{"id":100243,"date":"2026-02-15T20:29:20","date_gmt":"2026-02-15T20:29:20","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/vibromera.eu\/?post_type=calculator&#038;p=100243"},"modified":"2026-03-05T15:41:51","modified_gmt":"2026-03-05T15:41:51","slug":"steel-grade-equivalent","status":"publish","type":"calculator","link":"https:\/\/vibromera.eu\/nb\/calculators\/steel-grade-equivalent\/","title":{"rendered":"Kalkulator for st\u00e5lkvalitetsekvivalent og karbonekvivalent"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\">\n{\"@context\":\"https:\/\/schema.org\",\"@type\":\"WebApplication\",\"name\":\"Steel Grade Equivalent & CE Calculator\",\"description\":\"Steel grade cross-reference with carbon equivalent calculation, weldability assessment, and preheat temperature recommendation.\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/vibromera.eu\/calculators\/steel-grade-equivalent\/\",\"applicationCategory\":\"Engineering Calculator\",\"operatingSystem\":\"Any\",\"offers\":{\"@type\":\"Offer\",\"price\":\"0\",\"priceCurrency\":\"EUR\"},\"creator\":{\"@type\":\"Organization\",\"name\":\"Vibromera\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/vibromera.eu\/\"},\"datePublished\":\"2024-01-01\",\"dateModified\":\"2026-02-15\",\"inLanguage\":\"en\",\"isAccessibleForFree\":true}\n<\/script>\n\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\">\n{\"@context\":\"https:\/\/schema.org\",\"@type\":\"FAQPage\",\"mainEntity\":[\n{\"@type\":\"Question\",\"name\":\"What is carbon equivalent (CE)?\",\"acceptedAnswer\":{\"@type\":\"Answer\",\"text\":\"Carbon equivalent is a single number that represents the combined effect of alloying elements on steel hardenability and weldability. The IIW formula: CE = C + Mn\/6 + (Cr+Mo+V)\/5 + (Ni+Cu)\/15. Higher CE means harder HAZ and greater cracking risk during welding.\"}},\n{\"@type\":\"Question\",\"name\":\"How does CE affect weldability?\",\"acceptedAnswer\":{\"@type\":\"Answer\",\"text\":\"CE < 0.35: Good weldability, no preheat needed. CE 0.35-0.45: Fair, preheat recommended for thick sections. CE 0.45-0.60: Poor, preheat always required. CE > 0.60: Very poor, special procedures needed.\"}},\n{\"@type\":\"Question\",\"name\":\"Are steel grade equivalents exact?\",\"acceptedAnswer\":{\"@type\":\"Answer\",\"text\":\"No, equivalents are approximate. While chemical compositions are similar between standards, exact ranges differ. Always verify specific composition requirements from the material test certificate for critical applications.\"}},\n{\"@type\":\"Question\",\"name\":\"How is preheat temperature determined per AWS D1.1?\",\"acceptedAnswer\":{\"@type\":\"Answer\",\"text\":\"AWS D1.1 Table 3.3 provides minimum preheat based on steel category, thickness, and hydrogen level. Simplified: CE < 0.35 \u2192 none; CE 0.35-0.45 \u2192 10-75\u00b0C thin, 75-150\u00b0C thick; CE 0.45-0.60 \u2192 150-250\u00b0C.\"}},\n{\"@type\":\"Question\",\"name\":\"What is the difference between CE(IIW) and Pcm?\",\"acceptedAnswer\":{\"@type\":\"Answer\",\"text\":\"CE(IIW) works best for medium\/high carbon steels (C > 0.18%). Pcm (Ito-Bessyo) is better for low-carbon microalloyed steels (C < 0.18%): Pcm = C + Si\/30 + (Mn+Cu+Cr)\/20 + Ni\/60 + Mo\/15 + V\/10 + 5B.\"}}\n]}\n<\/script>\n\n<link rel=\"preconnect\" href=\"https:\/\/fonts.googleapis.com\">\n\n<link rel=\"preconnect\" href=\"https:\/\/fonts.gstatic.com\" crossorigin>\n\n<link href=\"https:\/\/fonts.googleapis.com\/css2?family=DM+Sans:ital,opsz,wght@0,9..40,300;0,9..40,400;0,9..40,500;0,9..40,600;0,9..40,700;1,9..40,400&#038;family=JetBrains+Mono:wght@400;500;600&#038;family=Fraunces:opsz,wght@9..144,700;9..144,800&#038;display=swap\" rel=\"stylesheet\">\n\n<link rel=\"stylesheet\" href=\"https:\/\/cdn.jsdelivr.net\/npm\/katex@0.16.11\/dist\/katex.min.css\">\n\n<style>\n:root {\n    --vc-bg: #f4f1ec;\n    --vc-surface: #ffffff;\n    --vc-surface-alt: #f8f6f2;\n    --vc-ink: #1a1a1a;\n    --vc-ink-secondary: #5a5650;\n    --vc-ink-muted: #8a857e;\n    --vc-accent: #c85a2a;\n    --vc-accent-hover: #b04d22;\n    --vc-accent-light: #fdf0ea;\n    --vc-blue: #2a5c8c;\n    --vc-blue-light: #eaf1f8;\n    --vc-green: #2a7a4b;\n    --vc-green-light: #eaf8ef;\n    --vc-yellow: #a67c00;\n    --vc-yellow-light: #fef9e8;\n    --vc-red: #b91c1c;\n    --vc-red-light: #fef2f2;\n    --vc-border: #d9d4cc;\n    --vc-border-light: #e8e4dd;\n    --vc-shadow: 0 1px 3px rgba(26,26,26,0.06), 0 4px 12px rgba(26,26,26,0.04);\n    --vc-radius: 8px;\n    --vc-radius-lg: 12px;\n    --vc-font: 'DM Sans', -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, 'Segoe UI', sans-serif;\n    --vc-mono: 'JetBrains Mono', 'Consolas', 'Monaco', monospace;\n    --vc-display: 'Fraunces', Georgia, serif;\n}\n\n.vc-calculator { font-family: var(--vc-font); 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}\n    .vc-faq-a { max-height: none !important; }\n    .vc-results { max-height: none !important; padding: 24px !important; }\n    .vc-copy-btn, .vc-section-chevron, .vc-faq-chevron, .vc-presets, .vc-promo { display: none !important; }\n}\n<\/style>\n\n<div class=\"vc-calculator\" id=\"vc-steel-equiv\">\n\n<header class=\"vc-header\">\n    <p class=\"vc-header-eyebrow\">Free Engineering Tool<\/p>\n    <h1 class=\"vc-header-title\">Steel Grade Equivalent &amp; CE Calculator<\/h1>\n    <p class=\"vc-header-subtitle\">Cross-reference steel grades across EN, AISI, DIN, JIS standards. Calculate carbon equivalent (CE), weldability, and preheat temperature.<\/p>\n    <div class=\"vc-badges\">\n        <span class=\"vc-badge\">EN \/ W.Nr.<\/span>\n        <span class=\"vc-badge\">AISI \/ SAE<\/span>\n        <span class=\"vc-badge\">CE IIW<\/span>\n        <span class=\"vc-badge\">AWS D1.1<\/span>\n    <\/div>\n<\/header>\n\n<div class=\"vc-card\">\n    <div class=\"vc-tabs\">\n        <button type=\"button\" class=\"vc-tab-btn vc-active\" data-tab=\"grade\">Select Grade<\/button>\n        <button type=\"button\" class=\"vc-tab-btn\" data-tab=\"manual\">Enter Composition<\/button>\n    <\/div>\n\n    <!-- Tab 1: Grade Selection -->\n    <div class=\"vc-tab-panel vc-active\" id=\"vc-panel-grade\">\n        <form class=\"vc-form\" id=\"vc-form-grade\" autocomplete=\"off\">\n            <div class=\"vc-field\">\n                <label class=\"vc-label\" for=\"vc-grade\">Steel Grade <span class=\"vc-label-hint\">(select or search)<\/span><\/label>\n                <select class=\"vc-select\" id=\"vc-grade\"><\/select>\n            <\/div>\n            <div class=\"vc-presets\">\n                <div class=\"vc-presets-label\">Common grades<\/div>\n                <button type=\"button\" class=\"vc-preset-btn\" data-idx=\"6\">S355JR<\/button>\n                <button type=\"button\" class=\"vc-preset-btn\" data-idx=\"13\">42CrMo4<\/button>\n                <button type=\"button\" class=\"vc-preset-btn\" data-idx=\"18\">304 SS<\/button>\n                <button type=\"button\" class=\"vc-preset-btn\" data-idx=\"4\">C45E<\/button>\n            <\/div>\n        <\/form>\n    <\/div>\n\n    <!-- Tab 2: Manual Composition -->\n    <div class=\"vc-tab-panel\" id=\"vc-panel-manual\">\n        <form class=\"vc-form\" id=\"vc-form-manual\" autocomplete=\"off\">\n            <div class=\"vc-form-grid\">\n                <div class=\"vc-field\">\n                    <label class=\"vc-label\" for=\"vc-c\">Carbon C <span class=\"vc-label-hint\">(%)<\/span><\/label>\n 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class=\"vc-label-hint\">(%)<\/span><\/label>\n                    <input class=\"vc-input\" type=\"number\" id=\"vc-mo\" step=\"any\" min=\"0\" max=\"5\" value=\"0\" placeholder=\"e.g. 0\">\n                <\/div>\n                <div class=\"vc-field\">\n                    <label class=\"vc-label\" for=\"vc-v\">Vanadium V <span class=\"vc-label-hint\">(%)<\/span><\/label>\n                    <input class=\"vc-input\" type=\"number\" id=\"vc-v\" step=\"any\" min=\"0\" max=\"2\" value=\"0.05\" placeholder=\"e.g. 0.05\">\n                <\/div>\n                <div class=\"vc-field\">\n                    <label class=\"vc-label\" for=\"vc-ni\">Nickel Ni <span class=\"vc-label-hint\">(%)<\/span><\/label>\n                    <input class=\"vc-input\" type=\"number\" id=\"vc-ni\" step=\"any\" min=\"0\" max=\"30\" value=\"0\" placeholder=\"e.g. 0\">\n                <\/div>\n                <div class=\"vc-field\">\n                    <label class=\"vc-label\" for=\"vc-cu\">Copper Cu <span class=\"vc-label-hint\">(%)<\/span><\/label>\n                    <input class=\"vc-input\" type=\"number\" id=\"vc-cu\" step=\"any\" min=\"0\" max=\"5\" value=\"0\" placeholder=\"e.g. 0\">\n                <\/div>\n                <div class=\"vc-field\">\n                    <label class=\"vc-label\" for=\"vc-si\">Silicon Si <span class=\"vc-label-hint\">(%)<\/span><\/label>\n                    <input class=\"vc-input\" type=\"number\" id=\"vc-si\" step=\"any\" min=\"0\" max=\"3\" value=\"0.40\" placeholder=\"e.g. 0.40\">\n                <\/div>\n            <\/div>\n        <\/form>\n    <\/div>\n\n    <!-- Results -->\n    <div class=\"vc-results\" id=\"vc-results\">\n        <div class=\"vc-results-head\">\n            <h2 class=\"vc-results-title\">Results<\/h2>\n            <button type=\"button\" class=\"vc-copy-btn\" id=\"vc-copy-btn\">\n                <svg width=\"14\" height=\"14\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2\"><rect x=\"9\" y=\"9\" width=\"13\" height=\"13\" rx=\"2\"\/><path d=\"M5 15H4a2 2 0 01-2-2V4a2 2 0 012-2h9a2 2 0 012 2v1\"\/><\/svg>\n                Copy\n            <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n        <div class=\"vc-result-grid\">\n            <div class=\"vc-rcard vc-rcard-primary\">\n                <div class=\"vc-rcard-label\">Carbon Equivalent CE (IIW)<\/div>\n                <div class=\"vc-rcard-value\" id=\"vc-r-ce\">\u2014<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n            <div class=\"vc-rcard\">\n                <div class=\"vc-rcard-label\">Weldability Assessment<\/div>\n                <div class=\"vc-rcard-value\" id=\"vc-r-weld\">\u2014<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n            <div class=\"vc-rcard\">\n                <div class=\"vc-rcard-label\">Preheat Recommendation<\/div>\n                <div class=\"vc-rcard-value\" id=\"vc-r-preheat\">\u2014<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n            <div class=\"vc-rcard\">\n                <div class=\"vc-rcard-label\">Pcm (Ito-Bessyo)<\/div>\n                <div class=\"vc-rcard-value\" id=\"vc-r-pcm\">\u2014<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n            <div class=\"vc-rcard\">\n                <div class=\"vc-rcard-label\">Grade Equivalents<\/div>\n                <div class=\"vc-rcard-value\" id=\"vc-r-equiv\" style=\"font-size:16px\">\u2014<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n            <div class=\"vc-rcard\">\n                <div class=\"vc-rcard-label\">Typical Yield \/ UTS<\/div>\n                <div class=\"vc-rcard-value\" id=\"vc-r-strength\" style=\"font-size:16px\">\u2014<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n        <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n<!-- Cross-reference table -->\n<div class=\"vc-section\" id=\"vc-sec-table\">\n    <button type=\"button\" class=\"vc-section-toggle\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n        <span class=\"vc-section-toggle-text\">\n            <span class=\"vc-section-icon\">\ud83d\udccb<\/span>\n            <span class=\"vc-section-title\">Full Cross-Reference Table<\/span>\n        <\/span>\n        <svg class=\"vc-section-chevron\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2\"><path d=\"M6 9l6 6 6-6\"\/><\/svg>\n    <\/button>\n    <div class=\"vc-section-body\">\n        <div class=\"vc-section-inner\">\n            <input class=\"vc-input\" type=\"text\" id=\"vc-search\" placeholder=\"Search any grade: 304, S355, 42CrMo4, 1.4301, SUS304\u2026\" style=\"margin-top:16px\">\n            <div class=\"vc-count\" id=\"vc-count\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"vc-table-wrap\">\n                <table class=\"vc-table\"><thead><tr><th>EN<\/th><th>W.Nr.