{"id":100255,"date":"2026-02-15T20:29:55","date_gmt":"2026-02-15T20:29:55","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/vibromera.eu\/?post_type=calculator&#038;p=100255"},"modified":"2026-03-05T15:39:49","modified_gmt":"2026-03-05T15:39:49","slug":"thermal-expansion-calculator","status":"publish","type":"calculator","link":"https:\/\/vibromera.eu\/nb\/calculators\/thermal-expansion-calculator\/","title":{"rendered":"Termisk ekspansjonskalkulator \u2013 line\u00e6r, volumetrisk og spenning"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\">{\"@context\":\"https:\/\/schema.org\",\"@type\":\"WebApplication\",\"name\":\"Thermal Expansion Calculator\",\"description\":\"Calculate linear and volumetric thermal expansion with 20+ materials. Pipe expansion, expansion loop sizing, thermal stress when constrained.\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/vibromera.eu\/calculators\/thermal-expansion-calculator\/\",\"applicationCategory\":\"Engineering Calculator\",\"operatingSystem\":\"Any\",\"offers\":{\"@type\":\"Offer\",\"price\":\"0\",\"priceCurrency\":\"EUR\"},\"creator\":{\"@type\":\"Organization\",\"name\":\"Vibromera\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/vibromera.eu\/\"},\"datePublished\":\"2024-01-01\",\"dateModified\":\"2025-06-01\",\"inLanguage\":\"en\",\"isAccessibleForFree\":true}<\/script>\n\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\">{\"@context\":\"https:\/\/schema.org\",\"@type\":\"FAQPage\",\"mainEntity\":[\n{\"@type\":\"Question\",\"name\":\"What is the coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE)?\",\"acceptedAnswer\":{\"@type\":\"Answer\",\"text\":\"CTE (\u03b1) is the fractional change in length per degree of temperature change. Units: \u00b5m\/(m\u00b7\u00b0C) or 10\u207b\u2076\/\u00b0C. Example: steel \u03b1 \u2248 12 \u00b5m\/(m\u00b7\u00b0C) means a 1m bar grows 12 \u00b5m per 1\u00b0C rise.\"}},\n{\"@type\":\"Question\",\"name\":\"How do I calculate thermal stress in a constrained member?\",\"acceptedAnswer\":{\"@type\":\"Answer\",\"text\":\"When expansion is fully restrained: \u03c3 = E \u00d7 \u03b1 \u00d7 \u0394T. For steel at \u0394T = 100\u00b0C: \u03c3 = 200,000 \u00d7 12e-6 \u00d7 100 = 240 MPa \u2014 nearly yield stress!\"}},\n{\"@type\":\"Question\",\"name\":\"What is volumetric expansion?\",\"acceptedAnswer\":{\"@type\":\"Answer\",\"text\":\"For isotropic materials, volumetric CTE \u2248 3 \u00d7 linear CTE. Volume change: \u0394V = V\u2080 \u00d7 3\u03b1 \u00d7 \u0394T. Important for tanks, pipes, and enclosed fluid systems.\"}},\n{\"@type\":\"Question\",\"name\":\"How do I size an expansion loop for piping?\",\"acceptedAnswer\":{\"@type\":\"Answer\",\"text\":\"Loop length L = \u221a(3 \u00d7 D \u00d7 \u0394 \/ S\u2090 \u00d7 E), where D = pipe OD, \u0394 = expansion, S\u2090 = allowable stress. Rule of thumb: L \u2248 6.2 \u00d7 \u221a(D \u00d7 \u0394) for steel pipe.\"}},\n{\"@type\":\"Question\",\"name\":\"Does CTE vary with temperature?\",\"acceptedAnswer\":{\"@type\":\"Answer\",\"text\":\"Yes. CTE generally increases slightly with temperature. Values given are mean values over a range (typically 20\u2013100\u00b0C). For cryogenic or high-temp work, use specific data for the actual temperature range.