Hemispherical Head<\/div>\n        <div class=\"vc-result-grid\">\n            <div class=\"vc-rcard vc-rcard-primary\">\n                <div class=\"vc-rcard-label\">Required Wall Thickness (incl. CA)<\/div>\n                <div class=\"vc-rcard-value\" id=\"vc-r-hemi\">\u2014<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n            <div class=\"vc-rcard\">\n                <div class=\"vc-rcard-label\">Calculated Thickness (excl. CA)<\/div>\n                <div class=\"vc-rcard-value\" id=\"vc-r-hemi-net\">\u2014<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n        <\/div>\n\n        <div class=\"vc-sub-title\">2:1 Ellipsoidal Head<\/div>\n        <div class=\"vc-result-grid\">\n            <div class=\"vc-rcard vc-rcard-primary\">\n                <div class=\"vc-rcard-label\">Required Wall Thickness (incl. CA)<\/div>\n                <div class=\"vc-rcard-value\" id=\"vc-r-ellip\">\u2014<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n            <div class=\"vc-rcard\">\n                <div class=\"vc-rcard-label\">Calculated Thickness (excl. CA)<\/div>\n                <div class=\"vc-rcard-value\" id=\"vc-r-ellip-net\">\u2014<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n        <\/div>\n\n        <div class=\"vc-sub-title\">Flat Head<\/div>\n        <div class=\"vc-result-grid\">\n            <div class=\"vc-rcard vc-rcard-primary\">\n                <div class=\"vc-rcard-label\">Required Wall Thickness (incl. CA)<\/div>\n                <div class=\"vc-rcard-value\" id=\"vc-r-flat\">\u2014<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n            <div class=\"vc-rcard\">\n                <div class=\"vc-rcard-label\">Calculated Thickness (excl. CA)<\/div>\n                <div class=\"vc-rcard-value\" id=\"vc-r-flat-net\">\u2014<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n        <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n<!-- Theory -->\n<div class=\"vc-section vc-open\" id=\"vc-sec-theory\">\n    <button type=\"button\" class=\"vc-section-toggle\" aria-expanded=\"true\">\n        <span class=\"vc-section-toggle-text\">\n            <span class=\"vc-section-icon\">\ud83d\udcd8<\/span>\n            <span class=\"vc-section-title\">Theory &amp; Formulas<\/span>\n        <\/span>\n        <svg class=\"vc-section-chevron\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2\"><path d=\"M6 9l6 6 6-6\"\/><\/svg>\n    <\/button>\n    <div class=\"vc-section-body\">\n        <div class=\"vc-section-inner vc-theory\">\n            <h3>Cylindrical Shell \u2014 Internal Pressure<\/h3>\n            <p><strong>ASME VIII Div.1 (UG-27):<\/strong><\/p>\n            <div class=\"vc-formula-box\" id=\"vc-katex-1\"><\/div>\n            <p><strong>EN 13445-3 (Clause 7):<\/strong><\/p>\n            <div class=\"vc-formula-box\" id=\"vc-katex-1b\"><\/div>\n            <ul>\n                <li><strong>P<\/strong> \u2014 design pressure (MPa)<\/li>\n                <li><strong>R<\/strong> \u2014 inner radius (mm)<\/li>\n                <li><strong>S (f)<\/strong> \u2014 allowable stress at design temperature (MPa)<\/li>\n                <li><strong>E (z)<\/strong> \u2014 weld joint efficiency<\/li>\n            <\/ul>\n\n            <h3>Hemispherical Head<\/h3>\n            <div class=\"vc-formula-box\" id=\"vc-katex-2\"><\/div>\n\n            <h3>2:1 Ellipsoidal Head<\/h3>\n            <div class=\"vc-formula-box\" id=\"vc-katex-3\"><\/div>\n\n            <h3>Flat Head<\/h3>\n            <div class=\"vc-formula-box\" id=\"vc-katex-4\"><\/div>\n\n            <h3>Practical Example<\/h3>\n            <div class=\"vc-example-box\">\n                <div class=\"vc-example-title\">Example \u2014 Steam Drum<\/div>\n                <p><strong>Given:<\/strong> P = 1.6 MPa, OD = 1200 mm, SA-516 Gr.70 (S = 138 MPa), E = 1.0, CA = 3 mm<\/p>\n                <p>R = (1200\/2) \u2212 t \u2248 600 mm (iterative, but for thin-wall: R \u2248 OD\/2)<\/p>\n                <p>t<sub>cyl<\/sub> = P\u00b7R \/ (S\u00b7E \u2212 0.6\u00b7P) = 1.6 \u00d7 600 \/ (138 \u00d7 1.0 \u2212 0.6 \u00d7 1.6) = <strong>7.01 mm<\/strong><\/p>\n                <p>t<sub>required<\/sub> = 7.01 + 3.0 = <strong>10.01 mm<\/strong> \u2192 use 12 mm plate minimum<\/p>\n            <\/div>\n\n            <div class=\"vc-warning-box\">\n                <p style=\"margin:0;font-size:14px;color:var(--vc-ink-secondary);\"><strong>\u26a0\ufe0f Note:<\/strong> This calculator provides minimum required thicknesses per code formulas. Actual vessel design must also consider external pressure, nozzle reinforcement, wind\/seismic loads, and must be verified by a qualified pressure vessel engineer.