{"id":100308,"date":"2026-02-15T20:28:37","date_gmt":"2026-02-15T20:28:37","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/vibromera.eu\/?post_type=calculator&#038;p=100308"},"modified":"2026-03-05T15:42:05","modified_gmt":"2026-03-05T15:42:05","slug":"welding-process-iso4063","status":"publish","type":"calculator","link":"https:\/\/vibromera.eu\/nb\/calculators\/welding-process-iso4063\/","title":{"rendered":"Kalkulator for sveisevarmetilf\u00f8rsel og ISO 4063-referanse"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\">\n{\"@context\":\"https:\/\/schema.org\",\"@type\":\"WebApplication\",\"name\":\"Welding Heat Input Calculator & ISO 4063\",\"description\":\"Calculate welding heat input, cooling time t8\/5, and preheat temperature. Includes ISO 4063 process reference.\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/vibromera.eu\/calculators\/welding-process-iso4063\/\",\"applicationCategory\":\"Engineering Calculator\",\"operatingSystem\":\"Any\",\"offers\":{\"@type\":\"Offer\",\"price\":\"0\",\"priceCurrency\":\"EUR\"},\"creator\":{\"@type\":\"Organization\",\"name\":\"Vibromera\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/vibromera.eu\/\"},\"datePublished\":\"2025-01-01\",\"dateModified\":\"2026-02-15\",\"inLanguage\":\"en\",\"isAccessibleForFree\":true}\n<\/script>\n\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\">\n{\"@context\":\"https:\/\/schema.org\",\"@type\":\"FAQPage\",\"mainEntity\":[\n{\"@type\":\"Question\",\"name\":\"What is welding heat input and why does it matter?\",\"acceptedAnswer\":{\"@type\":\"Answer\",\"text\":\"Heat input Q = (\u03b7 \u00d7 V \u00d7 I \u00d7 60) \/ (S \u00d7 1000) in kJ\/mm, where \u03b7 is thermal efficiency, V is voltage, I is current, and S is travel speed. It controls weld bead size, HAZ width, distortion, residual stress, and mechanical properties. Too high = grain coarsening; too low = lack of fusion.\"}},\n{\"@type\":\"Question\",\"name\":\"What are thermal efficiency factors for different welding processes?\",\"acceptedAnswer\":{\"@type\":\"Answer\",\"text\":\"Per EN 1011-1: SAW = 1.0, SMAW = 0.8, MIG\/MAG = 0.8, FCAW = 0.8, TIG = 0.6. These account for heat lost to radiation and convection rather than entering the workpiece.\"}},\n{\"@type\":\"Question\",\"name\":\"What is the cooling time t8\/5?\",\"acceptedAnswer\":{\"@type\":\"Answer\",\"text\":\"t8\/5 is the time (seconds) for the weld HAZ to cool from 800\u00b0C to 500\u00b0C. This controls the microstructure: short t8\/5 \u2192 martensite (hard, brittle); long t8\/5 \u2192 ferrite\/pearlite (softer, tougher). Target: 5-25 seconds for most carbon steels.\"}},\n{\"@type\":\"Question\",\"name\":\"How is preheat temperature determined?\",\"acceptedAnswer\":{\"@type\":\"Answer\",\"text\":\"Preheat depends on carbon equivalent (CE), plate thickness, heat input, and hydrogen content. For CE < 0.35: none needed. CE 0.35-0.45: 75-150\u00b0C. CE > 0.45: 150-250\u00b0C. Per AWS D1.1 Table 3.3 with adjustments for thickness.\"}},\n{\"@type\":\"Question\",\"name\":\"What is ISO 4063?\",\"acceptedAnswer\":{\"@type\":\"Answer\",\"text\":\"ISO 4063 classifies welding processes by reference numbers: 111=SMAW, 131=MIG, 135=MAG, 136=FCAW, 141=TIG, 121=SAW. Used on drawings, WPS documents, and welder qualifications.