\"}}\n]}<\/script>\n\n<link rel=\"preconnect\" href=\"https:\/\/fonts.googleapis.com\">\n\n<link rel=\"preconnect\" href=\"https:\/\/fonts.gstatic.com\" crossorigin>\n\n<link href=\"https:\/\/fonts.googleapis.com\/css2?family=DM+Sans:ital,opsz,wght@0,9..40,300;0,9..40,400;0,9..40,500;0,9..40,600;0,9..40,700;1,9..40,400&#038;family=JetBrains+Mono:wght@400;500;600&#038;family=Fraunces:opsz,wght@9..144,700;9..144,800&#038;display=swap\" rel=\"stylesheet\">\n\n<link rel=\"stylesheet\" 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print{.vc-section-body{max-height:none!important}.vc-faq-a{max-height:none!important}.vc-results{max-height:none!important;padding:24px!important}.vc-copy-btn,.vc-section-chevron,.vc-faq-chevron,.vc-presets,.vc-promo{display:none!important}}\n<\/style>\n\n<div class=\"vc-calculator\" id=\"vc-therm-exp\">\n<header class=\"vc-header\"><p class=\"vc-header-eyebrow\">Free Engineering Tool<\/p><h1 class=\"vc-header-title\">Thermal Expansion Calculator<\/h1><p class=\"vc-header-subtitle\">Calculate linear and volumetric thermal expansion for 20+ materials. Pipe expansion between anchors, expansion loop sizing, and thermal stress when constrained (\u03c3 = E\u00b7\u03b1\u00b7\u0394T).<\/p><div class=\"vc-badges\"><span class=\"vc-badge\">Linear &amp; Volumetric<\/span><span class=\"vc-badge\">20+ Materials<\/span><span class=\"vc-badge\">Thermal Stress<\/span><span class=\"vc-badge\">Pipe Expansion<\/span><\/div><\/header>\n\n<div class=\"vc-card\">\n    <form class=\"vc-form\" id=\"vc-form\" autocomplete=\"off\">\n        <div class=\"vc-unit-bar\" id=\"vc-unit-bar\"><button type=\"button\" class=\"vc-unit-btn vc-active\" data-u=\"metric\">Metric (mm, \u00b0C)<\/button><button type=\"button\" class=\"vc-unit-btn\" data-u=\"imperial\">Imperial (in, \u00b0F)<\/button><\/div>\n        <div class=\"vc-form-grid\">\n            <div class=\"vc-field\"><label class=\"vc-label\" for=\"vc-mat\">Material<\/label><select class=\"vc-select\" id=\"vc-mat\">\n                <optgroup label=\"Carbon &#038; Alloy Steels\">\n                    <option value=\"cs\" selected>Carbon steel (SA-516 \/ P265GH)<\/option>\n                    <option value=\"las\">Low-alloy steel (SA-387 \/ 16Mo3)<\/option>\n                    <option value=\"crmo\">Cr-Mo steel (2.25Cr-1Mo)<\/option>\n                <\/optgroup>\n                <optgroup label=\"Stainless Steels\">\n                    <option value=\"ss304\">Stainless 304 \/ 1.4301<\/option>\n                    <option value=\"ss316\">Stainless 316 \/ 1.4401<\/option>\n                    <option value=\"ss321\">Stainless 321 \/ 1.4541<\/option>\n                    <option value=\"duplex\">Duplex 2205<\/option>\n                <\/optgroup>\n                <optgroup label=\"Non-Ferrous Metals\">\n                    <option value=\"al\">Aluminium 6061<\/option>\n                    <option value=\"cu\">Copper (pure)<\/option>\n                    <option value=\"brass\">Brass (CuZn30)<\/option>\n                    <option value=\"bronze\">Bronze (CuSn8)<\/option>\n                    <option value=\"ti\">Titanium Grade 2<\/option>\n                    <option value=\"ni\">Nickel 200<\/option>\n                    <option value=\"inc625\">Inconel 625<\/option>\n                    <option value=\"inc718\">Inconel 718<\/option>\n                <\/optgroup>\n                <optgroup label=\"Cast Iron\">\n                    <option value=\"gci\">Grey cast iron<\/option>\n                    <option value=\"dci\">Ductile cast iron<\/option>\n                <\/optgroup>\n                <optgroup label=\"Non-Metals\">\n                    <option value=\"concrete\">Concrete<\/option>\n                    <option value=\"glass\">Glass (soda-lime)<\/option>\n                    <option value=\"ptfe\">PTFE (Teflon)<\/option>\n                    <option value=\"pe\">Polyethylene (HDPE)<\/option>\n                    <option value=\"pvc\">PVC<\/option>\n                    <option value=\"invar\">Invar 36 (low CTE)<\/option>\n                <\/optgroup>\n                <option value=\"custom\">\u2014 Custom CTE \u2014<\/option>\n            <\/select><\/div>\n            <div class=\"vc-field\"><label class=\"vc-label\" for=\"vc-cte\">CTE \u03b1 <span class=\"vc-label-hint\">(\u00d710\u207b\u2076 \/\u00b0C)<\/span><\/label><input class=\"vc-input\" type=\"number\" id=\"vc-cte\" step=\"any\" value=\"12.0\" placeholder=\"e.g. 12\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"vc-field\"><label class=\"vc-label\" for=\"vc-len\">Original Length <span class=\"vc-label-hint\" id=\"vc-len-unit\">(mm)<\/span><\/label><input class=\"vc-input\" type=\"number\" id=\"vc-len\" step=\"any\" value=\"1000\" placeholder=\"e.g. 1000\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"vc-field\"><label class=\"vc-label\" for=\"vc-dt\">Temperature Change \u0394T <span class=\"vc-label-hint\" id=\"vc-dt-unit\">(\u00b0C)<\/span><\/label><input class=\"vc-input\" type=\"number\" id=\"vc-dt\" step=\"any\" value=\"100\" placeholder=\"e.g. 100\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"vc-field\"><label class=\"vc-label\" for=\"vc-vol\">Original Volume <span class=\"vc-label-hint\" id=\"vc-vol-unit\">(cm\u00b3 \u2014 optional, for volumetric)<\/span><\/label><input class=\"vc-input\" type=\"number\" id=\"vc-vol\" step=\"any\" value=\"\" placeholder=\"optional\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"vc-field\"><label class=\"vc-label\" for=\"vc-emod\">Elastic Modulus E <span class=\"vc-label-hint\">(GPa \u2014 for stress calc)<\/span><\/label><input class=\"vc-input\" type=\"number\" id=\"vc-emod\" step=\"any\" value=\"200\" placeholder=\"e.g. 200\"><\/div>\n        <\/div>\n        <div class=\"vc-presets\"><div class=\"vc-presets-label\">Quick presets<\/div>\n            <button type=\"button\" class=\"vc-preset-btn\" data-mat=\"cs\" data-len=\"6000\" data-dt=\"80\">6m steel pipe, \u0394T=80\u00b0C<\/button>\n            <button type=\"button\" class=\"vc-preset-btn\" data-mat=\"ss304\" data-len=\"3000\" data-dt=\"200\">3m SS304 pipe, \u0394T=200\u00b0C<\/button>\n            <button type=\"button\" class=\"vc-preset-btn\" data-mat=\"al\" data-len=\"2000\" data-dt=\"50\">2m aluminium, \u0394T=50\u00b0C<\/button>\n            <button type=\"button\" class=\"vc-preset-btn\" data-mat=\"cu\" data-len=\"500\" data-dt=\"150\">0.5m copper, \u0394T=150\u00b0C<\/button>\n        <\/div>\n    <\/form>\n    <div class=\"vc-results\" id=\"vc-results\">\n        <div class=\"vc-results-head\"><h2 class=\"vc-results-title\">Expansion Results<\/h2><button type=\"button\" class=\"vc-copy-btn\" id=\"vc-copy-btn\"><svg width=\"14\" height=\"14\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2\"><rect x=\"9\" y=\"9\" width=\"13\" height=\"13\" rx=\"2\"\/><path d=\"M5 15H4a2 2 0 01-2-2V4a2 2 0 012-2h9a2 2 0 012 2v1\"\/><\/svg> Copy<\/button><\/div>\n        <div class=\"vc-result-grid\">\n            <div class=\"vc-rcard vc-rcard-primary\"><div class=\"vc-rcard-label\">Linear