{"id":100021,"date":"2026-02-15T20:06:28","date_gmt":"2026-02-15T20:06:28","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/vibromera.eu\/?post_type=calculator&#038;p=100021"},"modified":"2026-02-15T20:06:28","modified_gmt":"2026-02-15T20:06:28","slug":"bearing-load","status":"publish","type":"calculator","link":"https:\/\/vibromera.eu\/pa\/calculators\/bearing-load\/","title":{"rendered":"\u0a2c\u0a47\u0a05\u0a30\u0a3f\u0a70\u0a17 L10 \u0a09\u0a2e\u0a30 \u0a15\u0a48\u0a32\u0a15\u0a41\u0a32\u0a47\u0a1f\u0a30 (ISO 281)"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\">\n{\"@context\":\"https:\/\/schema.org\",\"@type\":\"WebApplication\",\"name\":\"Bearing L10 Life Calculator\",\"alternateName\":[\"Bearing Life Calculator\",\"ISO 281 Calculator\",\"L10 Life Calculator\"],\"description\":\"Free online engineering calculator for bearing basic rating life L10 per ISO 281. Supports ball and roller bearings with metric and imperial units.\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/vibromera.eu\/calculators\/bearing-load-life-l10\/\",\"applicationCategory\":\"Engineering Calculator\",\"operatingSystem\":\"Any (Web Browser)\",\"offers\":{\"@type\":\"Offer\",\"price\":\"0\",\"priceCurrency\":\"EUR\"},\"creator\":{\"@type\":\"Organization\",\"name\":\"Vibromera\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/vibromera.eu\/\"},\"datePublished\":\"2024-01-01\",\"dateModified\":\"2025-02-14\",\"inLanguage\":\"en\",\"isAccessibleForFree\":true,\"featureList\":[\"Ball and roller bearing support\",\"Metric and Imperial units\",\"Life in hours, revolutions, and years\",\"C\/P ratio calculation\",\"Auto-calculation on input change\",\"URL parameter sharing\",\"Calculation history\"],\"keywords\":\"bearing life, L10, ISO 281, dynamic load rating, bearing hours, ball bearing, roller bearing\"}\n<\/script>\n\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\">\n{\"@context\":\"https:\/\/schema.org\",\"@type\":\"FAQPage\",\"mainEntity\":[\n{\"@type\":\"Question\",\"name\":\"What is L10 bearing life?\",\"acceptedAnswer\":{\"@type\":\"Answer\",\"text\":\"L10 life is the basic rating life defined by ISO 281 \u2014 the number of revolutions (or hours at a given speed) that 90% of a group of identical bearings will complete or exceed before the first evidence of fatigue damage appears. In other words, there is a 10% probability of failure before L10 is reached.\"}},\n{\"@type\":\"Question\",\"name\":\"What is the difference between L10 and L10a (adjusted) life?\",\"acceptedAnswer\":{\"@type\":\"Answer\",\"text\":\"L10 is the basic rating life based solely on the load ratio (C\/P) and the life exponent. L10a (or Lna per ISO 281) is the modified rating life that includes additional factors: a1 for reliability other than 90%, and aISO for lubrication, contamination, and fatigue load limit. L10a = a1 \u00d7 aISO \u00d7 L10. This calculator computes the basic L10 life.\"}},\n{\"@type\":\"Question\",\"name\":\"Why is the life exponent different for ball and roller bearings?\",\"acceptedAnswer\":{\"@type\":\"Answer\",\"text\":\"The life exponent p reflects the contact geometry. Ball bearings have point contact (elliptical contact area), giving p = 3. Roller bearings have line contact (rectangular contact area), giving p = 10\/3 \u2248 3.333. The higher exponent for rollers means their life is more sensitive to load changes. These values are established in ISO 281.\"}},\n{\"@type\":\"Question\",\"name\":\"How do I determine the equivalent dynamic bearing load P?\",\"acceptedAnswer\":{\"@type\":\"Answer\",\"text\":\"The equivalent dynamic load P combines radial (Fr) and axial (Fa) forces into a single value that would give the same bearing life. For radial bearings: P = X\u00b7Fr + Y\u00b7Fa, where X and Y are factors from the bearing catalog depending on the contact angle and Fa\/Fr ratio. For purely radial loads, P = Fr. Always consult the bearing manufacturer's catalog for exact X and Y values.\"}},\n{\"@type\":\"Question\",\"name\":\"What is a good L10h value for bearings?