<\/th><th>AISI<\/th><th>DIN<\/th><th>JIS<\/th><th>Type<\/th><th>CE<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody id=\"vc-tbody\"><\/tbody><\/table>\n            <\/div>\n        <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n<!-- Theory -->\n<div class=\"vc-section vc-open\" id=\"vc-sec-theory\">\n    <button type=\"button\" class=\"vc-section-toggle\" aria-expanded=\"true\">\n        <span class=\"vc-section-toggle-text\">\n            <span class=\"vc-section-icon\">\ud83d\udcd8<\/span>\n            <span class=\"vc-section-title\">Theory &amp; Formulas<\/span>\n        <\/span>\n        <svg class=\"vc-section-chevron\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2\"><path d=\"M6 9l6 6 6-6\"\/><\/svg>\n    <\/button>\n    <div class=\"vc-section-body\">\n        <div class=\"vc-section-inner vc-theory\">\n            <h3>Carbon Equivalent \u2014 IIW Formula<\/h3>\n            <div class=\"vc-formula-box\" id=\"vc-katex-1\"><\/div>\n            <h3>Carbon Equivalent \u2014 Pcm (Ito-Bessyo)<\/h3>\n            <p>Better for low-carbon microalloyed steels (C &lt; 0.18%):<\/p>\n            <div class=\"vc-formula-box\" id=\"vc-katex-2\"><\/div>\n            <h3>Weldability Classification<\/h3>\n            <table class=\"vc-table\">\n                <thead><tr><th>CE Range<\/th><th>Weldability<\/th><th>Preheat<\/th><\/tr><\/thead>\n                <tbody>\n                    <tr><td>&lt; 0.35<\/td><td>Good<\/td><td>None \/ optional<\/td><\/tr>\n                    <tr><td>0.35 \u2013 0.40<\/td><td>Good\u2013Fair<\/td><td>50\u2013100 \u00b0C for t &gt; 25 mm<\/td><\/tr>\n                    <tr><td>0.40 \u2013 0.45<\/td><td>Fair<\/td><td>100\u2013150 \u00b0C<\/td><\/tr>\n                    <tr><td>0.45 \u2013 0.50<\/td><td>Fair\u2013Poor<\/td><td>150\u2013200 \u00b0C<\/td><\/tr>\n                    <tr><td>0.50 \u2013 0.60<\/td><td>Poor<\/td><td>200\u2013250 \u00b0C<\/td><\/tr>\n                    <tr><td>&gt; 0.60<\/td><td>Very Poor<\/td><td>250\u2013300 \u00b0C, special procedures<\/td><\/tr>\n                <\/tbody>\n            <\/table>\n            <h3>Practical Example<\/h3>\n            <div class=\"vc-example-box\">\n                <div class=\"vc-example-title\">Example \u2014 S355J2 (1.0577)<\/div>\n                <p><strong>Typical composition:<\/strong> C=0.18, Mn=1.50, Cr=0, Mo=0, V=0.05, Ni=0, Cu=0<\/p>\n                <p>CE = 0.18 + 1.50\/6 + (0+0+0.05)\/5 + (0+0)\/15 = 0.18 + 0.25 + 0.01 = <strong>0.44<\/strong><\/p>\n                <p>Weldability: <strong>Fair<\/strong> \u2192 Preheat 100\u2013150 \u00b0C recommended for t &gt; 20 mm<\/p>\n            <\/div>\n        <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n<!-- Related -->\n<div class=\"vc-section\" id=\"vc-sec-related\">\n    <button type=\"button\" class=\"vc-section-toggle\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n        <span class=\"vc-section-toggle-text\"><span class=\"vc-section-icon\">\ud83d\udd17<\/span><span class=\"vc-section-title\">Related Calculators<\/span><\/span>\n        <svg class=\"vc-section-chevron\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2\"><path d=\"M6 9l6 6 6-6\"\/><\/svg>\n    <\/button>\n    <div class=\"vc-section-body\">\n        <div class=\"vc-section-inner\">\n            <div class=\"vc-related\">\n                <a class=\"vc-related-link\" href=\"\/calculators\/steel-properties-lookup\/\">Steel Properties<\/a>\n                <a class=\"vc-related-link\" href=\"\/calculators\/welding-process-iso4063\/\">Welding Heat Input<\/a>\n                <a class=\"vc-related-link\" href=\"\/calculators\/allowable-stress-by-material\/\">Allowable Stress<\/a>\n            <\/div>\n        <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n<!