{"id":199,"date":"2025-10-31T00:25:51","date_gmt":"2025-10-31T00:25:51","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/vibromera.eu\/glossary\/power-spectral-density\/"},"modified":"2026-05-23T22:44:25","modified_gmt":"2026-05-23T22:44:25","slug":"power-spectral-density","status":"publish","type":"glossary","link":"https:\/\/vibromera.eu\/nb\/glossary\/power-spectral-density\/","title":{"rendered":"Hva er effektspektral tetthet? PSD-analyse"},"content":{"rendered":"<h1>Understanding Power Spectral Density<\/h1>\n\t\t<section class=\"woocommerce hestia-shop products is-shortcode\" id=\"products\" data-sorder=\"hestia_shop\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"hestia-shop-content\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"row\" data-aos=\"fade-up\" >\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"col-ms-6 col-sm-6 col-md-3 shop-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/vibromera.eu\/nb\/product\/balanset-1\/\" class=\"woocommerce-LoopProduct-link woocommerce-loop-product__link\">\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"card-image\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/vibromera.eu\/nb\/product\/balanset-1\/\" title=\"Portable balancer &#038; Vibration analyzer Balanset-1A\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"230\" height=\"153\" src=\"https:\/\/vibromera.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/77-e1693745667801-230x153.webp\" class=\"attachment-woocommerce_thumbnail size-woocommerce_thumbnail\" alt=\"Balanset-1A full kit portable balancer and vibration analyzer\" srcset=\"https:\/\/vibromera.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/77-e1693745667801-230x153.webp 230w, https:\/\/vibromera.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/77-e1693745667801-18x12.webp 18w, https:\/\/vibromera.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/77-e1693745667801-360x240.webp 360w, https:\/\/vibromera.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/77-e1693745667801-272x182.webp 272w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 230px) 100vw, 230px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"ripple-container\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"content\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"category\"><a href=\"https:\/\/vibromera.eu\/nb\/product-category\/devices\/\" rel=\"tag\">Devices<\/a><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"card-title\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"shop-item-title-link\" href=\"https:\/\/vibromera.eu\/nb\/product\/balanset-1\/\" title=\"Portable balancer &#038; Vibration analyzer Balanset-1A\">Portable balancer &#038; Vibration analyzer Balanset-1A<\/a>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/h4>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"footer\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"price\"><h4><span class=\"woocommerce-Price-amount amount\"><span class=\"woocommerce-Price-currencySymbol\">&euro;<\/span>1,975.00<\/span> + VAT (if applicable)<\/h4><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"stats\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"\/nb\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/glossary\/199?add-to-cart=986\" data-quantity=\"1\" data-product_id=\"986\" data-product_sku=\"BS-1\" class=\"button product_type_simple add_to_cart_button ajax_add_to_cart btn btn-just-icon btn-simple btn-default\" title=\"Legg i handlekurv\"><i rel=\"tooltip\" data-original-title=\"Legg i handlekurv\" class=\"fas fa-cart-plus\"><\/i><\/a>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a><a href=\"\/nb\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/glossary\/199?add-to-cart=986\" aria-describedby=\"woocommerce_loop_add_to_cart_link_describedby_986\" data-quantity=\"1\" class=\"button product_type_simple add_to_cart_button ajax_add_to_cart\" data-product_id=\"986\" data-product_sku=\"BS-1\" aria-label=\"Legg i handlekurv: \u00abPortable balancer &amp; Vibration analyzer Balanset-1A\u00bb\" rel=\"nofollow\" data-success_message=\"\u00abPortable balancer &amp; Vibration analyzer Balanset-1A\u00bb ble lagt til i handlekurven\">Legg i handlekurv<\/a>\t<span id=\"woocommerce_loop_add_to_cart_link_describedby_986\" class=\"screen-reader-text\">\n\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"col-ms-6 col-sm-6 col-md-3 shop-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/vibromera.eu\/nb\/product\/vibration-sensor\/\" class=\"woocommerce-LoopProduct-link woocommerce-loop-product__link\">\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"card-image\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/vibromera.eu\/nb\/product\/vibration-sensor\/\" title=\"Vibration sensor\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"230\" height=\"153\" src=\"https:\/\/vibromera.