\"}}\n]}\n<\/script>\n\n<link rel=\"preconnect\" href=\"https:\/\/fonts.googleapis.com\">\n\n<link rel=\"preconnect\" href=\"https:\/\/fonts.gstatic.com\" crossorigin>\n\n<link href=\"https:\/\/fonts.googleapis.com\/css2?family=DM+Sans:ital,opsz,wght@0,9..40,300;0,9..40,400;0,9..40,500;0,9..40,600;0,9..40,700;1,9..40,400&#038;family=JetBrains+Mono:wght@400;500;600&#038;family=Fraunces:opsz,wght@9..144,700;9..144,800&#038;display=swap\" rel=\"stylesheet\">\n\n<link rel=\"stylesheet\" href=\"https:\/\/cdn.jsdelivr.net\/npm\/katex@0.16.11\/dist\/katex.min.css\">\n\n<style>\n:root {\n    --vc-bg: #f4f1ec;\n    --vc-surface: #ffffff;\n    --vc-surface-alt: #f8f6f2;\n    --vc-ink: #1a1a1a;\n    --vc-ink-secondary: #5a5650;\n    --vc-ink-muted: #8a857e;\n    --vc-accent: #c85a2a;\n    --vc-accent-hover: #b04d22;\n    --vc-accent-light: #fdf0ea;\n    --vc-blue: #2a5c8c;\n    --vc-blue-light: #eaf1f8;\n    --vc-green: #2a7a4b;\n    --vc-green-light: #eaf8ef;\n    --vc-yellow: #a67c00;\n    --vc-yellow-light: #fef9e8;\n    --vc-red: #b91c1c;\n    --vc-red-light: #fef2f2;\n    --vc-border: #d9d4cc;\n    --vc-border-light: #e8e4dd;\n    --vc-shadow: 0 1px 3px rgba(26,26,26,0.06), 0 4px 12px rgba(26,26,26,0.04);\n    --vc-radius: 8px;\n    --vc-radius-lg: 12px;\n    --vc-font: 'DM Sans', -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, 'Segoe UI', sans-serif;\n    --vc-mono: 'JetBrains Mono', 'Consolas', 'Monaco', monospace;\n    --vc-display: 'Fraunces', Georgia, serif;\n}\n\n.vc-calculator {\n    font-family: var(--vc-font);\n    font-size: 15px;\n    line-height: 1.65;\n    color: var(--vc-ink);\n    max-width: 960px;\n    margin: 0 auto;\n    padding: 20px 16px 40px;\n    -webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased;\n}\n.vc-calculator *, .vc-calculator *::before, .vc-calculator *::after { box-sizing: border-box; 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}\n    .vc-faq-a { max-height: none !important; }\n    .vc-results { max-height: none !important; padding: 24px !important; }\n    .vc-copy-btn, .vc-section-chevron, .vc-faq-chevron, .vc-presets, .vc-promo { display: none !important; }\n}\n<\/style>\n\n<div class=\"vc-calculator\" id=\"vc-welding-heat\">\n\n<header class=\"vc-header\">\n    <p class=\"vc-header-eyebrow\">Free Engineering Tool<\/p>\n    <h1 class=\"vc-header-title\">Welding Heat Input Calculator &amp; ISO 4063<\/h1>\n    <p class=\"vc-header-subtitle\">Calculate heat input (kJ\/mm), cooling time t8\/5, preheat recommendation, and carbon equivalent. Includes ISO 4063 process reference.<\/p>\n    <div class=\"vc-badges\">\n        <span class=\"vc-badge\">ISO 4063<\/span>\n        <span class=\"vc-badge\">EN 1011-1<\/span>\n        <span class=\"vc-badge\">Heat Input kJ\/mm<\/span>\n    <\/div>\n<\/header>\n\n<div class=\"vc-card\">\n    <form class=\"vc-form\" id=\"vc-form\" autocomplete=\"off\">\n        <div class=\"vc-form-grid\">\n            <div class=\"vc-field\">\n                <label class=\"vc-label\" for=\"vc-process\">Welding Process<\/label>\n                <select class=\"vc-select\" id=\"vc-process\">\n                    <option value=\"135\" data-eta=\"0.8\">135 \u2014 MAG (CO\u2082\/Ar+CO\u2082)<\/option>\n                    <option value=\"131\" data-eta=\"0.8\">131 \u2014 MIG (Ar)<\/option>\n                    <option value=\"136\" data-eta=\"0.8\">136 \u2014 FCAW (flux-cored)<\/option>\n                    <option value=\"111\" data-eta=\"0.8\">111 \u2014 SMAW (stick)<\/option>\n                    <option