-- FAQ -->\n<div class=\"vc-section\" id=\"vc-sec-faq\">\n    <button type=\"button\" class=\"vc-section-toggle\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n        <span class=\"vc-section-toggle-text\"><span class=\"vc-section-icon\">\u2753<\/span><span class=\"vc-section-title\">Frequently Asked Questions<\/span><\/span>\n        <svg class=\"vc-section-chevron\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2\"><path d=\"M6 9l6 6 6-6\"\/><\/svg>\n    <\/button>\n    <div class=\"vc-section-body\">\n        <div class=\"vc-section-inner\">\n            <div class=\"vc-faq-list\" 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d).replace(\/(\\.\\d*?)0+$\/, '$1').replace(\/\\.$\/, ''); }\n\n    \/* DB: [EN, W.Nr., AISI, DIN, JIS, Type, C, Mn, Cr, Mo, V, Ni, Cu, Si, Rp(MPa), Rm(MPa)] *\/\n    var DB = [\n        ['C10E','1.1121','1010','Ck10','S10C','Carbon',0.10,0.45,0,0,0,0,0,0.25,305,380],\n        ['C15E','1.1141','1015','Ck15','S15C','Carbon',0.15,0.50,0,0,0,0,0,0.25,340,420],\n        ['C22E','1.1151','1022','Ck22','S22C','Carbon',0.22,0.55,0,0,0,0,0,0.25,360,500],\n        ['C35E','1.1181','1035','Ck35','S35C','Carbon',0.35,0.65,0,0,0,0,0,0.25,370,620],\n        ['C45E','1.1191','1045','Ck45','S45C','Carbon',0.45,0.70,0,0,0,0,0,0.25,430,700],\n        ['C60E','1.1221','1060','Ck60','S58C','Carbon',0.60,0.75,0,0,0,0,0,0.25,480,780],\n        ['S235JR','1.0038','A36','St37-2','SS400','Structural',0.17,1.40,0,0,0,0,0.55,0,235,360],\n        ['S275JR','1.0044','\u2014','St44-2','\u2014','Structural',0.18,1.50,0,0,0,0,0.55,0,275,430],\n        ['S355JR','1.0045','A572-50','St52-3','SM490','Structural',0.18,1.50,0,0,0.05,0,0,0.40,355,510],\n        ['S355J2','1.0577','\u2014','St52-3N','SM490','Structural',0.18,1.50,0,0,0.05,0,0,0.40,355,510],\n        ['16MnCr5','1.7131','5115','16MnCr5','SCr415','Case hard.',0.16,1.15,0.95,0,0,0,0,0.25,440,640],\n        ['20MnCr5','1.7147','5120','20MnCr5','SCr420','Case hard.',0.20,1.25,1.10,0,0,0,0,0.25,490,690],\n        ['18CrNiMo7-6','1.6587','4820','18CrNiMo7-6','SNCM420','Case hard.',0.18,0.55,1.65,0.30,0,1.55,0,0.25,685,980],\n        ['42CrMo4','1.7225','4140','42CrMo4','SCM440','Alloy',0.42,0.75,1.05,0.22,0,0,0,0.25,650,900],\n        ['25CrMo4','1.7218','4130','25CrMo4','SCM430','Alloy',0.25,0.70,1.05,0.22,0,0,0,0.25,560,700],\n        ['34CrMo4','1.7220','4135','34CrMo4','SCM435','Alloy',0.34,0.70,1.05,0.22,0,0,0,0.25,600,800],\n        ['34CrNiMo6','1.6582','4340','34CrNiMo6','SNCM439','Alloy',0.34,0.65,1.50,0.22,0,1.50,0,0.25,800,1000],\n        ['51CrV4','1.8159','6150','50CrV4','SUP10','Spring',0.51,0.90,1.05,0,0.15,0,0,0.30,550,850],\n        ['X5CrNi18-10','1.4301','304','X5CrNi18-10','SUS304','Stainless',0.05,1.50,18.0,0,0,8.0,0,0.50,210,520],\n        ['X2CrNi18-9','1.4307','304L','X2CrNi19-11','SUS304L','Stainless',0.02,1.50,18.0,0,0,9.0,0,0.50,200,500],\n        ['X5CrNiMo17-12-2','1.4401','316','X5CrNiMo17-12-2','SUS316','Stainless',0.05,1.50,17.0,2.10,0,11.0,0,0.50,220,530],\n        ['X2CrNiMo17-12-2','1.4404','316L','X2CrNiMo17-13-2','SUS316L','Stainless',0.02,1.50,17.0,2.10,0,11.5,0,0.50,200,500],\n        ['X6CrNiTi18-10','1.4541','321','X6CrNiTi18-10','SUS321','Stainless',0.06,1.50,17.5,0,0,9.5,0,0.50,200,520],\n        ['X6Cr17','1.4016','430','X6Cr17','SUS430','Stainless',0.06,0.50,17.0,0,0,0,0,0.50,250,450],\n        ['100Cr6','1.3505','52100','100Cr6','SUJ2','Bearing',1.00,0.35,1.50,0,0,0,0,0.25,450,700],\n        ['X40CrMoV5-1','1.2344','H13','X40CrMoV5-1','SKD61','Tool',0.40,0.40,5.30,1.40,1.00,0,0,1.00,1200,1500]\n    ];\n\n    \/* Build grade selector *\/\n    var