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/05\/IMG-3-230x153.webp\" class=\"attachment-woocommerce_thumbnail size-woocommerce_thumbnail\" alt=\"Balanset-1A vibration sensor close-up\" srcset=\"https:\/\/vibromera.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/05\/IMG-3-230x153.webp 230w, https:\/\/vibromera.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/05\/IMG-3-600x400.webp 600w, https:\/\/vibromera.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/05\/IMG-3-300x200.webp 300w, https:\/\/vibromera.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/05\/IMG-3-768x512.webp 768w, https:\/\/vibromera.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/05\/IMG-3-1024x682.webp 1024w, https:\/\/vibromera.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/05\/IMG-3-272x182.webp 272w, https:\/\/vibromera.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/05\/IMG-3.webp 1280w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 230px) 100vw, 230px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"ripple-container\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"content\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"category\"><a href=\"https:\/\/vibromera.eu\/nb\/product-category\/parts\/\" rel=\"tag\">Parts<\/a><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"card-title\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"shop-item-title-link\" href=\"https:\/\/vibromera.eu\/nb\/product\/vibration-sensor\/\" title=\"Vibration sensor\">Vibration sensor<\/a>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/h4>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"footer\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"price\"><h4><span class=\"woocommerce-Price-amount amount\"><span class=\"woocommerce-Price-currencySymbol\">&euro;<\/span>90.00<\/span> + VAT (if applicable)<\/h4><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"stats\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"\/nb\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/glossary\/199?add-to-cart=1820\" data-quantity=\"1\" data-product_id=\"1820\" data-product_sku=\"VS-1\" class=\"button product_type_simple add_to_cart_button ajax_add_to_cart btn btn-just-icon btn-simple btn-default\" title=\"Legg i handlekurv\"><i rel=\"tooltip\" data-original-title=\"Legg i handlekurv\" class=\"fas fa-cart-plus\"><\/i><\/a>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a><a href=\"\/nb\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/glossary\/199?add-to-cart=1820\" aria-describedby=\"woocommerce_loop_add_to_cart_link_describedby_1820\" data-quantity=\"1\" class=\"button product_type_simple add_to_cart_button ajax_add_to_cart\" data-product_id=\"1820\" data-product_sku=\"VS-1\" aria-label=\"Legg i handlekurv: \u00abVibration sensor\u00bb\" rel=\"nofollow\" data-success_message=\"\u00abVibration sensor\u00bb ble lagt til i handlekurven\">Legg i handlekurv<\/a>\t<span id=\"woocommerce_loop_add_to_cart_link_describedby_1820\" class=\"screen-reader-text\">\n\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"col-ms-6 col-sm-6 col-md-3 shop-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/vibromera.eu\/nb\/product\/optical-sensor-for-balanset-and-arbalance\/\" class=\"woocommerce-LoopProduct-link woocommerce-loop-product__link\">\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"card-image\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/vibromera.eu\/nb\/product\/optical-sensor-for-balanset-and-arbalance\/\" title=\"Optical Sensor (Laser Tachometer)\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"230\" height=\"153\" src=\"https:\/\/vibromera.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/ZKqzGXSCCBU-230x153.webp\" class=\"attachment-woocommerce_thumbnail size-woocommerce_thumbnail\" alt=\"Optical Sensor (Laser Tachometer)\" srcset=\"https:\/\/vibromera.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/ZKqzGXSCCBU-230x153.webp 230w, https:\/\/vibromera.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/ZKqzGXSCCBU-300x200.webp 300w, https:\/\/vibromera.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/ZKqzGXSCCBU-1024x682.webp 1024w, https:\/\/vibromera.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/ZKqzGXSCCBU-768x512.webp 768w, https:\/\/vibromera.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/ZKqzGXSCCBU-1536x1023.webp 1536w, https:\/\/vibromera.