Expansion \u0394L<\/div><div class=\"vc-rcard-value\" id=\"vc-r-dl\">\u2014<\/div><\/div>\n            <div class=\"vc-rcard\"><div class=\"vc-rcard-label\">Expansion in mm<\/div><div class=\"vc-rcard-value\" id=\"vc-r-mm\">\u2014<\/div><\/div>\n            <div class=\"vc-rcard\"><div class=\"vc-rcard-label\">Expansion in \u00b5m<\/div><div class=\"vc-rcard-value\" id=\"vc-r-um\">\u2014<\/div><\/div>\n            <div class=\"vc-rcard\"><div class=\"vc-rcard-label\">Expansion in mils<\/div><div class=\"vc-rcard-value\" id=\"vc-r-mils\">\u2014<\/div><\/div>\n            <div class=\"vc-rcard\"><div class=\"vc-rcard-label\">New Length<\/div><div class=\"vc-rcard-value\" id=\"vc-r-newlen\" style=\"font-size:18px\">\u2014<\/div><\/div>\n            <div class=\"vc-rcard\"><div class=\"vc-rcard-label\">Strain \u03b5<\/div><div class=\"vc-rcard-value\" id=\"vc-r-strain\" style=\"font-size:18px\">\u2014<\/div><\/div>\n            <div class=\"vc-rcard\"><div class=\"vc-rcard-label\">Thermal Stress (if constrained)<\/div><div class=\"vc-rcard-value\" id=\"vc-r-stress\">\u2014<\/div><\/div>\n            <div class=\"vc-rcard\"><div class=\"vc-rcard-label\">Thermal Force (per cm\u00b2 area)<\/div><div class=\"vc-rcard-value\" id=\"vc-r-force\" style=\"font-size:18px\">\u2014<\/div><\/div>\n            <div class=\"vc-rcard\"><div class=\"vc-rcard-label\">Volumetric Expansion \u0394V<\/div><div class=\"vc-rcard-value\" id=\"vc-r-dv\" style=\"font-size:18px\">\u2014<\/div><\/div>\n            <div class=\"vc-rcard\"><div class=\"vc-rcard-label\">Expansion Loop (steel pipe, rule of thumb)<\/div><div class=\"vc-rcard-value\" id=\"vc-r-loop\" style=\"font-size:16px\">\u2014<\/div><\/div>\n        <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"vc-section vc-open\" id=\"vc-sec-theory\">\n    <button type=\"button\" class=\"vc-section-toggle\" aria-expanded=\"true\"><span class=\"vc-section-toggle-text\"><span class=\"vc-section-icon\">\ud83d\udcd8<\/span><span class=\"vc-section-title\">Theory, Formulas &amp; CTE Database<\/span><\/span><svg class=\"vc-section-chevron\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2\"><path d=\"M6 9l6 6 6-6\"\/><\/svg><\/button>\n    <div class=\"vc-section-body\"><div class=\"vc-section-inner vc-theory\">\n        <h3>Linear Expansion<\/h3>\n        <div class=\"vc-formula-box\" id=\"vc-katex-1\"><\/div>\n        <p>Where \u03b1 is the coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) in 1\/\u00b0C, L\u2080 is the original length, and \u0394T is the temperature change.<\/p>\n        <h3>Volumetric Expansion<\/h3>\n        <div class=\"vc-formula-box\" id=\"vc-katex-2\"><\/div>\n        <p>For isotropic materials, the volumetric CTE is approximately 3\u00d7 the linear CTE.<\/p>\n        <h3>Thermal Stress (Constrained Member)<\/h3>\n        <div class=\"vc-formula-box\" id=\"vc-katex-3\"><\/div>\n        <p>When expansion is completely prevented (e.g., pipe between two rigid anchors), the resulting stress can be very high. This is compressive for heating and tensile for cooling.<\/p>\n        <h3>Expansion Loop Sizing (Rule of Thumb)<\/h3>\n        <div class=\"vc-formula-box\" id=\"vc-katex-4\"><\/div>\n        <p>Where D is the pipe outer diameter (mm) and \u0394 is the expansion (mm). This gives the required loop length for steel pipe. For other materials, adjust by \u221a(E_steel\/E_material).