value=\"141\" data-eta=\"0.6\">141 \u2014 TIG \/ GTAW<\/option>\n                    <option value=\"121\" data-eta=\"1.0\">121 \u2014 SAW (submerged arc)<\/option>\n                <\/select>\n            <\/div>\n            <div class=\"vc-field\">\n                <label class=\"vc-label\" for=\"vc-voltage\">Arc Voltage <span class=\"vc-label-hint\">(V)<\/span><\/label>\n                <input class=\"vc-input\" type=\"number\" id=\"vc-voltage\" inputmode=\"decimal\" step=\"any\" min=\"1\" placeholder=\"e.g. 28\" value=\"28\">\n            <\/div>\n            <div class=\"vc-field\">\n                <label class=\"vc-label\" for=\"vc-current\">Welding Current <span class=\"vc-label-hint\">(A)<\/span><\/label>\n                <input class=\"vc-input\" type=\"number\" id=\"vc-current\" inputmode=\"decimal\" step=\"any\" min=\"1\" placeholder=\"e.g. 250\" value=\"250\">\n            <\/div>\n            <div class=\"vc-field\">\n                <label class=\"vc-label\" for=\"vc-travelspeed\">Travel Speed <span class=\"vc-label-hint\">(mm\/min)<\/span><\/label>\n                <input class=\"vc-input\" type=\"number\" id=\"vc-travelspeed\" inputmode=\"decimal\" step=\"any\" min=\"1\" placeholder=\"e.g. 300\" value=\"300\">\n            <\/div>\n            <div class=\"vc-field\">\n                <label class=\"vc-label\" for=\"vc-thickness\">Plate Thickness <span class=\"vc-label-hint\">(mm)<\/span><\/label>\n                <input class=\"vc-input\" type=\"number\" id=\"vc-thickness\" inputmode=\"decimal\" step=\"any\" min=\"1\" placeholder=\"e.g. 20\" value=\"20\">\n            <\/div>\n            <div class=\"vc-field\">\n                <label class=\"vc-label\" for=\"vc-ce\">Carbon Equivalent CE <span class=\"vc-label-hint\">(IIW formula)<\/span><\/label>\n                <input class=\"vc-input\" type=\"number\" id=\"vc-ce\" inputmode=\"decimal\" step=\"any\" min=\"0\" max=\"1.5\" placeholder=\"e.g. 0.42\" value=\"0.42\">\n            <\/div>\n        <\/div>\n\n        <div class=\"vc-presets\">\n            <div class=\"vc-presets-label\">Quick presets<\/div>\n            <button type=\"button\" class=\"vc-preset-btn\" data-p=\"135\" data-v=\"28\" data-i=\"250\" data-s=\"300\" data-t=\"20\" data-ce=\"0.42\">MAG 250A \/ S355<\/button>\n            <button type=\"button\" class=\"vc-preset-btn\" data-p=\"141\" data-v=\"14\" data-i=\"160\" data-s=\"100\" data-t=\"10\" data-ce=\"0.30\">TIG 160A \/ root pass<\/button>\n            <button type=\"button\" class=\"vc-preset-btn\" data-p=\"121\" data-v=\"32\" data-i=\"500\" data-s=\"500\" data-t=\"30\" data-ce=\"0.38\">SAW 500A \/ thick plate<\/button>\n            <button type=\"button\" class=\"vc-preset-btn\" data-p=\"111\" data-v=\"24\" data-i=\"120\" data-s=\"150\" data-t=\"12\" data-ce=\"0.35\">SMAW 120A \/ structural<\/button>\n        <\/div>\n    <\/form>\n\n    <div class=\"vc-results\" id=\"vc-results\">\n        <div class=\"vc-results-head\">\n            <h2 class=\"vc-results-title\">Results<\/h2>\n            <button type=\"button\" class=\"vc-copy-btn\" id=\"vc-copy-btn\">\n                <svg width=\"14\" height=\"14\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2\"><rect x=\"9\" y=\"9\" width=\"13\" height=\"13\" rx=\"2\"\/><path d=\"M5 15H4a2 2 0 01-2-2V4a2 2 0 012-2h9a2 2 0 012 2v1\"\/><\/svg>\n                Copy\n            <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n        <div class=\"vc-result-grid\">\n            <div class=\"vc-rcard vc-rcard-primary\">\n                <div class=\"vc-rcard-label\">Heat Input Q<\/div>\n                <div class=\"vc-rcard-value\" id=\"vc-r-q\">\u2014<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n            <div class=\"vc-rcard\">\n                <div class=\"vc-rcard-label\">Thermal Efficiency \u03b7<\/div>\n                <div class=\"vc-rcard-value\" id=\"vc-r-eta\">\u2014<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n            <div class=\"vc-rcard\">\n                <div class=\"vc-rcard-label\">Arc Energy (without \u03b7)<\/div>\n                <div class=\"vc-rcard-value\" id=\"vc-r-arc\">\u2014<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n            <div class=\"vc-rcard\">\n                <div class=\"vc-rcard-label\">Cooling Time t8\/5 (est.)<\/div>\n                <div class=\"vc-rcard-value\" id=\"vc-r-t85\">\u2014<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n            <div class=\"vc-rcard\">\n                <div class=\"vc-rcard-label\">Carbon Equivalent CE<\/div>\n                <div class=\"vc-rcard-value\" id=\"vc-r-ce\">\u2014<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n            <div class=\"vc-rcard\">\n                <div class=\"vc-rcard-label\">Preheat Recommendation<\/div>\n                <div class=\"vc-rcard-value\" id=\"vc-r-preheat\">\u2014<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n            <div class=\"vc-rcard\">\n                <div class=\"vc-rcard-label\">Weldability Assessment<\/div>\n                <div class=\"vc-rcard-value\" id=\"vc-r-weldability\">\u2014<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n            <div class=\"vc-rcard\">\n                <div class=\"vc-rcard-label\">ISO 4063 Process<\/div>\n                <div class=\"vc-rcard-value\" id=\"vc-r-process\">\u2014<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n        <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n<!-- Theory -->\n<div class=\"vc-section vc-open\" id=\"vc-sec-theory\">\n    <button type=\"button\" class=\"vc-section-toggle\" aria-expanded=\"true\">\n        <span class=\"vc-section-toggle-text\">\n            <span class=\"vc-section-icon\">\ud83d\udcd8<\/span>\n            <span class=\"vc-section-title\">Theory &amp; Formulas<\/span>\n        <\/span>\n        <svg class=\"vc-section-chevron\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2\"><path d=\"M6 9l6 6 6-6\"\/><\/svg>\n    <\/button>\n    <div class=\"vc-section-body\">\n        <div class=\"vc-section-inner vc-theory\">\n            <h3>Heat Input Calculation (EN 1011-1)<\/h3>\n            <p>Heat input is the energy delivered per unit length of weld:<\/p>\n            <div class=\"vc-formula-box\" id=\"vc-katex-1\"><\/div>\n            <ul>\n                <li><strong>\u03b7<\/strong> \u2014 thermal efficiency factor (process-dependent)<\/li>\n                <li><strong>V<\/strong> \u2014 arc voltage (volts)<\/li>\n                <li><strong>I<\/strong> \u2014 welding current (amps)<\/li>\n                <li><strong>S<\/strong> \u2014 travel speed (mm\/min)<\/li>\n            <\/ul>\n\n            <h3>Thermal Efficiency Factors<\/h3>\n            <table class=\"vc-table\">\n                <thead><tr><th>ISO 4063 No.