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/ZKqzGXSCCBU-18x12.webp 18w, https:\/\/vibromera.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/ZKqzGXSCCBU-360x240.webp 360w, https:\/\/vibromera.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/ZKqzGXSCCBU-460x306.webp 460w, https:\/\/vibromera.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/ZKqzGXSCCBU-600x400.webp 600w, https:\/\/vibromera.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/ZKqzGXSCCBU-272x182.webp 272w, https:\/\/vibromera.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/ZKqzGXSCCBU.webp 1600w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 230px) 100vw, 230px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"ripple-container\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"content\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"category\"><a href=\"https:\/\/vibromera.eu\/nb\/product-category\/parts\/\" rel=\"tag\">Parts<\/a><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"card-title\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"shop-item-title-link\" href=\"https:\/\/vibromera.eu\/nb\/product\/optical-sensor-for-balanset-and-arbalance\/\" title=\"Optical Sensor (Laser Tachometer)\">Optical Sensor (Laser Tachometer)<\/a>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/h4>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"footer\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"price\"><h4><span class=\"woocommerce-Price-amount amount\"><span class=\"woocommerce-Price-currencySymbol\">&euro;<\/span>124.00<\/span> + VAT (if applicable)<\/h4><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"stats\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"\/nb\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/glossary\/199?add-to-cart=1832\" data-quantity=\"1\" data-product_id=\"1832\" data-product_sku=\"Tach-1\" class=\"button product_type_simple add_to_cart_button ajax_add_to_cart btn btn-just-icon btn-simple btn-default\" title=\"Legg i handlekurv\"><i rel=\"tooltip\" data-original-title=\"Legg i handlekurv\" class=\"fas fa-cart-plus\"><\/i><\/a>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a><a href=\"\/nb\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/glossary\/199?add-to-cart=1832\" aria-describedby=\"woocommerce_loop_add_to_cart_link_describedby_1832\" data-quantity=\"1\" class=\"button product_type_simple add_to_cart_button ajax_add_to_cart\" data-product_id=\"1832\" data-product_sku=\"Tach-1\" aria-label=\"Legg i handlekurv: \u00abOptical Sensor (Laser Tachometer)\u00bb\" rel=\"nofollow\" data-success_message=\"\u00abOptical Sensor (Laser Tachometer)\u00bb ble lagt til i handlekurven\">Legg i handlekurv<\/a>\t<span id=\"woocommerce_loop_add_to_cart_link_describedby_1832\" class=\"screen-reader-text\">\n\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"col-ms-6 col-sm-6 col-md-3 shop-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/vibromera.eu\/nb\/product\/balanset-4\/\" class=\"woocommerce-LoopProduct-link woocommerce-loop-product__link\">\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"card-image\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/vibromera.eu\/nb\/product\/balanset-4\/\" title=\"Balanset-4\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"230\" height=\"153\" src=\"https:\/\/vibromera.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/balkom4-230x153.webp\" class=\"attachment-woocommerce_thumbnail size-woocommerce_thumbnail\" alt=\"Vibromera rotor balancing kit: carry case, multi-channel signal conditioner, handheld analyzer, magnetic base, vibration sensors, and coiled cables.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/vibromera.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/balkom4-230x153.webp 230w, https:\/\/vibromera.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/balkom4-300x200.webp 300w, https:\/\/vibromera.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/balkom4-18x12.webp 18w, https:\/\/vibromera.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/balkom4-360x240.webp 360w, https:\/\/vibromera.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/balkom4-460x306.webp 460w, https:\/\/vibromera.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/balkom4-600x400.webp 600w, https:\/\/vibromera.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/balkom4-272x182.webp 272w, https:\/\/vibromera.