<\/p>\n        <h3>Practical Example<\/h3>\n        <div class=\"vc-example-box\"><div class=\"vc-example-title\">Example \u2014 6m Carbon Steel Pipe, \u0394T = 80\u00b0C<\/div>\n            <p><strong>Given:<\/strong> L\u2080 = 6000 mm, \u03b1 = 12 \u00d7 10\u207b\u2076 \/\u00b0C, \u0394T = 80\u00b0C, E = 200 GPa<\/p>\n            <p>\u0394L = 12e-6 \u00d7 6000 \u00d7 80 = <strong>5.76 mm<\/strong><\/p>\n            <p>Thermal stress if constrained: \u03c3 = 200,000 \u00d7 12e-6 \u00d7 80 = <strong>192 MPa<\/strong><\/p>\n            <p>Expansion loop (DN100\/OD 114 mm): L \u2248 6.2 \u00d7 \u221a(114 \u00d7 5.76) \u2248 <strong>159 mm \u2248 160 mm<\/strong><\/p>\n        <\/div>\n        <h3>Material CTE Database<\/h3>\n        <table class=\"vc-table\"><thead><tr><th>Material<\/th><th>\u03b1 (\u00d710\u207b\u2076 \/\u00b0C)<\/th><th>E (GPa)<\/th><th>Notes<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody>\n            <tr><td>Carbon steel<\/td><td>12.0<\/td><td>200<\/td><td>SA-516, P265GH<\/td><\/tr>\n            <tr><td>Low-alloy steel<\/td><td>12.5<\/td><td>200<\/td><td>16Mo3, SA-387<\/td><\/tr>\n            <tr><td>Cr-Mo steel (2.25Cr)<\/td><td>12.0<\/td><td>205<\/td><td>SA-335 P22<\/td><\/tr>\n            <tr><td>Stainless 304<\/td><td>17.3<\/td><td>193<\/td><td>1.4301, 18Cr-8Ni<\/td><\/tr>\n            <tr><td>Stainless 316<\/td><td>16.0<\/td><td>193<\/td><td>1.4401, 16Cr-10Ni-2Mo<\/td><\/tr>\n            <tr><td>Stainless 321<\/td><td>17.0<\/td><td>193<\/td><td>1.4541, Ti-stabilized<\/td><\/tr>\n            <tr><td>Duplex 2205<\/td><td>13.0<\/td><td>200<\/td><td>1.4462<\/td><\/tr>\n            <tr><td>Aluminium 6061<\/td><td>23.6<\/td><td>69<\/td><td>T6 temper<\/td><\/tr>\n            <tr><td>Copper<\/td><td>17.0<\/td><td>117<\/td><td>Pure, annealed<\/td><\/tr>\n            <tr><td>Brass (CuZn30)<\/td><td>20.0<\/td><td>110<\/td><td>Cartridge brass<\/td><\/tr>\n            <tr><td>Bronze (CuSn8)<\/td><td>18.0<\/td><td>110<\/td><td>Phosphor bronze<\/td><\/tr>\n            <tr><td>Titanium Gr.2<\/td><td>8.6<\/td><td>103<\/td><td>Commercially pure<\/td><\/tr>\n            <tr><td>Nickel 200<\/td><td>13.3<\/td><td>207<\/td><td>Pure nickel<\/td><\/tr>\n            <tr><td>Inconel 625<\/td><td>12.8<\/td><td>207<\/td><td>Ni-Cr-Mo<\/td><\/tr>\n            <tr><td>Inconel 718<\/td><td>13.0<\/td><td>211<\/td><td>Ni-Cr-Fe<\/td><\/tr>\n            <tr><td>Grey cast iron<\/td><td>10.5<\/td><td>110<\/td><td>GG25<\/td><\/tr>\n            <tr><td>Ductile cast iron<\/td><td>11.0<\/td><td>170<\/td><td>GGG40<\/td><\/tr>\n            <tr><td>Concrete<\/td><td>12.0<\/td><td>30<\/td><td>Varies with mix<\/td><\/tr>\n            <tr><td>Glass (soda-lime)<\/td><td>9.0<\/td><td>72<\/td><td>Window glass<\/td><\/tr>\n            <tr><td>PTFE (Teflon)<\/td><td>120.0<\/td><td>0.5<\/td><td>Very high CTE<\/td><\/tr>\n            <tr><td>HDPE<\/td><td>150.0<\/td><td>1.0<\/td><td>Polyethylene<\/td><\/tr>\n            <tr><td>PVC<\/td><td>80.0<\/td><td>3.0<\/td><td>Rigid PVC<\/td><\/tr>\n            <tr><td>Invar 36<\/td><td>1.2<\/td><td>145<\/td><td>Ultra-low CTE alloy<\/td><\/tr>\n        <\/tbody><\/table>\n        <div class=\"vc-info-box\"><p><strong>\ud83d\udca1 Note:<\/strong> CTE values are mean values for 20\u2013100\u00b0C. For high-temperature or cryogenic applications, use specific data from material standards.