\",\"acceptedAnswer\":{\"@type\":\"Answer\",\"text\":\"Acceptable L10h depends on the application. General guidelines: 3,000\u20135,000 hours for household appliances; 10,000\u201325,000 hours for general industrial machinery running 8 hours\/day; 40,000\u201360,000 hours for continuous 24\/7 operation; 100,000+ hours for critical infrastructure like power plants. Machine designers typically aim for 20,000 hours minimum for standard industrial equipment.\"}}\n]}\n<\/script>\n\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\">\n{\"@context\":\"https:\/\/schema.org\",\"@type\":\"BreadcrumbList\",\"itemListElement\":[\n{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":1,\"name\":\"Home\",\"item\":\"https:\/\/vibromera.eu\/\"},\n{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":2,\"name\":\"Calculators\",\"item\":\"https:\/\/vibromera.eu\/calculators\/\"},\n{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":3,\"name\":\"Bearing L10 Life Calculator\",\"item\":\"https:\/\/vibromera.eu\/calculators\/bearing-load-life-l10\/\"}\n]}\n<\/script>\n\n<link rel=\"preconnect\" href=\"https:\/\/fonts.googleapis.com\">\n\n<link rel=\"preconnect\" href=\"https:\/\/fonts.gstatic.com\" crossorigin>\n\n<link href=\"https:\/\/fonts.googleapis.com\/css2?family=DM+Sans:ital,opsz,wght@0,9..40,300;0,9..40,400;0,9..40,500;0,9..40,600;0,9..40,700;1,9..40,400&#038;family=JetBrains+Mono:wght@400;500;600&#038;family=Fraunces:opsz,wght@9..144,700;9..144,800&#038;display=swap\" rel=\"stylesheet\">\n\n<link rel=\"stylesheet\" href=\"https:\/\/cdn.jsdelivr.net\/npm\/katex@0.16.11\/dist\/katex.min.css\">\n\n<style>\n:root {\n    --vc-bg: #f4f1ec;\n    --vc-surface: #ffffff;\n    --vc-surface-alt: #f8f6f2;\n    --vc-ink: #1a1a1a;\n    --vc-ink-secondary: #5a5650;\n    --vc-ink-muted: #8a857e;\n    --vc-accent: #c85a2a;\n    --vc-accent-hover: #b04d22;\n    --vc-accent-light: #fdf0ea;\n    --vc-blue: #2a5c8c;\n    --vc-blue-light: #eaf1f8;\n    --vc-green: #2a7a4b;\n    --vc-green-light: #eaf8ef;\n    --vc-yellow: #a67c00;\n    --vc-yellow-light: #fef9e8;\n    --vc-red: #b91c1c;\n    --vc-red-light: #fef2f2;\n    --vc-border: #d9d4cc;\n    --vc-border-light: #e8e4dd;\n    --vc-shadow: 0 1px 3px rgba(26,26,26,0.06), 0 4px 12px rgba(26,26,26,0.04);\n    --vc-shadow-lg: 0 4px 12px rgba(26,26,26,0.08), 0 16px 40px rgba(26,26,26,0.06);\n    --vc-radius: 8px;\n    --vc-radius-lg: 12px;\n    --vc-font: 'DM Sans', -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, 'Segoe UI', sans-serif;\n    --vc-mono: 'JetBrains Mono', 'Consolas', 'Monaco', monospace;\n    --vc-display: 'Fraunces', Georgia, serif;\n}\n\n.vc-calculator {\n    font-family: var(--vc-font);\n    font-size: 15px;\n    line-height: 1.65;\n    color: var(--vc-ink);\n    max-width: 960px;\n    margin: 0 auto;\n    padding: 20px 16px 40px;\n    -webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased;\n}\n.vc-calculator *, .vc-calculator *::before, .vc-calculator *::after { box-sizing: border-box; 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}\n    .vc-copy-btn, .vc-section-chevron, .vc-faq-chevron, .vc-presets, .vc-promo { display:none!important; }\n}\n<\/style>\n\n<div class=\"vc-calculator\" id=\"vc-bearing-life\">\n\n<!-- Header -->\n<header class=\"vc-header\">\n    <p class=\"vc-header-eyebrow\">Free Engineering Tool<\/p>\n    <h1 class=\"vc-header-title\">Bearing L10 Life Calculator<\/h1>\n    <p class=\"vc-header-subtitle\">Calculate bearing basic rating life L10 per ISO 281. Enter the dynamic load rating C, equivalent dynamic load P, bearing type, and rotational speed.<\/p>\n    <div class=\"vc-badges\">\n        <span class=\"vc-badge\">ISO 281<\/span>\n        <span class=\"vc-badge\">Ball &amp; Roller<\/span>\n        <span class=\"vc-badge\">L10 \/ L10h<\/span>\n    <\/div>\n<\/header>\n\n<!