sel = $('vc-grade');\n    DB.forEach(function(r, i) {\n        var o = document.createElement('option');\n        o.value = i;\n        o.textContent = r[0] + ' \/ ' + r[2] + ' (' + r[5] + ')';\n        sel.appendChild(o);\n    });\n\n    var activeTab = 'grade';\n\n    \/* Tab switching *\/\n    document.querySelectorAll('.vc-tab-btn').forEach(function(btn) {\n        btn.addEventListener('click', function() {\n            document.querySelectorAll('.vc-tab-btn').forEach(function(b) { b.classList.remove('vc-active'); });\n            document.querySelectorAll('.vc-tab-panel').forEach(function(p) { p.classList.remove('vc-active'); });\n            this.classList.add('vc-active');\n            activeTab = this.getAttribute('data-tab');\n            $('vc-panel-' + activeTab).classList.add('vc-active');\n            calculate();\n        });\n    });\n\n    function calcCE(C, Mn, Cr, Mo, V, Ni, Cu) {\n        return C + Mn \/ 6 + (Cr + Mo + V) \/ 5 + (Ni + Cu) \/ 15;\n    }\n\n    function calcPcm(C, Si, Mn, Cu, Cr, Ni, Mo, V) {\n        return C + Si \/ 30 + (Mn + Cu + Cr) \/ 20 + Ni \/ 60 + Mo \/ 15 + V \/ 10;\n    }\n\n    function getWeldability(ce) {\n        if (ce < 0.35) return { text: 'Good', color: 'var(--vc-green)', preheat: 'None required' };\n        if (ce < 0.40) return { text: 'Good\u2013Fair', color: 'var(--vc-green)', preheat: '50\u2013100 \u00b0C (thick sections)' };\n        if (ce < 0.45) return { text: 'Fair', color: 'var(--vc-yellow)', preheat: '100\u2013150 \u00b0C' };\n        if (ce < 0.50) return { text: 'Fair\u2013Poor', color: 'var(--vc-yellow)', preheat: '150\u2013200 \u00b0C' };\n        if (ce < 0.60) return { text: 'Poor', color: 'var(--vc-red)', preheat: '200\u2013250 \u00b0C' };\n        return { text: 'Very Poor', color: 'var(--vc-red)', preheat: '250\u2013300 \u00b0C' };\n    }\n\n    function calculate() {\n        var C, Mn, Cr, Mo, V, Ni, Cu, Si, equiv, rp, rm;\n\n        if (activeTab === 'grade') {\n            var idx = parseInt(sel.value);\n            var r = DB[idx];\n            if (!r) return;\n            C = r[6]; Mn = r[7]; Cr = r[8]; Mo = r[9]; V = r[10]; Ni = r[11]; Cu = r[12]; Si = r[13]; rp = r[14]; rm = r[15];\n            equiv = r[0] + ' | ' + r[1] + ' | ' + r[2] + ' | ' + r[3] + ' | ' + r[4];\n        } else {\n            C = parseFloat($('vc-c').value) || 0;\n            Mn = parseFloat($('vc-mn').value) || 0;\n            Cr = parseFloat($('vc-cr').value) || 0;\n            Mo = parseFloat($('vc-mo').value) || 0;\n            V = parseFloat($('vc-v').value) || 0;\n            Ni = parseFloat($('vc-ni').value) || 0;\n            Cu = parseFloat($('vc-cu').value) || 0;\n            Si = parseFloat($('vc-si').value) || 0;\n            equiv = 'Manual entry';\n            rp = 0; rm = 0;\n        }\n\n        var ce = calcCE(C, Mn, Cr, Mo, V, Ni, Cu);\n        var pcm = calcPcm(C, Si, Mn, Cu, Cr, Ni, Mo, V);\n        var w = getWeldability(ce);\n\n        $('vc-r-ce').innerHTML = fmt(ce, 3);\n        $('vc-r-weld').innerHTML = '<span style=\"color:' + w.color + '\">' + w.text + '<\/span>';\n        $('vc-r-preheat').innerHTML = '<span style=\"font-size:16px\">' + w.preheat + '<\/span>';\n        $('vc-r-pcm').innerHTML = fmt(pcm, 3);\n        $('vc-r-equiv').innerHTML = equiv;\n        $('vc-r-strength').innerHTML = (rp && rm) ? (rp + ' \/ ' + rm + ' <span class=\"vc-rcard-unit\">MPa<\/span>') : '\u2014';\n\n        $('vc-results').classList.add('vc-visible');\n\n        \/* URL params *\/\n        var u = new URL(window.location);\n        if (activeTab === 'grade') {\n            u.searchParams.set('grade', sel.value);\n        } else {\n            u.searchParams.set('C', C); u.searchParams.set('Mn', Mn);\n            u.searchParams.set('Cr', Cr); u.searchParams.set('Mo', Mo);\n        }\n        history.replaceState(null, '', u.toString());\n\n        saveHistory({ ce: fmt(ce, 3), weld: w.text, _summary: (activeTab === 'grade' ? DB[parseInt(sel.value)][0] : 'Manual') + ' CE=' + fmt(ce, 3) });\n    }\n\n    \/* Cross-reference search table *\/\n    function renderTable(q) {\n        var ql = q.toLowerCase().replace(\/[\\s\\-]\/g, '');\n        var html = '', count = 0;\n        DB.forEach(function(r) {\n            var row = r.slice(0, 6).join(' ').toLowerCase().replace(\/[\\s\\-]\/g, '');\n            var match = !ql || row.indexOf(ql) !