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/balkom4.webp 640w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 230px) 100vw, 230px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"ripple-container\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"content\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"category\"><a href=\"https:\/\/vibromera.eu\/nb\/product-category\/devices\/\" rel=\"tag\">Devices<\/a><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"card-title\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"shop-item-title-link\" href=\"https:\/\/vibromera.eu\/nb\/product\/balanset-4\/\" title=\"Balanset-4\">Balanset-4<\/a>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/h4>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"footer\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"price\"><h4><span class=\"woocommerce-Price-amount amount\"><span class=\"woocommerce-Price-currencySymbol\">&euro;<\/span>6,803.00<\/span> + VAT (if applicable)<\/h4><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"stats\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"\/nb\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/glossary\/199?add-to-cart=1833\" data-quantity=\"1\" data-product_id=\"1833\" data-product_sku=\"BS-4\" class=\"button product_type_simple add_to_cart_button ajax_add_to_cart btn btn-just-icon btn-simple btn-default\" title=\"Legg i handlekurv\"><i rel=\"tooltip\" data-original-title=\"Legg i handlekurv\" class=\"fas fa-cart-plus\"><\/i><\/a>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a><a href=\"\/nb\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/glossary\/199?add-to-cart=1833\" aria-describedby=\"woocommerce_loop_add_to_cart_link_describedby_1833\" data-quantity=\"1\" class=\"button product_type_simple add_to_cart_button ajax_add_to_cart\" data-product_id=\"1833\" data-product_sku=\"BS-4\" aria-label=\"Legg i handlekurv: \u00abBalanset-4\u00bb\" rel=\"nofollow\" data-success_message=\"\u00abBalanset-4\u00bb ble lagt til i handlekurven\">Legg i handlekurv<\/a>\t<span id=\"woocommerce_loop_add_to_cart_link_describedby_1833\" class=\"screen-reader-text\">\n\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- \/.row --><div class=\"row\">\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"col-ms-6 col-sm-6 col-md-3 shop-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/vibromera.eu\/nb\/product\/magnet-stand\/\" class=\"woocommerce-LoopProduct-link woocommerce-loop-product__link\">\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"card-image\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/vibromera.eu\/nb\/product\/magnet-stand\/\" title=\"Magnetic Stand Insize-60-kgf\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"230\" height=\"153\" src=\"https:\/\/vibromera.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/05\/IMG-36-230x153.webp\" class=\"attachment-woocommerce_thumbnail size-woocommerce_thumbnail\" alt=\"Magnet base.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/vibromera.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/05\/IMG-36-230x153.webp 230w, https:\/\/vibromera.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/05\/IMG-36-600x400.webp 600w, https:\/\/vibromera.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/05\/IMG-36-300x200.webp 300w, https:\/\/vibromera.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/05\/IMG-36-1024x682.webp 1024w, https:\/\/vibromera.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/05\/IMG-36-768x512.webp 768w, https:\/\/vibromera.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/05\/IMG-36-360x240.webp 360w, https:\/\/vibromera.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/05\/IMG-36-272x182.webp 272w, https:\/\/vibromera.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/05\/IMG-36.webp 1280w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 230px) 100vw, 230px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"ripple-container\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"content\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"category\"><a href=\"https:\/\/vibromera.eu\/nb\/product-category\/parts\/\" rel=\"tag\">Parts<\/a><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"card-title\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"shop-item-title-link\" href=\"https:\/\/vibromera.eu\/nb\/product\/magnet-stand\/\" title=\"Magnetic Stand Insize-60-kgf\">Magnetic Stand Insize-60-kgf<\/a>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/h4>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"footer\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"price\"><h4><span class=\"woocommerce-Price-amount amount\"><span class=\"woocommerce-Price-currencySymbol\">&euro;<\/span>46.00<\/span> + VAT (if