-- Calculator Card -->\n<div class=\"vc-card\">\n    <div class=\"vc-unit-bar\">\n        <button type=\"button\" class=\"vc-unit-btn vc-active\" data-system=\"metric\">Metric (kN)<\/button>\n        <button type=\"button\" class=\"vc-unit-btn\" data-system=\"imperial\">Imperial (lbf)<\/button>\n    <\/div>\n\n    <form class=\"vc-form\" id=\"vc-form\" autocomplete=\"off\">\n        <div class=\"vc-form-grid\">\n            <div class=\"vc-field\">\n                <label class=\"vc-label\" for=\"vc-loadC\">Dynamic Load Rating, C <span class=\"vc-label-hint\" id=\"vc-loadC-unit\">(kN)<\/span><\/label>\n                <input class=\"vc-input\" type=\"number\" id=\"vc-loadC\" inputmode=\"decimal\" step=\"any\" min=\"0.001\" placeholder=\"e.g. 42.3\" value=\"42.3\">\n            <\/div>\n            <div class=\"vc-field\">\n                <label class=\"vc-label\" for=\"vc-loadP\">Equivalent Dynamic Load, P <span class=\"vc-label-hint\" id=\"vc-loadP-unit\">(kN)<\/span><\/label>\n                <input class=\"vc-input\" type=\"number\" id=\"vc-loadP\" inputmode=\"decimal\" step=\"any\" min=\"0.001\" placeholder=\"e.g. 8.5\" value=\"8.5\">\n            <\/div>\n            <div class=\"vc-field\">\n                <label class=\"vc-label\" for=\"vc-bearingType\">Bearing Type<\/label>\n                <select class=\"vc-select\" id=\"vc-bearingType\">\n                    <option value=\"ball\">Ball bearing (p = 3)<\/option>\n                    <option value=\"roller\">Roller bearing (p = 10\/3)<\/option>\n                <\/select>\n            <\/div>\n            <div class=\"vc-field\">\n                <label class=\"vc-label\" for=\"vc-speed\">Rotational Speed <span class=\"vc-label-hint\">(RPM)<\/span><\/label>\n                <input class=\"vc-input\" type=\"number\" id=\"vc-speed\" inputmode=\"decimal\" step=\"any\" min=\"0.1\" placeholder=\"e.g. 1500\" value=\"1500\">\n            <\/div>\n        <\/div>\n\n        <!-- Presets -->\n        <div class=\"vc-presets\">\n            <div class=\"vc-presets-label\">Quick presets<\/div>\n            <button type=\"button\" class=\"vc-preset-btn\" data-c=\"14.8\" data-p=\"3\" data-n=\"1500\" data-t=\"ball\">6205 Ball (C=14.8, P=3, 1500 RPM)<\/button>\n            <button type=\"button\" class=\"vc-preset-btn\" data-c=\"61.8\" data-p=\"10\" data-n=\"3000\" data-t=\"ball\">6310 Ball (C=61.8, P=10, 3000 RPM)<\/button>\n            <button type=\"button\" class=\"vc-preset-btn\" data-c=\"88\" data-p=\"15\" data-n=\"1500\" data-t=\"roller\">NU210 Roller (C=88, P=15, 1500 RPM)<\/button>\n        <\/div>\n    <\/form>\n\n    <!-- Results -->\n    <div class=\"vc-results\" id=\"vc-results\">\n        <div class=\"vc-results-head\">\n            <h2 class=\"vc-results-title\">Results<\/h2>\n            <button type=\"button\" class=\"vc-copy-btn\" id=\"vc-copy-btn\">\n                <svg width=\"14\" height=\"14\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2\"><rect x=\"9\" y=\"9\" width=\"13\" height=\"13\" rx=\"2\"\/><path d=\"M5 15H4a2 2 0 01-2-2V4a2 2 0 012-2h9a2 2 0 012 2v1\"\/><\/svg>\n                Copy\n            <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n        <div class=\"vc-result-grid\">\n            <div class=\"vc-rcard vc-rcard-primary\">\n                <div class=\"vc-rcard-label\">Basic Rating Life L\u2081\u2080\u2095<\/div>\n                <div class=\"vc-rcard-value\" id=\"vc-r-l10h\">\u2014<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n            <div class=\"vc-rcard\">\n                <div class=\"vc-rcard-label\">L\u2081\u2080 (millions of revolutions)<\/div>\n                <div class=\"vc-rcard-value\" id=\"vc-r-l10rev\">\u2014<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n            <div class=\"vc-rcard\">\n                <div class=\"vc-rcard-label\">L\u2081\u2080 (years, 24\/7 operation)<\/div>\n                <div class=\"vc-rcard-value\" id=\"vc-r-l10yr\">\u2014<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n            <div class=\"vc-rcard\">\n                <div class=\"vc-rcard-label\">C\/P Ratio<\/div>\n                <div class=\"vc-rcard-value\" id=\"vc-r-cpratio\">\u2014<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n            <div class=\"vc-rcard\">\n                <div class=\"vc-rcard-label\">Life Exponent p<\/div>\n                <div class=\"vc-rcard-value\" id=\"vc-r-exponent\">\u2014<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n        <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n<!