== -1;\n            if (match) {\n                var ce = calcCE(r[6], r[7], r[8], r[9], r[10], r[11], r[12]);\n                html += '<tr' + (ql ? ' class=\"vc-highlight\"' : '') + '><td><strong>' + r[0] + '<\/strong><\/td><td>' + r[1] + '<\/td><td>' + r[2] + '<\/td><td>' + r[3] + '<\/td><td>' + r[4] + '<\/td><td>' + r[5] + '<\/td><td>' + fmt(ce, 3) + '<\/td><\/tr>';\n                count++;\n            }\n        });\n        $('vc-tbody').innerHTML = html;\n        $('vc-count').textContent = 'Showing ' + count + ' of ' + DB.length + ' grades';\n    }\n\n    $('vc-search').addEventListener('input', function() { renderTable(this.value); });\n    renderTable('');\n\n    \/* Events *\/\n    $('vc-form-grade').addEventListener('change', calculate);\n    $('vc-form-manual').addEventListener('input', calculate);\n\n    document.querySelectorAll('.vc-preset-btn').forEach(function(btn) {\n        btn.addEventListener('click', function(e) {\n            e.preventDefault();\n            var idx = this.getAttribute('data-idx');\n            if (idx !== null) { sel.value = idx; calculate(); }\n        });\n    });\n\n    \/* Copy *\/\n    $('vc-copy-btn').addEventListener('click', function() {\n        var text = 'Steel Grade CE Calculation\\n\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\\nCE (IIW): ' + $('vc-r-ce').textContent + '\\nPcm: ' + $('vc-r-pcm').textContent + '\\nWeldability: ' + $('vc-r-weld').textContent + '\\nPreheat: ' + $('vc-r-preheat').textContent + '\\nEquivalents: ' + $('vc-r-equiv').textContent + '\\n\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\\nvibromera.eu';\n        if (navigator.clipboard) {\n            navigator.clipboard.writeText(text).then(function() {\n                var btn = $('vc-copy-btn');\n                btn.classList.add('vc-copied');\n                btn.innerHTML = '<svg width=\"14\" height=\"14\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2\"><polyline points=\"20 6 9 17 4 12\"\/><\/svg> Copied!';\n                setTimeout(function() { btn.classList.remove('vc-copied'); btn.innerHTML = '<svg width=\"14\" height=\"14\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2\"><rect x=\"9\" y=\"9\" width=\"13\" height=\"13\" rx=\"2\"\/><path d=\"M5 15H4a2 2 0 01-2-2V4a2 2 0 012-2h9a2 2 0 012 2v1\"\/><\/svg> Copy'; }, 2000);\n            });\n        }\n    });\n\n    \/* Sections & FAQ *\/\n    document.querySelectorAll('.vc-section-toggle').forEach(function(btn) {\n        btn.addEventListener('click', function() { var s = this.closest('.vc-section'); s.classList.toggle('vc-open'); this.setAttribute('aria-expanded', s.classList.contains('vc-open')); });\n    });\n\n    var faqData = [\n        { q: 'What is carbon equivalent (CE)?', a: '<p>CE is a single number combining the effects of C, Mn, Cr, Mo, V, Ni, and Cu on hardenability and weldability. Higher CE = harder HAZ = higher cracking risk. The IIW formula is most widely used for medium\/high carbon steels.<\/p>' },\n        { q: 'How does CE affect weldability?', a: '<p>CE &lt; 0.35: Good weldability, no preheat. CE 0.35\u20130.45: Fair, preheat for thick sections. CE 0.45\u20130.60: Poor, always preheat. CE &gt; 0.60: Very poor, special welding procedures and PWHT needed.<\/p>' },\n        { q: 'Are grade equivalents exact?', a: '<p>No. Equivalents are approximate \u2014 composition ranges overlap but are not identical. Always verify from the material test certificate (EN 10204 3.1) for critical applications.