<\/p>\n            <\/div>\n        <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n<!-- Related -->\n<div class=\"vc-section\" id=\"vc-sec-related\">\n    <button type=\"button\" class=\"vc-section-toggle\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n        <span class=\"vc-section-toggle-text\">\n            <span class=\"vc-section-icon\">\ud83d\udd17<\/span>\n            <span class=\"vc-section-title\">Related Calculators<\/span>\n        <\/span>\n        <svg class=\"vc-section-chevron\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2\"><path d=\"M6 9l6 6 6-6\"\/><\/svg>\n    <\/button>\n    <div class=\"vc-section-body\">\n        <div class=\"vc-section-inner\">\n            <div class=\"vc-related\">\n                <a class=\"vc-related-link\" href=\"\/calculators\/flange-rating-lookup\/\">Flange Rating Lookup<\/a>\n                <a class=\"vc-related-link\" href=\"\/calculators\/pipe-flexibility-calculator\/\">Pipe Flexibility Calculator<\/a>\n                <a class=\"vc-related-link\" href=\"\/calculators\/valve-leak-rate-iso5208\/\">Valve Leak Rate (ISO 5208)<\/a>\n            <\/div>\n        <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n<!-- FAQ -->\n<div class=\"vc-section\" id=\"vc-sec-faq\">\n    <button type=\"button\" class=\"vc-section-toggle\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n        <span class=\"vc-section-toggle-text\">\n            <span class=\"vc-section-icon\">\u2753<\/span>\n            <span class=\"vc-section-title\">Frequently Asked Questions<\/span>\n        <\/span>\n        <svg class=\"vc-section-chevron\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2\"><path d=\"M6 9l6 6 6-6\"\/><\/svg>\n    <\/button>\n    <div class=\"vc-section-body\">\n        <div class=\"vc-section-inner\">\n            <div class=\"vc-faq-list\" id=\"vc-faq-list\"><\/div>\n        <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n<!-- Promo -->\n<div class=\"vc-promo\">\n    <div class=\"vc-promo-text\">\n        <strong>Vibromera \u2014 Portable Balancing &amp; Vibration Analysis<\/strong><br>\n        Professional field balancing instruments and software for rotating equipment. Used in 50+ countries.\n    <\/div>\n    <a class=\"vc-promo-link\" href=\"https:\/\/vibromera.eu\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Learn More<\/a>\n<\/div>\n\n<!-- Footer -->\n<footer class=\"vc-footer\">\n    <p>\u00a9 2024\u20132025 <a href=\"https:\/\/vibromera.eu\/\">Vibromera<\/a> \u2014 Engineering Calculators<\/p>\n    <p style=\"font-size:12px;margin-top:4px;\">Based on EN 13445-3 and ASME BPVC VIII Div.1. Last updated: June 2025<\/p>\n    <div class=\"vc-footer-links\">\n        <a href=\"\/calculators\/engineering-calculators\/\">All Calculators<\/a>\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/vibromera.eu\/contacts\/\">Contact<\/a>\n    <\/div>\n<\/footer>\n\n<\/div>\n\n<script src=\"https:\/\/cdn.jsdelivr.net\/npm\/katex@0.16.11\/dist\/katex.min.js\"><\/script>\n<script>\n(function(){\n    'use strict';\n    var SLUG = 'pressure-vessel-en13445';\n    var codeSystem = 'en';\n\n    var materialData = {\n        'sa516-70': { s: 138 },\n        'sa240-304': { s: 115 },\n        'sa240-316': { s: 115 },\n        'sa387-11': { s: 121 },\n        'sa387-22': { s: 121 },\n        'custom': { s: 138 }\n    };\n\n    function $(id){ return document.getElementById(id); }\n    function fmt(n,d){ if(isNaN(n)||!isFinite(n)) return '\u2014'; var f=n.toFixed(d===undefined?2:d); return f.replace(\/(\\.