<\/p><\/div>\n    <\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"vc-section\" id=\"vc-sec-related\"><button type=\"button\" class=\"vc-section-toggle\" aria-expanded=\"false\"><span class=\"vc-section-toggle-text\"><span class=\"vc-section-icon\">\ud83d\udd17<\/span><span class=\"vc-section-title\">Related Calculators<\/span><\/span><svg class=\"vc-section-chevron\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2\"><path d=\"M6 9l6 6 6-6\"\/><\/svg><\/button><div class=\"vc-section-body\"><div class=\"vc-section-inner\"><div class=\"vc-related\"><a class=\"vc-related-link\" href=\"\/calculators\/allowable-stress-by-material\/\">Allowable Stress<\/a><a class=\"vc-related-link\" href=\"\/calculators\/strength-unit-converter\/\">Strength Unit Converter<\/a><a class=\"vc-related-link\" href=\"\/calculators\/density-mass-volume\/\">Density Calculator<\/a><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"vc-section\" id=\"vc-sec-faq\"><button type=\"button\" class=\"vc-section-toggle\" aria-expanded=\"false\"><span class=\"vc-section-toggle-text\"><span class=\"vc-section-icon\">\u2753<\/span><span class=\"vc-section-title\">Frequently Asked Questions<\/span><\/span><svg class=\"vc-section-chevron\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2\"><path d=\"M6 9l6 6 6-6\"\/><\/svg><\/button><div class=\"vc-section-body\"><div class=\"vc-section-inner\"><div class=\"vc-faq-list\" id=\"vc-faq-list\"><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"vc-promo\"><div class=\"vc-promo-text\"><strong>Vibromera<\/strong> \u2014 Portable Balancing &amp; 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Units: \u00b5m\/(m\u00b7\u00b0C) or equivalently 10\u207b\u2076\/\u00b0C.<\/p><p>Example: Steel \u03b1 \u2248 12 means a 1-meter bar grows 12 \u00b5m (0.012 mm) for each 1\u00b0C rise. Over 100\u00b0C, that\\'s 1.2 mm \u2014 significant for precision machinery and piping.<\/p>'},\n        {q:'How do I calculate thermal stress in a constrained member?',a:'<p>When a member is fully restrained (can\\'t expand freely), the thermal stress is:<\/p><p><strong>\u03c3 = E \u00d7 \u03b1 \u00d7 \u0394T<\/strong><\/p><p>For carbon steel at \u0394T = 100\u00b0C: \u03c3 = 200,000 MPa \u00d7 12\u00d710\u207b\u2076 \u00d7 100 = <strong>240 MPa<\/strong>. This is close to the yield strength! Always check that constrained thermal stresses don\\'t exceed allowable values.<\/p>'},\n        {q:'What is volumetric vs linear expansion?',a:'<p><strong>Linear:<\/strong> Change in one dimension. \u0394L = \u03b1 \u00d7 L\u2080 \u00d7 \u0394T<\/p><p><strong>Volumetric:<\/strong> Change in volume. \u0394V \u2248 3\u03b1 \u00d7 V\u2080 \u00d7 \u0394T (for isotropic materials).<\/p><p>Volumetric expansion matters for enclosed fluids (tanks, pipes), sealed containers, and precision assemblies.<\/p>'},\n        {q:'How do I size an expansion loop for piping?',a:'<p>Rule of thumb for steel pipe: <strong>L \u2248 6.2 \u00d7 \u221a(D \u00d7 \u0394)<\/strong> where D = pipe OD (mm) and \u0394 = expansion (mm).<\/p><p>For DN100 pipe (OD 114 mm) with 6 mm expansion: L \u2248 6.2 \u00d7 \u221a(114 \u00d7 6) \u2248 162 mm.<\/p><p>Alternatives to loops: bellows expansion joints, sliding supports, changes of direction in routing.<\/p>'},\n        {q:'Does CTE vary with temperature?',a:'<p>Yes. CTE generally <strong>increases with temperature<\/strong>. The values in our database are mean values for the 20\u2013100\u00b0C range.