-- Theory & Reference -->\n<div class=\"vc-section vc-open\" id=\"vc-sec-theory\">\n    <button type=\"button\" class=\"vc-section-toggle\" aria-expanded=\"true\">\n        <span class=\"vc-section-toggle-text\">\n            <span class=\"vc-section-icon\">\ud83d\udcd8<\/span>\n            <span class=\"vc-section-title\">Theory &amp; Formulas<\/span>\n        <\/span>\n        <svg class=\"vc-section-chevron\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2\"><path d=\"M6 9l6 6 6-6\"\/><\/svg>\n    <\/button>\n    <div class=\"vc-section-body\">\n        <div class=\"vc-section-inner vc-theory\">\n            <h3>Basic Rating Life (ISO 281)<\/h3>\n            <p>The basic rating life in revolutions:<\/p>\n            <div class=\"vc-formula-box\" id=\"vc-katex-1\"><\/div>\n            <p>The basic rating life in hours:<\/p>\n            <div class=\"vc-formula-box\" id=\"vc-katex-2\"><\/div>\n            <ul>\n                <li><strong>C<\/strong> \u2014 basic dynamic load rating (kN) from bearing catalog<\/li>\n                <li><strong>P<\/strong> \u2014 equivalent dynamic bearing load (kN)<\/li>\n                <li><strong>n<\/strong> \u2014 rotational speed (RPM)<\/li>\n                <li><strong>p<\/strong> \u2014 life exponent: <strong>p = 3<\/strong> for ball bearings, <strong>p = 10\/3<\/strong> for roller bearings<\/li>\n            <\/ul>\n            <div class=\"vc-formula-box\" id=\"vc-katex-3\"><\/div>\n\n            <h3>Typical Bearing Life Guidelines<\/h3>\n            <table class=\"vc-table\">\n                <thead><tr><th>Application<\/th><th>Required L\u2081\u2080\u2095 (hours)<\/th><\/tr><\/thead>\n                <tbody>\n                    <tr><td>Household appliances<\/td><td>3,000 \u2013 5,000<\/td><\/tr>\n                    <tr><td>Electric hand tools<\/td><td>1,000 \u2013 2,000<\/td><\/tr>\n                    <tr><td>Agricultural machinery<\/td><td>3,000 \u2013 6,000<\/td><\/tr>\n                    <tr><td>Conveyor rollers<\/td><td>20,000 \u2013 30,000<\/td><\/tr>\n                    <tr><td>General gearboxes<\/td><td>10,000 \u2013 30,000<\/td><\/tr>\n                    <tr><td>Electric motors (general)<\/td><td>20,000 \u2013 40,000<\/td><\/tr>\n                    <tr><td>Pumps, compressors<\/td><td>40,000 \u2013 60,000<\/td><\/tr>\n                    <tr><td>Critical \/ continuous 24\/7<\/td><td>100,000 \u2013 200,000<\/td><\/tr>\n                <\/tbody>\n            <\/table>\n\n            <h3>Practical Example<\/h3>\n            <div class=\"vc-example-box\">\n                <div class=\"vc-example-title\">Example \u2014 6308 Deep Groove Ball Bearing<\/div>\n                <p><strong>Given:<\/strong> C = 42.3 kN, P = 8.5 kN, Speed = 1500 RPM, Ball bearing (p = 3)<\/p>\n                <p>C\/P = 42.3 \/ 8.5 = 4.976<\/p>\n                <p>L\u2081\u2080 = (4.976)\u00b3 \u00d7 10\u2076 = 123.23 \u00d7 10\u2076 = <strong>123,230,000 rev<\/strong><\/p>\n                <p>L\u2081\u2080\u2095 = 123,230,000 \/ (60 \u00d7 1500) = <strong>1,369 hours<\/strong><\/p>\n            <\/div>\n\n            <div class=\"vc-info-box\">\n                <p><strong>\u2139\ufe0f Note:<\/strong> This calculator computes the basic L\u2081\u2080 life. For modified life L\u2081\u2080\u2090 (including lubrication, contamination, and fatigue load limit factors), multiply by a\u2081 \u00d7 a_ISO per ISO 281.<\/p>\n            <\/div>\n        <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n<!-- Related Calculators -->\n<div class=\"vc-section\" id=\"vc-sec-related\">\n    <button type=\"button\" class=\"vc-section-toggle\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n        <span class=\"vc-section-toggle-text\">\n            <span class=\"vc-section-icon\">\ud83d\udd17<\/span>\n            <span class=\"vc-section-title\">Related Calculators<\/span>\n        <\/span>\n        <svg class=\"vc-section-chevron\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2\"><path d=\"M6 9l6 6 6-6\"\/><\/svg>\n    <\/button>\n    <div class=\"vc-section-body\">\n        <div class=\"vc-section-inner\">\n            <div class=\"vc-related\">\n                <a class=\"vc-related-link\" href=\"\/calculators\/natural-frequency\/\">Natural Frequency (Mass-Spring)<\/a>\n                <a class=\"vc-related-link\" href=\"\/calculators\/bolt-tightening-torque\/\">Bolt Tightening Torque<\/a>\n                <a class=\"vc-related-link\" href=\"\/calculators\/residual-unbalance-iso1940\/\">Residual Unbalance (ISO 1940)<\/a>\n                <a class=\"vc-related-link\" href=\"\/calculators\/vibration-velocity\/\">Vibration Velocity (ISO 10816)<\/a>\n            <\/div>\n        <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n<!