applicable)<\/h4><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"stats\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"\/nb\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/glossary\/199?add-to-cart=1852\" data-quantity=\"1\" data-product_id=\"1852\" 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\u201cBalanset-1A\u201d OEM\">Dynamic balancer \u201cBalanset-1A\u201d OEM<\/a>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/h4>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"footer\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"price\"><h4><span class=\"woocommerce-Price-amount amount\"><span class=\"woocommerce-Price-currencySymbol\">&euro;<\/span>1,735.00<\/span> + VAT (if applicable)<\/h4><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"stats\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"\/nb\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/glossary\/199?add-to-cart=4193\" data-quantity=\"1\" data-product_id=\"4193\" data-product_sku=\"BS-1OEM\" class=\"button product_type_simple add_to_cart_button ajax_add_to_cart btn btn-just-icon btn-simple btn-default\" title=\"Legg i handlekurv\"><i rel=\"tooltip\" data-original-title=\"Legg i handlekurv\" class=\"fas fa-cart-plus\"><\/i><\/a>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a><a href=\"\/nb\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/glossary\/199?add-to-cart=4193\" aria-describedby=\"woocommerce_loop_add_to_cart_link_describedby_4193\" data-quantity=\"1\" class=\"button product_type_simple add_to_cart_button ajax_add_to_cart\" data-product_id=\"4193\" data-product_sku=\"BS-1OEM\" aria-label=\"Legg i handlekurv: \u00abDynamic balancer \u201cBalanset-1A\u201d OEM\u00bb\" rel=\"nofollow\" data-success_message=\"\u00abDynamic balancer \u201cBalanset-1A\u201d OEM\u00bb ble lagt til i handlekurven\">Legg i handlekurv<\/a>\t<span id=\"woocommerce_loop_add_to_cart_link_describedby_4193\" class=\"screen-reader-text\">\n\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\n<p><strong>Power spectral density<\/strong> (PSD) describes how <a href=\"https:\/\/vibromera.eu\/glossary\/vibration\/\">vibration<\/a> energy is distributed across frequency, expressed as energy per unit of frequency bandwidth \u2014 units of (m\/s\u00b2)\u00b2\/Hz for acceleration or (mm\/s)\u00b2\/Hz for velocity. Where an ordinary <a href=\"https:\/\/vibromera.eu\/glossary\/spectrum\/\">amplitude spectrum<\/a> reports the amplitude present at each frequency, PSD reports the <em>power per hertz<\/em> at each frequency, normalised by the analysis bandwidth. That single act of normalisation is what gives PSD its defining virtue: it is independent of the <a href=\"https:\/\/vibromera.eu\/glossary\/fft\/\">FFT<\/a> resolution used to compute it, so spectra captured with different settings \u2014 or on different instruments \u2014 can be compared directly and fairly.<\/p>\n<p>PSD comes into its own for <strong>random vibration<\/strong>, where energy is spread continuously across the frequency axis rather than concentrated at a handful of discrete peaks. It is the natural language for noise analysis, for environmental and qualification testing, and for any task that demands a bandwidth-independent description of a spectrum. For routine machinery fault-finding, by contrast, the familiar amplitude spectrum usually remains the more convenient view.<\/p>\n<h2>1. PSD vs the Amplitude Spectrum<\/h2>\n<p>The two displays answer different questions, and knowing which to reach for is half the skill.<\/p>\n<h3>Amplitude spectrum<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>Shows vibration <a href=\"https:\/\/vibromera.eu\/glossary\/amplitude\/\">amplitude<\/a> at each frequency, in everyday units such as mm\/s, m\/s\u00b2 or mils.<\/li>\n<li>Displays sharp peaks at discrete frequencies \u2014 unbalance at 1\u00d7, bearing-fault tones, gear mesh \u2014 which is exactly what diagnostics needs.<\/li>\n<li>Its peak values depend on the FFT resolution bandwidth, so the same machine can read differently under different settings.<\/li>\n<li>The standard display for machinery diagnostics.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>Power spectral density<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>Shows vibration power per hertz of bandwidth, in units such as (mm\/s)\u00b2\/Hz or (m\/s\u00b2)\u00b2\/Hz.<\/li>\n<li>Represents the energy distribution across frequency rather than the height of individual lines.<\/li>\n<li>Is independent of analysis bandwidth \u2014 its defining advantage.<\/li>\n<li>The standard description for random vibration.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>The relationship between them<\/h3>\n<blockquote>\n<p><strong>PSD = (Amplitude)\u00b2 \/ \u0394f<\/strong>, where \u0394f is the frequency resolution (the bin width).