\\d*?)0+$\/,'$1').replace(\/\\.$\/,''); }\n\n    function calculate(){\n        var P = parseFloat($('vc-pressure').value);\n        var OD = parseFloat($('vc-od').value);\n        var matKey = $('vc-material').value;\n        var E = parseFloat($('vc-weld-eff').value);\n        var CA = parseFloat($('vc-ca').value) || 0;\n\n        \/\/ Show\/hide custom stress field\n        $('vc-custom-stress-field').style.display = matKey === 'custom' ? 'flex' : 'none';\n\n        var S = matKey === 'custom' ? parseFloat($('vc-custom-stress').value) : materialData[matKey].s;\n\n        if(!P||P<=0||!OD||OD<=0||!S||S<=0) { $('vc-results').classList.remove('vc-visible'); return; }\n\n        var R = OD \/ 2; \/\/ Use OD\/2 as outer radius, then derive inner radius iteratively\n\n        var tCyl, tHemi, tEllip, tFlat;\n\n        if(codeSystem === 'asme'){\n            \/\/ ASME VIII Div.1 formulas (use inner radius approach)\n            \/\/ Cylindrical shell: t = P*R \/ (S*E + 0.4*P) \u2014 for OD formula\n            \/\/ t = P*Do \/ (2*S*E + 0.8*P) \u2014 ASME UG-27 OD formula\n            tCyl = P * OD \/ (2 * S * E + 0.8 * P);\n            \/\/ Hemispherical: t = P*Do \/ (4*S*E + 0.4*P) \u2014 ASME UG-32(a) approx from OD\n            tHemi = P * OD \/ (4 * S * E + 0.4 * P);\n            \/\/ 2:1 Ellipsoidal: t = P*D \/ (2*S*E - 0.2*P) \u2014 ASME UG-32(d)\n            var Di = OD - 2 * tCyl; \/\/ approximate\n            tEllip = P * OD \/ (2 * S * E + 1.8 * P);  \/\/ OD-based simplification\n            \/\/ Flat head: t = d * sqrt(C*P \/ (S*E)), C=0.33 typical\n            var C_flat = 0.33;\n            var d_inner = OD - 2 * tCyl;\n            tFlat = d_inner * Math.sqrt(C_flat * P \/ (S * E));\n        } else {\n            \/\/ EN 13445-3 formulas\n            \/\/ Cylindrical shell: e = P * De \/ (2*f*z + P), De = OD\n            tCyl = P * OD \/ (2 * S * E + P);\n            \/\/ Hemispherical: e = P * De \/ (4*f*z + P)\n            tHemi = P * OD \/ (4 * S * E + P);\n            \/\/ 2:1 Ellipsoidal: e \u2248 P * De \/ (2*f*z - 0.5*P) (approx)\n            tEllip = P * OD \/ (2 * S * E - 0.5 * P);\n            \/\/ Flat head: e = C * Di * sqrt(P \/ (f*z)), C\u22480.35\n            var C_flat = 0.35;\n            var d_inner = OD - 2 * tCyl;\n            tFlat = C_flat * d_inner * Math.sqrt(P \/ (S * E));\n        }\n\n        var Ri = OD \/ 2 - tCyl;\n\n        \/\/ Display\n        function show(id, val){ $(id).innerHTML = fmt(val,2) + ' <span class=\"vc-rcard-unit\">mm<\/span>'; }\n        show('vc-r-cyl', tCyl + CA);\n        show('vc-r-cyl-net', tCyl);\n        show('vc-r-ri', Ri);\n        show('vc-r-hemi', tHemi + CA);\n        show('vc-r-hemi-net', tHemi);\n        show('vc-r-ellip', tEllip + CA);\n        show('vc-r-ellip-net', tEllip);\n        show('vc-r-flat', tFlat + CA);\n        show('vc-r-flat-net', tFlat);\n\n        $('vc-results').classList.add('vc-visible');\n\n        saveHistory({ P:P, OD:OD, S:S, E:E, CA:CA, code:codeSystem, tCyl:fmt(tCyl+CA,2), _summary: 'P='+P+'MPa, OD='+OD+'mm, t_cyl='+fmt(tCyl+CA,2)+'mm' });\n    }\n\n    \/* \u2500\u2500 CODE TOGGLE \u2500\u2500 *\/\n    var unitBtns = document.querySelectorAll('.vc-unit-btn');\n    unitBtns.forEach(function(btn){\n        btn.addEventListener('click', function(){\n            unitBtns.forEach(function(b){ b.classList.remove('vc-active'); });\n            this.classList.add('vc-active');\n            codeSystem = this.getAttribute('data-system');\n            calculate();\n        });\n    });\n\n    \/* \u2500\u2500 PRESETS \u2500\u2500 *\/\n    document.querySelectorAll('.vc-preset-btn').forEach(function(btn){\n        btn.addEventListener('click', function(e){\n            e.preventDefault();\n            $('vc-pressure').value = this.getAttribute('data-p');\n            $('vc-temp').value = this.getAttribute('data-t');\n            $('vc-od').value = this.getAttribute('data-d');\n            $('vc-material').value = this.getAttribute('data-m');\n            $('vc-weld-eff').value = this.getAttribute('data-e');\n            $('vc-ca').value = this.getAttribute('data-c');\n            calculate();\n        });\n    });\n\n    \/* \u2500\u2500 AUTO-CALC \u2500\u2500 *\/\n    $('vc-form').addEventListener('input', calculate);\n    $('vc-form').addEventListener('change', calculate);\n\n    \/* \u2500\u2500 COPY \u2500\u2500 *\/\n    $('vc-copy-btn').addEventListener('click', function(){\n        var cs = codeSystem === 'asme' ? 