<\/p><ul><li>Cryogenic: CTE is lower (sometimes much lower)<\/li><li>High-temp (>500\u00b0C): CTE increases 10\u201330% above room-temp values<\/li><li>Near phase changes: CTE can change dramatically<\/li><\/ul><p>For critical applications, use specific material data from standards (ASME II-D, EN 13480) for your exact temperature range.<\/p>'}\n    ];\n    var fl=$('vc-faq-list');faqData.forEach(function(f){fl.innerHTML+='<div class=\"vc-faq-item\"><button type=\"button\" class=\"vc-faq-q\"><span>'+f.q+'<\/span><svg class=\"vc-faq-chevron\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2\"><path d=\"M6 9l6 6 6-6\"\/><\/svg><\/button><div class=\"vc-faq-a\"><div class=\"vc-faq-a-inner\">'+f.a+'<\/div><\/div><\/div>'});\n    fl.addEventListener('click',function(e){var b=e.target.closest('.vc-faq-q');if(!b)return;b.closest('.vc-faq-item').classList.toggle('vc-open')});\n\n    function renderFormulas(){try{\n        katex.render('\\\\Delta L = \\\\alpha \\\\cdot L_0 \\\\cdot \\\\Delta T',$('vc-katex-1'),{displayMode:true,throwOnError:false});\n        katex.render('\\\\Delta V \\\\approx 3\\\\alpha \\\\cdot V_0 \\\\cdot \\\\Delta T',$('vc-katex-2'),{displayMode:true,throwOnError:false});\n        katex.render('\\\\sigma = E \\\\cdot \\\\alpha \\\\cdot \\\\Delta T',$('vc-katex-3'),{displayMode:true,throwOnError:false});\n        katex.render('L_{\\\\text{loop}} \\\\approx 6.2\\\\sqrt{D_{\\\\text{OD}} \\\\cdot \\\\Delta L}',$('vc-katex-4'),{displayMode:true,throwOnError:false});\n    }catch(e){}}\n    function init(){\n        try{var su=localStorage.getItem('vc_unit_'+SLUG);if(su)setUnit(su)}catch(e){}\n        loadURL();renderFormulas();calculate();\n    }\n    if(document.readyState==='loading')document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded',init);else init();\n})();\n<\/script>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Gratis kalkulator for termisk ekspansjon: line\u00e6r og volumetrisk ekspansjon med over 20 materialer. R\u00f8rekspansjon mellom ankere, dimensjonering av ekspansjonssl\u00f8yfer. Termisk spenning \u03c3=E\u03b1\u0394T n\u00e5r den er begrenset.<\/p>","protected":false},"featured_media":0,"template":"","meta":{"ai_generated_summary":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-100255","calculator","type-calculator","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/vibromera.eu\/nb\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/calculator\/100255","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/vibromera.eu\/nb\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/calculator"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/vibromera.eu\/nb\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/calculator"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/vibromera.eu\/nb\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/calculator\/100255\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":100760,"href":"https:\/\/vibromera.eu\/nb\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/calculator\/100255\/revisions\/100760"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/vibromera.eu\/nb\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=100255"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vibromera.eu\/nb\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=100255"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vibromera.eu\/nb\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=100255"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}