-- FAQ -->\n<div class=\"vc-section\" id=\"vc-sec-faq\">\n    <button type=\"button\" class=\"vc-section-toggle\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n        <span class=\"vc-section-toggle-text\">\n            <span class=\"vc-section-icon\">\u2753<\/span>\n            <span class=\"vc-section-title\">Frequently Asked Questions<\/span>\n        <\/span>\n        <svg class=\"vc-section-chevron\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2\"><path d=\"M6 9l6 6 6-6\"\/><\/svg>\n    <\/button>\n    <div class=\"vc-section-body\">\n        <div class=\"vc-section-inner\">\n            <div class=\"vc-faq-list\" id=\"vc-faq-list\"><\/div>\n        <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n<!-- Promo -->\n<div class=\"vc-promo\">\n    <div class=\"vc-promo-text\">\n        <strong>Vibromera \u2014 Vibration Diagnostics &amp; Balancing Equipment<\/strong><br>\n        Professional portable balancers, vibration analyzers, and condition monitoring systems. Extend bearing life through precision balancing. Used in 50+ countries.\n    <\/div>\n    <a class=\"vc-promo-link\" href=\"https:\/\/vibromera.eu\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Learn More<\/a>\n<\/div>\n\n<!-- Footer -->\n<footer class=\"vc-footer\">\n    <p>\u00a9 2024\u20132025 <a href=\"https:\/\/vibromera.eu\/\">Vibromera<\/a> \u2014 Engineering Calculators<\/p>\n    <p style=\"font-size:12px;margin-top:4px;\">Based on ISO 281. Last updated: February 2025<\/p>\n    <div class=\"vc-footer-links\">\n        <a href=\"\/calculators\/engineering-calculators\/\">All 252 Calculators<\/a>\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/vibromera.eu\/contacts\/\">Contact<\/a>\n    <\/div>\n<\/footer>\n\n<\/div>\n\n<script src=\"https:\/\/cdn.jsdelivr.net\/npm\/katex@0.16.11\/dist\/katex.min.js\"><\/script>\n<script>\n(function() {\n    'use strict';\n\n    var SLUG = 'bearing-load-life-l10';\n    var unitSystem = 'metric';\n    var KN2LBF = 224.809;\n\n    function $(id) { return document.getElementById(id); }\n    function fmt(n, d) { if(isNaN(n)) return '\u2014'; var f=n.toFixed(d===undefined?2:d); return f.replace(\/(\\.\\d*?)0+$\/,'$1').replace(\/\\.$\/,''); }\n    function formatNum(n) {\n        if(n>=1e6) return (n\/1e6).toFixed(2)+'M';\n        if(n>=1e4) return Math.round(n).toLocaleString('en-US');\n        if(n>=100) return Math.round(n).toLocaleString('en-US');\n        if(n>=10) return n.toFixed(1);\n        if(n>=1) return n.toFixed(2);\n        return n.toFixed(3);\n    }\n\n    \/* \u2500\u2500 CALCULATION \u2500\u2500 *\/\n    function calculate() {\n        var cVal = parseFloat($('vc-loadC').value);\n        var pVal = parseFloat($('vc-loadP').value);\n        var speed = parseFloat($('vc-speed').value);\n        var type = $('vc-bearingType').value;\n\n        if (!cVal || cVal <= 0 || !pVal || pVal <= 0 || !speed || speed <= 0) {\n            $('vc-results').classList.remove('vc-visible');\n            return;\n        }\n\n        \/* Convert to kN if imperial *\/\n        var cKN = unitSystem === 'imperial' ? cVal \/ KN2LBF : cVal;\n        var pKN = unitSystem === 'imperial' ? pVal \/ KN2LBF : pVal;\n\n        if (pKN >= cKN) {\n            $('vc-results').classList.remove('vc-visible');\n            return;\n        }\n\n        var p = (type === 'ball') ? 3 : (10\/3);\n        var cpRatio = cKN \/ pKN;\n        var L10rev = Math.pow(cpRatio, p) * 1e6; \/* revolutions *\/\n        var L10h = L10rev \/ (60 * speed); \/* hours *\/\n        var L10yr = L10h \/ (365.25 * 24); \/* years 24\/7 *\/\n        var L10Mrev = L10rev \/ 1e6; \/* millions of revolutions *\/\n\n        \/* Display *\/\n        $('vc-r-l10h').innerHTML = formatNum(L10h) + ' <span class=\"vc-rcard-unit\">hours<\/span>';\n        $('vc-r-l10rev').innerHTML = L10Mrev.toFixed(2) + ' <span class=\"vc-rcard-unit\">Mrev<\/span>';\n        $('vc-r-l10yr').innerHTML = L10yr.toFixed(2) + ' <span class=\"vc-rcard-unit\">years<\/span>';\n        $('vc-r-cpratio').innerHTML = cpRatio.toFixed(3);\n        $('vc-r-exponent').innerHTML = (type === 'ball') ? 