<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<p>Squaring the amplitude emphasises the largest components, and dividing by \u0394f removes the bandwidth dependence. The bin width itself is set by the span and line count of the transform, a relationship a <a href=\"https:\/\/vibromera.eu\/calculators\/fft-resolution-calculator\/\">FFT resolution calculator<\/a> makes explicit \u2014 and which explains why a narrower \u0394f raises the peaks of a raw amplitude spectrum but leaves the PSD unchanged.<\/p>\n<h2>2. Where PSD Is Used<\/h2>\n<p>The applications cluster around randomness, broadband energy and the need to compare.<\/p>\n<h3>Random vibration analysis<\/h3>\n<p>This is the primary use. Random processes \u2014 flow <a href=\"https:\/\/vibromera.eu\/glossary\/turbulence\/\">turbulence<\/a>, road inputs, seismic motion, acoustic excitation \u2014 produce continuous spectra with no discrete peaks, and PSD is the proper statistical description of how their energy is spread. Vibration-test specifications are written in PSD for exactly this reason.<\/p>\n<h3>Broadband noise characterisation<\/h3>\n<p>PSD cleanly captures broadband phenomena: <a href=\"https:\/\/vibromera.eu\/glossary\/cavitation\/\">cavitation<\/a> noise in pumps, turbulent-flow noise in fans, aerodynamic noise, and the broadband content of bearing-defect noise that a peak-based view struggles to summarise.<\/p>\n<h3>Bandwidth-independent comparison<\/h3>\n<p>Because PSD is normalised by \u0394f, it lets you compare spectra taken with different FFT settings, data from different instruments or resolutions, and historical records gathered under analysis parameters nobody documented. The PSD values are directly comparable regardless of bandwidth.<\/p>\n<h3>Environmental and qualification testing<\/h3>\n<p>Vibration-test profiles are specified as PSD versus frequency, shaker-table controllers regulate to a PSD target, and product-qualification and shock-and-vibration standards are framed in the same terms \u2014 making fluency in PSD essential for anyone running or interpreting such tests.<\/p>\n<h2>3. Calculating PSD<\/h2>\n<p>The computation follows straight from the definition:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Compute the FFT of the vibration signal.<\/li>\n<li>Square each amplitude value.<\/li>\n<li>Divide by the frequency resolution, \u0394f = F<sub>max<\/sub> \u00f7 number of lines.<\/li>\n<li>The result is the PSD in (units)\u00b2\/Hz.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>The units track the underlying parameter \u2014 <strong>acceleration PSD<\/strong> in (m\/s\u00b2)\u00b2\/Hz or g\u00b2\/Hz, <strong>velocity PSD<\/strong> in (mm\/s)\u00b2\/Hz or (in\/s)\u00b2\/Hz, <strong>displacement PSD<\/strong> in (\u00b5m)\u00b2\/Hz or (mils)\u00b2\/Hz \u2014 and PSD is very often plotted on a logarithmic (dB-relative-to-reference) scale to span its wide dynamic range. Accurate PSD also depends on appropriate <a href=\"https:\/\/vibromera.eu\/glossary\/windowing\/\">windowing<\/a> and averaging of the time data, since random signals must be averaged over many records to yield a stable estimate.<\/p>\n<h2>4. Interpreting PSD Plots<\/h2>\n<p>The shape of a PSD curve carries diagnostic meaning of its own.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Flat spectrum (white noise):<\/strong> constant PSD across frequency means equal energy per hertz everywhere \u2014 the signature of ideal broadband random vibration, and the target profile for much random-vibration testing.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Sloped spectrum (coloured noise):<\/strong> PSD that varies with frequency. A rising slope concentrates energy at high frequencies; a falling slope concentrates it at low frequencies, which is common in real machinery.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Peaks in PSD:<\/strong> discrete components still appear as peaks standing above the general level, and <a href=\"https:\/\/vibromera.eu\/glossary\/resonance\/\">resonances<\/a> show up as elevated regions, so the dominant energy contributors remain visible even within a broadband background.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>5. Relationship to RMS and Total Energy<\/h2>\n<p>PSD connects directly to the single-number severity measures engineers rely on.