<\/th><th>Process<\/th><th>\u03b7 (EN 1011-1)<\/th><\/tr><\/thead>\n                <tbody>\n                    <tr><td>121<\/td><td>SAW (submerged arc)<\/td><td>1.0<\/td><\/tr>\n                    <tr><td>111<\/td><td>SMAW (stick \/ MMA)<\/td><td>0.8<\/td><\/tr>\n                    <tr><td>131<\/td><td>MIG (inert gas)<\/td><td>0.8<\/td><\/tr>\n                    <tr><td>135<\/td><td>MAG (active gas)<\/td><td>0.8<\/td><\/tr>\n                    <tr><td>136<\/td><td>FCAW (flux-cored)<\/td><td>0.8<\/td><\/tr>\n                    <tr><td>141<\/td><td>TIG \/ GTAW<\/td><td>0.6<\/td><\/tr>\n                <\/tbody>\n            <\/table>\n\n            <h3>Cooling Time t8\/5 Estimation<\/h3>\n            <p>The time to cool from 800\u00b0C to 500\u00b0C determines the resulting microstructure. Simplified Rosenthal 2D model for thick plates:<\/p>\n            <div class=\"vc-formula-box\" id=\"vc-katex-2\"><\/div>\n\n            <h3>Carbon Equivalent &amp; Preheat<\/h3>\n            <p>The IIW carbon equivalent formula predicts weldability and preheat needs:<\/p>\n            <div class=\"vc-formula-box\" id=\"vc-katex-3\"><\/div>\n\n            <h3>Practical Example<\/h3>\n            <div class=\"vc-example-box\">\n                <div class=\"vc-example-title\">Example \u2014 MAG welding 20 mm S355 plate<\/div>\n                <p><strong>Given:<\/strong> Process 135 (\u03b7=0.8), V=28V, I=250A, S=300 mm\/min, CE=0.42<\/p>\n                <p>Arc energy = (28 \u00d7 250 \u00d7 60) \/ (300 \u00d7 1000) = 1.40 kJ\/mm<\/p>\n                <p>Heat input Q = 0.8 \u00d7 1.40 = <strong>1.12 kJ\/mm<\/strong><\/p>\n                <p>CE = 0.42 \u2192 Fair weldability, preheat <strong>100\u2013150\u00b0C<\/strong> recommended<\/p>\n            <\/div>\n\n            <div class=\"vc-warning-box\">\n                <p style=\"margin:0;font-size:14px;color:var(--vc-ink-secondary);\"><strong>\u26a0\ufe0f Note:<\/strong> t8\/5 estimation is simplified. Actual cooling depends on joint geometry, preheat, interpass temperature, and ambient conditions. Consult EN 1011-2 for critical applications.<\/p>\n            <\/div>\n        <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n<!-- ISO 4063 Reference Table -->\n<div class=\"vc-section\" id=\"vc-sec-iso4063\">\n    <button type=\"button\" class=\"vc-section-toggle\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n        <span class=\"vc-section-toggle-text\">\n            <span class=\"vc-section-icon\">\ud83d\udccb<\/span>\n            <span class=\"vc-section-title\">ISO 4063 Process Reference<\/span>\n        <\/span>\n        <svg class=\"vc-section-chevron\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2\"><path d=\"M6 9l6 6 6-6\"\/><\/svg>\n    <\/button>\n    <div class=\"vc-section-body\">\n        <div class=\"vc-section-inner\">\n            <table class=\"vc-table\">\n                <thead><tr><th>No.<\/th><th>Process<\/th><th>Description<\/th><th>\u03b7<\/th><\/tr><\/thead>\n                <tbody>\n                    <tr><td>111<\/td><td>SMAW<\/td><td>Shielded metal arc (stick\/MMA)<\/td><td>0.8<\/td><\/tr>\n                    <tr><td>114<\/td><td>FCAW-S<\/td><td>Self-shielded flux-cored<\/td><td>0.8<\/td><\/tr>\n                    <tr><td>121<\/td><td>SAW<\/td><td>Submerged arc welding<\/td><td>1.0<\/td><\/tr>\n                    <tr><td>131<\/td><td>MIG<\/td><td>Metal inert gas (Ar) \u2014 aluminium, SS<\/td><td>0.8<\/td><\/tr>\n                    <tr><td>135<\/td><td>MAG<\/td><td>Metal