'ASME VIII Div.1' : 'EN 13445';\n        var text = 'Pressure Vessel Calculation (' + cs + ')\\n\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\\n' +\n            'Pressure: ' + $('vc-pressure').value + ' MPa\\nOD: ' + $('vc-od').value + ' mm\\n' +\n            'Material: ' + $('vc-material').options[$('vc-material').selectedIndex].text + '\\n' +\n            'Weld Eff: ' + $('vc-weld-eff').value + '\\nCA: ' + $('vc-ca').value + ' mm\\n' +\n            '\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\\n' +\n            'Cyl. Shell: ' + $('vc-r-cyl').textContent + '\\n' +\n            'Hemi Head: ' + $('vc-r-hemi').textContent + '\\n' +\n            'Ellip Head: ' + $('vc-r-ellip').textContent + '\\n' +\n            'Flat Head: ' + $('vc-r-flat').textContent + '\\n' +\n            '\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\\nvibromera.eu\/calculators\/pressure-vessel-en13445\/';\n        if(navigator.clipboard){\n            navigator.clipboard.writeText(text).then(function(){\n                var btn=$('vc-copy-btn'); btn.classList.add('vc-copied');\n                btn.innerHTML='<svg width=\"14\" height=\"14\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2\"><polyline points=\"20 6 9 17 4 12\"\/><\/svg> Copied!';\n                setTimeout(function(){ btn.classList.remove('vc-copied'); btn.innerHTML='<svg width=\"14\" height=\"14\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2\"><rect x=\"9\" y=\"9\" width=\"13\" height=\"13\" rx=\"2\"\/><path d=\"M5 15H4a2 2 0 01-2-2V4a2 2 0 012-2h9a2 2 0 012 2v1\"\/><\/svg> Copy'; },2000);\n            });\n        }\n    });\n\n    \/* \u2500\u2500 SECTIONS \u2500\u2500 *\/\n    document.querySelectorAll('.vc-section-toggle').forEach(function(btn){\n        btn.addEventListener('click', function(){\n            var s=this.closest('.vc-section'); s.classList.toggle('vc-open');\n            this.setAttribute('aria-expanded', s.classList.contains('vc-open'));\n        });\n    });\n\n    \/* \u2500\u2500 FAQ \u2500\u2500 *\/\n    var faqData = [\n        { q:'What is the difference between EN 13445 and ASME VIII?', a:'<p>EN 13445 is the European harmonized standard for unfired pressure vessels. ASME BPVC Section VIII is the American standard (Div.1 for design by rule, Div.2 for design by analysis). Both yield similar thicknesses but differ in safety factors, allowable stress definitions, and joint efficiency rules.<\/p>' },\n        { q:'What is weld joint efficiency?', a:'<p>Weld joint efficiency (E or z) reduces the allowable stress for welded joints based on the level of non-destructive examination (NDE):<\/p><ul><li><strong>E = 1.0<\/strong> \u2014 Full radiographic examination (RT) of all welds<\/li><li><strong>E = 0.85<\/strong> \u2014 Spot radiography<\/li><li><strong>E = 0.7<\/strong> \u2014 No radiographic examination<\/li><\/ul>' },\n        { q:'What is corrosion allowance?', a:'<p>Corrosion allowance (CA) is additional thickness added to account for material loss during service. Typical values: 1.5 mm for clean services, 3 mm for mildly corrosive, 6 mm for aggressive environments. It is added to the calculated minimum thickness.<\/p>' },\n        { q:'Which head type is most common?', a:'<p>2:1 ellipsoidal heads are the most common for process vessels as they provide a good balance between thickness (cost) and compactness. Hemispherical heads are thinnest but more expensive to form. Flat heads are simplest but require the greatest thickness.