<\/p>' },\n        { q: 'When to use CE(IIW) vs Pcm?', a: '<p>CE(IIW) for C &gt; 0.18% (medium\/high carbon). Pcm for C &lt; 0.18% (HSLA, microalloyed). Modern pipeline steels typically use Pcm. Structural steels often use CE(IIW).<\/p>' },\n        { q: 'How is preheat temperature determined?', a: '<p>Per AWS D1.1 Table 3.3, preheat depends on CE, plate thickness, hydrogen level, and restraint. This calculator provides simplified recommendations. For critical welds, perform full analysis per EN 1011-2 Annex C.<\/p>' }\n    ];\n    var fl = $('vc-faq-list');\n    faqData.forEach(function(f) { fl.innerHTML += '<div class=\"vc-faq-item\"><button type=\"button\" class=\"vc-faq-q\"><span>' + f.q + '<\/span><svg class=\"vc-faq-chevron\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2\"><path d=\"M6 9l6 6 6-6\"\/><\/svg><\/button><div class=\"vc-faq-a\"><div class=\"vc-faq-a-inner\">' + f.a + '<\/div><\/div><\/div>'; });\n    fl.addEventListener('click', function(e) { var b = e.target.closest('.vc-faq-q'); if (b) b.closest('.vc-faq-item').classList.toggle('vc-open'); });\n\n    \/* History *\/\n    function saveHistory(entry) {\n        var key = 'vc_history_' + SLUG; var arr = [];\n        try { arr = JSON.parse(localStorage.getItem(key)) || []; } catch(e) {}\n        entry._ts = new Date().toISOString(); arr.unshift(entry);\n        if (arr.length > 10) arr = arr.slice(0, 10);\n        try { localStorage.setItem(key, JSON.stringify(arr)); } catch(e) {}\n    }\n\n    \/* KaTeX *\/\n    function renderFormulas() {\n        try {\n            katex.render('CE_{\\\\text{IIW}} = C + \\\\frac{Mn}{6} + \\\\frac{Cr + Mo + V}{5} + \\\\frac{Ni + Cu}{15}', $('vc-katex-1'), { displayMode: true, throwOnError: false });\n            katex.render('Pcm = C + \\\\frac{Si}{30} + \\\\frac{Mn + Cu + Cr}{20} + \\\\frac{Ni}{60} + \\\\frac{Mo}{15} + \\\\frac{V}{10} + 5B', $('vc-katex-2'), { displayMode: true, throwOnError: false });\n        } catch(e) {}\n    }\n\n    function init() {\n        var p = new URLSearchParams(window.location.search);\n        if (p.get('grade')) sel.value = p.get('grade');\n        renderFormulas();\n        calculate();\n    }\n\n    if (document.readyState === 'loading') { document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', init); } else { init(); }\n})();\n<\/script>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Gratis kryssreferanse for st\u00e5lkvalitet med karbonekvivalentkalkulator. Konverter mellom EN, AISI, DIN, JIS. Beregn CE, sveisebarhet og forvarmingstemperatur i henhold til AWS D1.1.<\/p>","protected":false},"featured_media":0,"template":"","meta":{"ai_generated_summary":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-100243","calculator","type-calculator","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/vibromera.eu\/nb\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/calculator\/100243","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/vibromera.eu\/nb\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/calculator"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/vibromera.eu\/nb\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/calculator"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/vibromera.eu\/nb\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/calculator\/100243\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":100769,"href":"https:\/\/vibromera.eu\/nb\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/calculator\/100243\/revisions\/100769"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/vibromera.eu\/nb\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=100243"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vibromera.eu\/nb\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=100243"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vibromera.eu\/nb\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=100243"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}