<\/p>\n<blockquote>\n<p><strong>RMS = \u221a[ \u222b PSD(f) df ]<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<p>Integrating the PSD across the full frequency range yields the mean-square value, and its square root is the overall <a href=\"https:\/\/vibromera.eu\/glossary\/rms\/\">RMS<\/a> \u2014 the same quantity a tool like an <a href=\"https:\/\/vibromera.eu\/calculators\/vibration-overall-level\/\">overall vibration level calculator<\/a> derives from a spectrum. Integrating over a narrower band gives the energy contained in that band alone, which is invaluable for judging how much each frequency region contributes to the total. This statistical framework is also the foundation of random-vibration <a href=\"https:\/\/vibromera.eu\/glossary\/fatigue\/\">fatigue<\/a> theory: predicting fatigue life under random loading starts from the PSD, as a <a href=\"https:\/\/vibromera.eu\/calculators\/fatigue-life-calculator\/\">fatigue life calculator<\/a> illustrates.<\/p>\n<h2>6. Advantages, and When to Choose PSD<\/h2>\n<p>PSD&#8217;s strengths are three. <strong>Resolution independence<\/strong> lets values be compared regardless of FFT settings, standardising analysis across instruments and across years of historical data. <strong>Energy representation<\/strong> means the curve directly depicts how vibration energy is distributed, with the squaring naturally emphasising dominant frequencies. And its <strong>statistical framework<\/strong> underpins random-vibration theory, enabling probabilistic analysis and fatigue prediction.<\/p>\n<p>Choose PSD when analysing random vibration or noise, when comparing data captured with different bandwidths, when following a test specification written in PSD, when characterising a broadband process, or whenever the analysis is fundamentally energy-based. Stay with an amplitude spectrum \u2014 or the closely related techniques of <a href=\"https:\/\/vibromera.eu\/glossary\/spectral-analysis\/\">spectral analysis<\/a> \u2014 for routine machinery diagnostics, for identifying discrete fault frequencies, for trending a specific component, and wherever the amplitude value itself is the meaningful number. In day-to-day field balancing and condition monitoring with a portable analyser such as the <a href=\"https:\/\/vibromera.eu\/product\/balanset-1\/\">Balanset-1A<\/a>, the amplitude spectrum and 1\u00d7 amplitude-and-phase remain the working tools; PSD enters when the question shifts from &#8220;which component is faulty?&#8221; to &#8220;how is broadband energy distributed, and is it comparable to last year&#8217;s data?&#8221;.<\/p>\n<p>Power spectral density is a cornerstone of random-vibration analysis and the only honest way to give a bandwidth-independent description of a spectrum. Less common than the amplitude spectrum in routine diagnostics, it is indispensable for random vibration, noise characterisation, environmental testing, and any situation that calls for comparing spectra measured with different analysis parameters or on different instruments.<\/p>\n<hr>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/vibromera.eu\/glossary\/\">\u2190 Back to Main Index<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>L\u00e6r om effektspektraltetthet (PSD), frekvensspektrum normalisert etter b\u00e5ndbredde som viser energifordeling, essensielt for analyse av tilfeldige vibrasjoner og st\u00f8ykarakterisering.<\/p>","protected":false},"featured_media":0,"template":"","meta":{"ai_generated_summary":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[114,109],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-199","glossary","type-glossary","status-publish","hentry","category-analysis","category-glossary"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/vibromera.eu\/nb\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/glossary\/199","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/vibromera.eu\/nb\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/glossary"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/vibromera.eu\/nb\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/glossary"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/vibromera.eu\/nb\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/glossary\/199\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":101347,"href":"https:\/\/vibromera.eu\/nb\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/glossary\/199\/revisions\/101347"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/vibromera.eu\/nb\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=199"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vibromera.eu\/nb\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=199"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vibromera.eu\/nb\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=199"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}