'p = 3 <span class=\"vc-rcard-unit\">(ball)<\/span>' : 'p = 10\/3 \u2248 3.333 <span class=\"vc-rcard-unit\">(roller)<\/span>';\n\n        $('vc-results').classList.add('vc-visible');\n\n        \/* URL params *\/\n        var u = new URL(window.location);\n        u.searchParams.set('loadC', $('vc-loadC').value);\n        u.searchParams.set('loadP', $('vc-loadP').value);\n        u.searchParams.set('speed', speed);\n        u.searchParams.set('bearingType', type);\n        history.replaceState(null, '', u.toString());\n\n        \/* History *\/\n        var forceUnit = unitSystem === 'imperial' ? 'lbf' : 'kN';\n        saveHistory({\n            loadC: $('vc-loadC').value,\n            loadP: $('vc-loadP').value,\n            speed: speed,\n            bearingType: type,\n            _summary: 'C=' + $('vc-loadC').value + ' ' + forceUnit + ', P=' + $('vc-loadP').value + ' ' + forceUnit + ', n=' + speed + ' RPM \u2192 L10h=' + formatNum(L10h) + ' h'\n        });\n    }\n\n    \/* \u2500\u2500 UNIT TOGGLE \u2500\u2500 *\/\n    var unitBtns = document.querySelectorAll('.vc-unit-btn');\n    unitBtns.forEach(function(btn) {\n        btn.addEventListener('click', function() {\n            unitBtns.forEach(function(b) { b.classList.remove('vc-active'); });\n            this.classList.add('vc-active');\n            unitSystem = this.getAttribute('data-system');\n            $('vc-loadC-unit').textContent = unitSystem === 'imperial' ? '(lbf)' : '(kN)';\n            $('vc-loadP-unit').textContent = unitSystem === 'imperial' ? '(lbf)' : '(kN)';\n            try { localStorage.setItem('vc_units', unitSystem); } catch(e) {}\n            calculate();\n        });\n    });\n\n    \/* \u2500\u2500 PRESETS \u2500\u2500 *\/\n    document.querySelectorAll('.vc-preset-btn').forEach(function(btn) {\n        btn.addEventListener('click', function(e) {\n            e.preventDefault();\n            var c = parseFloat(this.getAttribute('data-c'));\n            var p = parseFloat(this.getAttribute('data-p'));\n            $('vc-loadC').value = unitSystem === 'imperial' ? fmt(c * KN2LBF, 1) : c;\n            $('vc-loadP').value = unitSystem === 'imperial' ? fmt(p * KN2LBF, 1) : p;\n            $('vc-speed').value = this.getAttribute('data-n');\n            $('vc-bearingType').value = this.getAttribute('data-t');\n            calculate();\n        });\n    });\n\n    \/* \u2500\u2500 AUTO-CALCULATE \u2500\u2500 *\/\n    $('vc-form').addEventListener('input', calculate);\n    $('vc-form').addEventListener('change', calculate);\n\n    \/* \u2500\u2500 COPY \u2500\u2500 *\/\n    $('vc-copy-btn').addEventListener('click', function() {\n        var forceUnit = unitSystem === 'imperial' ? 'lbf' : 'kN';\n        var text = 'Bearing L10 Life Calculation (ISO 281)\\n' +\n            '\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\\n' +\n            'Dynamic Load Rating C: ' + $('vc-loadC').value + ' ' + forceUnit + '\\n' +\n            'Equivalent Load P: ' + $('vc-loadP').value + ' ' + forceUnit + '\\n' +\n            'Speed: ' + $('vc-speed').value + ' RPM\\n' +\n            'Bearing Type: ' + $('vc-bearingType').value + '\\n' +\n            'L10h: ' + $('vc-r-l10h').textContent + '\\n' +\n            'L10 (Mrev): ' + $('vc-r-l10rev').textContent + '\\n' +\n            'C\/P Ratio: ' + $('vc-r-cpratio').textContent + '\\n' +\n            '\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\\n' +\n            'vibromera.eu\/calculators\/bearing-load-life-l10\/';\n\n        if (navigator.clipboard) {\n            navigator.clipboard.writeText(text).then(function() {\n                var btn = $('vc-copy-btn');\n                btn.classList.add('vc-copied');\n                btn.innerHTML = '<svg width=\"14\" height=\"14\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2\"><polyline points=\"20 6 9 17 4 12\"\/><\/svg> Copied!';\n                setTimeout(function() {\n                    btn.classList.remove('vc-copied');\n                    btn.innerHTML = '<svg width=\"14\" height=\"14\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2\"><rect x=\"9\" y=\"9\" width=\"13\" height=\"13\" rx=\"2\"\/><path d=\"M5 15H4a2 2 