active gas (CO\u2082\/Ar+CO\u2082) \u2014 carbon steel<\/td><td>0.8<\/td><\/tr>\n                    <tr><td>136<\/td><td>FCAW-G<\/td><td>Flux-cored + active gas<\/td><td>0.8<\/td><\/tr>\n                    <tr><td>137<\/td><td>FCAW-G<\/td><td>Flux-cored + inert gas<\/td><td>0.8<\/td><\/tr>\n                    <tr><td>138<\/td><td>MCAW<\/td><td>Metal-cored wire + active gas<\/td><td>0.8<\/td><\/tr>\n                    <tr><td>141<\/td><td>TIG<\/td><td>Tungsten inert gas (GTAW)<\/td><td>0.6<\/td><\/tr>\n                    <tr><td>15<\/td><td>Plasma<\/td><td>Plasma arc welding<\/td><td>0.6<\/td><\/tr>\n                    <tr><td>311<\/td><td>OAW<\/td><td>Oxy-acetylene welding<\/td><td>0.45<\/td><\/tr>\n                    <tr><td>42<\/td><td>Friction<\/td><td>Friction welding<\/td><td>\u2014<\/td><\/tr>\n                    <tr><td>52<\/td><td>Laser<\/td><td>Laser beam welding<\/td><td>0.9<\/td><\/tr>\n                <\/tbody>\n            <\/table>\n        <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n<!-- Related -->\n<div class=\"vc-section\" id=\"vc-sec-related\">\n    <button type=\"button\" class=\"vc-section-toggle\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n        <span class=\"vc-section-toggle-text\">\n            <span class=\"vc-section-icon\">\ud83d\udd17<\/span>\n            <span class=\"vc-section-title\">Related Calculators<\/span>\n        <\/span>\n        <svg class=\"vc-section-chevron\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2\"><path d=\"M6 9l6 6 6-6\"\/><\/svg>\n    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src=\"https:\/\/cdn.jsdelivr.net\/npm\/katex@0.16.11\/dist\/katex.min.js\"><\/script>\n<script>\n(function() {\n    'use strict';\n\n    var SLUG = 'welding-process-iso4063';\n\n    function $(id) { return document.getElementById(id); }\n    function fmt(n, d) {\n        if (isNaN(n) || !isFinite(n)) return '\u2014';\n        return n.toFixed(d === undefined ? 2 : d).replace(\/(\\.\\d*?)0+$\/, '$1').replace(\/\\.$\/, '');\n    }\n\n    var processNames = {\n        '135': 'MAG (135)', '131': 'MIG (131)', '136': 'FCAW (136)',\n        '111': 'SMAW (111)', '141': 'TIG (141)', '121': 'SAW (121)'\n    };\n\n    function getEta() {\n        var sel = $('vc-process');\n        var opt = sel.options[sel.selectedIndex];\n        return parseFloat(opt.getAttribute('data-eta')) || 0.8;\n    }\n\n    function calculate() {\n        var V = parseFloat($('vc-voltage').value);\n        var I = parseFloat($('vc-current').value);\n        var S = parseFloat($('vc-travelspeed').value);\n        var t = 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= 0;\n        if (t && t > 0) {\n            \/* Simplified: t8\/5 for 2D (thick plate) \u2248 Q\u00b2\/(4\u03c0\u03bb\u03c1c) \u00d7 correction *\/\n            \/* Using empirical formula: t8\/5 = (6700 - 5T0) \u00d7 Q \u00d7 F (simplified) *\/\n            \/* Rosenthal 2D for thick plate: t8\/5 = Q\u00b2\/(2\u03c0\u00d7k) \u00d7 (1\/(500-T0)\u00b2 - 1\/(800-T0)\u00b2) \u00d7 10\u2076 *\/\n            \/* k \u2248 40 W\/mK for steel *\/\n            var k = 40; \/* thermal conductivity W\/m\u00b7K *\/\n            var factor2d = (1\/Math.pow(500 - T0, 2) - 1\/Math.pow(800 - T0, 2));\n            var q_jmm = Q * 1000; \/* J\/mm *\/\n            t85 = (q_jmm * q_jmm) \/ (2 * Math.PI * k * 0.001) * factor2d;\n            if (t85 < 0) t85 = 0;\n            \/* Bound to reasonable range *\/\n            if (t85 > 200) t85 = 200;\n        }\n\n        \/* Preheat recommendation based on CE *\/\n        var preheat = 'None required';\n        var weldability = 'Good';\n        if 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$('vc-r-ce').textContent + '\\n' +\n            'Preheat: ' + $('vc-r-preheat').textContent + '\\n' +\n            '\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\\n' +\n            'vibromera.eu\/calculators\/welding-process-iso4063\/';\n\n        if (navigator.clipboard) {\n            navigator.clipboard.writeText(text).then(function() {\n                var btn = $('vc-copy-btn');\n                btn.classList.add('vc-copied');\n                btn.innerHTML = '<svg width=\"14\" height=\"14\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2\"><polyline points=\"20 6 9 17 4 12\"\/><\/svg> Copied!';\n                setTimeout(function() {\n                    btn.classList.remove('vc-copied');\n                    btn.innerHTML = '<svg width=\"14\" height=\"14\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2\"><rect x=\"9\" y=\"9\" width=\"13\" 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It controls the cooling rate, which determines the weld microstructure, hardness, toughness, and HAZ width.<\/p><p>Too high \u2192 grain coarsening, reduced toughness, excessive distortion. Too low \u2192 lack of fusion, hydrogen cracking risk.<\/p>' },\n        { q: 'What thermal efficiency factor should I use?', a: '<p>Per EN 1011-1: SAW = 1.0, SMAW\/MIG\/MAG\/FCAW = 0.8, TIG = 0.6. SAW is highest because the flux blanket traps nearly all heat. TIG loses more to radiation from the exposed arc.<\/p>' },\n        { q: 'What is the cooling time t8\/5?', a: '<p>t8\/5 is the time for the HAZ to cool from 800\u00b0C to 500\u00b0C. This temperature range is critical for phase transformation in carbon steels. Short t8\/5 (< 5s) \u2192 martensite formation. Long t8\/5 (> 25s) \u2192 soft but potentially brittle microstructure.<\/p>' },\n        { q: 'How do I calculate carbon equivalent?', a: '<p>IIW formula: CE = C + Mn\/6 + (Cr+Mo+V)\/5 + (Ni+Cu)\/15. Enter the value from the material test certificate, or use the Steel Grade Equivalent calculator to estimate from grade.<\/p>' },\n        { q: 'When is preheat needed?', a: '<p>Preheat is needed when CE > 0.35, plate thickness > 25 mm, or hydrogen content is high. It slows cooling to prevent hydrogen cracking and martensite formation. Typical range: 75\u2013250\u00b0C depending on CE and thickness.<\/p>' }\n    ];\n\n    var faqList = $('vc-faq-list');\n    faqData.forEach(function(faq) {\n        faqList.innerHTML += '<div class=\"vc-faq-item\"><button type=\"button\" class=\"vc-faq-q\"><span>' + faq.q + '<\/span><svg class=\"vc-faq-chevron\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2\"><path d=\"M6 9l6 6 6-6\"\/><\/svg><\/button><div class=\"vc-faq-a\"><div class=\"vc-faq-a-inner\">' + faq.a + '<\/div><\/div><\/div>';\n    });\n    faqList.addEventListener('click', function(e) {\n        var btn = e.target.closest('.vc-faq-q');\n        if (!btn) return;\n        btn.closest('.vc-faq-item').classList.toggle('vc-open');\n    });\n\n    \/* HISTORY *\/\n    function saveHistory(entry) {\n        var key = 'vc_history_' + SLUG;\n        var arr = [];\n        try { arr = JSON.parse(localStorage.getItem(key)) || []; } catch(e) {}\n        entry._ts = new Date().toISOString();\n        arr.unshift(entry);\n        if (arr.length > 10) arr = arr.slice(0, 10);\n        try { localStorage.setItem(key, JSON.stringify(arr)); } catch(e) {}\n    }\n\n    \/* URL PARAMS *\/\n    function loadParams() {\n        var p = new URLSearchParams(window.location.search);\n        if (p.get('process')) $('vc-process').value = p.get('process');\n        if (p.get('voltage')) $('vc-voltage').value = p.get('voltage');\n        if (p.get('current')) $('vc-current').value = p.get('current');\n        if (p.get('speed')) $('vc-travelspeed').value = p.get('speed');\n        if (p.get('thickness')) $('vc-thickness').value = p.get('thickness');\n        if (p.get('ce')) $('vc-ce').value = p.get('ce');\n    }\n\n    \/* KATEX *\/\n    function renderFormulas() {\n        try {\n            katex.render('Q = \\\\frac{\\\\eta \\\\times V \\\\times I \\\\times 60}{S \\\\times 1000} \\\\quad [\\\\text{kJ\/mm}]', $('vc-katex-1'), { displayMode: true, throwOnError: false });\n            katex.render('t_{8\/5} \\\\approx \\\\frac{Q^2}{2\\\\pi k} \\\\left(\\\\frac{1}{(500-T_0)^2} - \\\\frac{1}{(800-T_0)^2}\\\\right) \\\\quad [\\\\text{sec}]', $('vc-katex-2'), { displayMode: true, throwOnError: false });\n            katex.render('CE_{\\\\text{IIW}} = C + \\\\frac{Mn}{6} + \\\\frac{Cr+Mo+V}{5} + \\\\frac{Ni+Cu}{15}', $('vc-katex-3'), { displayMode: true, throwOnError: false });\n        } catch(e) {}\n    }\n\n    \/* INIT *\/\n    function init() {\n        loadParams();\n        renderFormulas();\n        calculate();\n    }\n\n    if (document.readyState === 'loading') {\n        document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', init);\n    } else {\n        init();\n    }\n})();\n<\/script>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Gratis kalkulator for sveisevarmetilf\u00f8rsel med ISO 4063 prosessreferanse. Beregn varmetilf\u00f8rsel Q (kJ\/mm), kj\u00f8letid t8\/5, forvarmingstemperatur og karbonekvivalent CE.<\/p>","protected":false},"featured_media":0,"template":"","meta":{"ai_generated_summary":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-100308","calculator","type-calculator","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/vibromera.eu\/nb\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/calculator\/100308","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/vibromera.eu\/nb\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/calculator"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/vibromera.eu\/nb\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/calculator"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/vibromera.eu\/nb\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/calculator\/100308\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":100770,"href":"https:\/\/vibromera.eu\/nb\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/calculator\/100308\/revisions\/100770"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/vibromera.eu\/nb\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=100308"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vibromera.eu\/nb\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=100308"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vibromera.eu\/nb\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=100308"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}