<\/p>' },\n        { q:'Can I use this for external pressure?', a:'<p>No. This calculator covers internal pressure only. External pressure (vacuum) design requires buckling analysis per ASME VIII UG-28\/UG-33 or EN 13445-3 Clause 8, which involves more complex calculations with charts and iteration.<\/p>' }\n    ];\n    var faqList = $('vc-faq-list');\n    faqData.forEach(function(faq){ faqList.innerHTML += '<div class=\"vc-faq-item\"><button type=\"button\" class=\"vc-faq-q\"><span>'+faq.q+'<\/span><svg class=\"vc-faq-chevron\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2\"><path d=\"M6 9l6 6 6-6\"\/><\/svg><\/button><div class=\"vc-faq-a\"><div class=\"vc-faq-a-inner\">'+faq.a+'<\/div><\/div><\/div>'; });\n    faqList.addEventListener('click', function(e){ var btn=e.target.closest('.vc-faq-q'); if(btn) btn.closest('.vc-faq-item').classList.toggle('vc-open'); });\n\n    \/* \u2500\u2500 HISTORY \u2500\u2500 *\/\n    function saveHistory(entry){\n        var key='vc_history_'+SLUG; var arr=[];\n        try{ arr=JSON.parse(localStorage.getItem(key))||[]; }catch(e){}\n        entry._ts=new Date().toISOString(); arr.unshift(entry);\n        if(arr.length>10) arr=arr.slice(0,10);\n        try{ localStorage.setItem(key,JSON.stringify(arr)); }catch(e){}\n    }\n\n    \/* \u2500\u2500 KATEX \u2500\u2500 *\/\n    function renderFormulas(){\n        try{\n            katex.render('t = \\\\frac{P \\\\cdot R}{S \\\\cdot E - 0.6P} \\\\quad \\\\text{(ASME UG-27, IR formula)}', $('vc-katex-1'), {displayMode:true,throwOnError:false});\n            katex.render('e = \\\\frac{P \\\\cdot D_e}{2fz + P} \\\\quad \\\\text{(EN 13445-3, Clause 7)}', $('vc-katex-1b'), {displayMode:true,throwOnError:false});\n            katex.render('t_{\\\\text{hemi}} = \\\\frac{P \\\\cdot R}{2SE - 0.2P} \\\\quad \\\\text{(hemispherical)}', $('vc-katex-2'), {displayMode:true,throwOnError:false});\n            katex.render('t_{\\\\text{ellip}} = \\\\frac{P \\\\cdot D}{2SE - 0.2P} \\\\quad \\\\text{(2:1 ellipsoidal)}', $('vc-katex-3'), {displayMode:true,throwOnError:false});\n            katex.render('t_{\\\\text{flat}} = d \\\\sqrt{\\\\frac{C \\\\cdot P}{S \\\\cdot E}} \\\\quad C \\\\approx 0.33', $('vc-katex-4'), {displayMode:true,throwOnError:false});\n        }catch(e){}\n    }\n\n    function init(){\n        renderFormulas();\n        calculate();\n    }\n    if(document.readyState==='loading') document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded',init); else init();\n})();\n<\/script>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Gratis online kalkulator for veggtykkelse for trykkbeholdere i henhold til EN 13445 og ASME VIII Div.1. Beregn n\u00f8dvendig tykkelse for sylindriske skall, halvkuleformede, ellipsoidale og flate hoder.<\/p>","protected":false},"featured_media":0,"template":"","meta":{"ai_generated_summary":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-100198","calculator","type-calculator","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/vibromera.eu\/nb\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/calculator\/100198","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/vibromera.eu\/nb\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/calculator"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/vibromera.eu\/nb\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/calculator"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/vibromera.eu\/nb\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/calculator\/100198\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":100915,"href":"https:\/\/vibromera.eu\/nb\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/calculator\/100198\/revisions\/100915"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/vibromera.eu\/nb\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=100198"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vibromera.eu\/nb\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=100198"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vibromera.eu\/nb\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=100198"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}