0 01-2-2V4a2 2 0 012-2h9a2 2 0 012 2v1\"\/><\/svg> Copy';\n                }, 2000);\n            });\n        }\n    });\n\n    \/* \u2500\u2500 COLLAPSIBLE SECTIONS \u2500\u2500 *\/\n    document.querySelectorAll('.vc-section-toggle').forEach(function(btn) {\n        btn.addEventListener('click', function() {\n            var section = this.closest('.vc-section');\n            var isOpen = section.classList.contains('vc-open');\n            section.classList.toggle('vc-open');\n            this.setAttribute('aria-expanded', !isOpen);\n        });\n    });\n\n    \/* \u2500\u2500 FAQ \u2500\u2500 *\/\n    var faqData = [\n        { q: 'What is L10 bearing life?', a: '<p>L10 life is the basic rating life defined by ISO 281 \u2014 the number of revolutions (or hours at a given speed) that 90% of a group of identical bearings will complete or exceed before the first evidence of fatigue damage appears. In other words, there is a 10% probability of failure before L10 is reached.<\/p><p>It is the industry-standard metric for comparing and selecting bearings.<\/p>' },\n        { q: 'What is the difference between L10 and L10a (adjusted) life?', a: '<p>L10 is the basic rating life based solely on the load ratio (C\/P) and the life exponent. L10a (or Lna per ISO 281) is the modified rating life that includes additional factors:<\/p><ul><li><strong>a\u2081<\/strong> \u2014 reliability factor (for reliability other than 90%)<\/li><li><strong>a_ISO<\/strong> \u2014 factor for lubrication, contamination, and fatigue load limit<\/li><\/ul><p>The formula becomes: L\u2081\u2080\u2090 = a\u2081 \u00d7 a_ISO \u00d7 L\u2081\u2080. This calculator computes the basic L10 life.<\/p>' },\n        { q: 'Why is the life exponent different for ball and roller bearings?', a: '<p>The life exponent p reflects the contact geometry between rolling elements and raceways. Ball bearings have point contact (small elliptical contact area), giving p = 3. Roller bearings have line contact (rectangular contact area), giving p = 10\/3 \u2248 3.333.<\/p><p>The higher exponent for rollers means their life is more sensitive to load changes \u2014 a small load increase causes a proportionally larger reduction in life compared to ball bearings.<\/p>' },\n        { q: 'How do I determine the equivalent dynamic bearing load P?', a: '<p>The equivalent dynamic load P combines radial (F_r) and axial (F_a) forces into a single value that gives the same bearing life as the actual combined loading.<\/p><p>For radial bearings: P = X\u00b7F_r + Y\u00b7F_a, where X and Y are factors from the bearing catalog depending on the contact angle and the F_a\/F_r ratio.<\/p><p>For purely radial loads with no axial component, P = F_r. Always consult the bearing manufacturer\\'s catalog for exact X and Y values.<\/p>' },\n        { q: 'What is a good L10h value for bearings?', a: '<p>Acceptable L10h depends on the application and how critical the equipment is:<\/p><ul><li><strong>3,000\u20135,000 h<\/strong> \u2014 household appliances<\/li><li><strong>10,000\u201325,000 h<\/strong> \u2014 general industrial machinery (8 h\/day)<\/li><li><strong>40,000\u201360,000 h<\/strong> \u2014 continuous 24\/7 operation (pumps, compressors)<\/li><li><strong>100,000+ h<\/strong> \u2014 critical infrastructure (power plants)<\/li><\/ul><p>Machine designers typically aim for at least 20,000 hours for standard industrial equipment.<\/p>' }\n    ];\n\n    var faqList = $('vc-faq-list');\n    faqData.forEach(function(faq) {\n        faqList.innerHTML += '<div class=\"vc-faq-item\"><button type=\"button\" class=\"vc-faq-q\"><span>' + faq.q + '<\/span><svg class=\"vc-faq-chevron\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2\"><path d=\"M6 9l6 6 6-6\"\/><\/svg><\/button><div class=\"vc-faq-a\"><div class=\"vc-faq-a-inner\">' + faq.a + '<\/div><\/div><\/div>';\n    });\n    faqList.addEventListener('click', function(e) {\n        var btn = e.target.closest('.vc-faq-q');\n        if (!btn) return;\n        btn.closest('.vc-faq-item').classList.toggle('vc-open');\n    });\n\n    \/* \u2500\u2500 HISTORY \u2500\u2500 *\/\n    function saveHistory(entry) {\n        var key = 'vc_history_' + SLUG;\n        var arr = [];\n        try { arr = JSON.parse(localStorage.getItem(key)) || []; } catch(e) {}\n        entry._ts = new Date().toISOString();\n        arr.unshift(entry);\n        if (arr.length > 10) arr = arr.slice(0, 10);\n        try { localStorage.setItem(key, JSON.stringify(arr)); } catch(e) {}\n    }\n\n    \/* \u2500\u2500 URL PARAMS \u2500\u2500 *\/\n    function loadParams() {\n        var p = new URLSearchParams(window.location.search);\n        p.forEach(function(v, k) {\n            var el = $(k) || $('vc-' + k);\n            if (el) el.value = v;\n        });\n    }\n\n    \/* \u2500\u2500 KATEX \u2500\u2500 *\/\n    function renderFormulas() {\n        try {\n            katex.render('L_{10} = \\\\left(\\\\frac{C}{P}\\\\right)^p \\\\times 10^6 \\\\quad [\\\\text{rev}]', $('vc-katex-1'), { displayMode: true, throwOnError: false });\n            katex.render('L_{10h} = \\\\frac{L_{10}}{60 \\\\times n} \\\\quad [\\\\text{hours}]', $('vc-katex-2'), { displayMode: true, throwOnError: false });\n            katex.render('p = 3 \\\\text{ (ball bearings)}, \\\\quad p = \\\\tfrac{10}{3} \\\\text{ (roller bearings)}', $('vc-katex-3'), { displayMode: true, throwOnError: false });\n        } catch(e) {}\n    }\n\n    \/* \u2500\u2500 INIT \u2500\u2500 *\/\n    function init() {\n        try {\n            var saved = localStorage.getItem('vc_units');\n            if (saved === 'imperial') {\n                unitSystem = 'imperial';\n                unitBtns.forEach(function(b) { b.classList.toggle('vc-active', b.getAttribute('data-system') === 'imperial'); });\n                $('vc-loadC-unit').textContent = '(lbf)';\n                $('vc-loadP-unit').textContent = '(lbf)';\n            }\n        } catch(e) {}\n\n        loadParams();\n        renderFormulas();\n        calculate();\n    }\n\n    if (document.readyState === 'loading') {\n        document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', init);\n    } else {\n        init();\n    }\n})();\n<\/script>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>ISO 281 \u0a05\u0a28\u0a41\u0a38\u0a3e\u0a30 \u0a2c\u0a47\u0a05\u0a30\u0a3f\u0a70\u0a17 \u0a2c\u0a47\u0a38\u0a3f\u0a15 \u0a30\u0a47\u0a1f\u0a3f\u0a70\u0a17 \u0a1c\u0a40\u0a35\u0a28 L10 \u0a26\u0a40 \u0a17\u0a23\u0a28\u0a3e \u0a15\u0a30\u0a4b\u0964 \u0a21\u0a3e\u0a07\u0a28\u0a3e\u0a2e\u0a3f\u0a15 \u0a32\u0a4b\u0a21 \u0a30\u0a47\u0a1f\u0a3f\u0a70\u0a17 C, \u0a38\u0a2e\u0a3e\u0a28 \u0a32\u0a4b\u0a21 P, \u0a2c\u0a47\u0a05\u0a30\u0a3f\u0a70\u0a17 \u0a15\u0a3f\u0a38\u0a2e, \u0a05\u0a24\u0a47 \u0a17\u0a24\u0a40 \u0a26\u0a30\u0a1c \u0a15\u0a30\u0a4b \u0a24\u0a3e\u0a02 \u0a1c\u0a4b \u0a18\u0a70\u0a1f\u0a3f\u0a06\u0a02 \u0a05\u0a24\u0a47 \u0a1a\u0a71\u0a15\u0a30\u0a3e\u0a02 \u0a35\u0a3f\u0a71\u0a1a \u0a1c\u0a40\u0a35\u0a28 \u0a15\u0a3e\u0a32 \u0a2a\u0a4d\u0a30\u0a3e\u0a2a\u0a24 \u0a15\u0a40\u0a24\u0a3e \u0a1c\u0a3e \u0a38\u0a15\u0a47\u0964<\/p>","protected":false},"featured_media":0,"template":"","meta":{"ai_generated_summary":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-100021","calculator","type-calculator","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/vibromera.eu\/pa\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/calculator\/100021","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/vibromera.eu\/pa\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/calculator"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/vibromera.eu\/pa\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/calculator"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/vibromera.eu\/pa\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/calculator\/100021\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":100334,"href":"https:\/\/vibromera.eu\/pa\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/calculator\/100021\/revisions\/100334"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/vibromera.eu\/pa\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=100021"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vibromera.eu\/pa\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=100021"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vibromera.eu\/pa\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=100021"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}