{"id":2138,"date":"2023-04-07T21:01:25","date_gmt":"2023-04-07T21:01:25","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/vibromera.eu\/?p=2138"},"modified":"2026-07-02T19:45:53","modified_gmt":"2026-07-02T19:45:53","slug":"uporaba-fourierjeve-transformacije-za-analizo-vibracijskih-signalov","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/vibromera.eu\/sl\/example\/application-of-the-fourier-transform-to-the-analysis-of-vibration-signals\/","title":{"rendered":"Uporaba Fourierjeve transformacije za analizo vibracijskih signalov."},"content":{"rendered":"<h1>Uporaba Fourierove transformacije pri analizi signalov vibracij<\/h1>\n<p style=\"text-align: right\">Andrei Shelkovenko. Eden od razvijalcev in ustanovitelj podjetja Vibromera.<br \/>\nPrevod \u010dlanka lahko vsebuje neto\u010dnosti.<\/p>\n<h2>Fourierova transformacija in spekter signala<\/h2>\n<p>V mnogih primerih je naloga pridobivanja (izra\u010duna) <a href=\"https:\/\/vibromera.eu\/sl\/glossary\/spectrum\/\">spekter<\/a> signala je naslednja. Obstaja analogno-digitalni pretvornik (ADC), ki z vzor\u010denjem <a href=\"https:\/\/vibromera.eu\/sl\/glossary\/frequency\/\">frekvenca<\/a> Fd pretvori neprekinjen signal, ki prispe na njegov vhod v \u010dasu T, v digitalne vzorce \u2013 N kosov. Nato se ta niz vzorcev posreduje nekemu programu (na primer <span><a href=\"http:\/\/www.siarion.net\/rus\/free\/fourierscope\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">FourierScope<\/a><\/span>), ki izpi\u0161e N\/2 nekaterih \u0161tevilskih vrednosti.<\/p>\n<p>Da bi preverili, ali program deluje pravilno, oblikujemo polje vzorcev kot vsoto dveh sin(10*2*pi*x)+0,5*sin(5*2*pi*x) in ga vnesemo v program. Program je narisal naslednje:<br \/>\n<div id=\"attachment_2139\" style=\"width: 650px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-2139\" src=\"https:\/\/vibromera.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/\u041f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435-\u043f\u0440\u0435\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f-\u0424\u0443\u0440\u044c\u0435-\u0434\u043b\u044f-\u0430\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0430-\u0432\u0438\u0431\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0438\u0433\u043d\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0432-en-US725.webp\" alt=\"Fourierova transformacija in spekter signala\" width=\"640\" height=\"299\" class=\"size-full wp-image-2139\" srcset=\"https:\/\/vibromera.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/\u041f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435-\u043f\u0440\u0435\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f-\u0424\u0443\u0440\u044c\u0435-\u0434\u043b\u044f-\u0430\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0430-\u0432\u0438\u0431\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0438\u0433\u043d\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0432-en-US725.webp 640w, https:\/\/vibromera.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/\u041f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435-\u043f\u0440\u0435\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f-\u0424\u0443\u0440\u044c\u0435-\u0434\u043b\u044f-\u0430\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0430-\u0432\u0438\u0431\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0438\u0433\u043d\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0432-en-US725-600x280.webp 600w, https:\/\/vibromera.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/\u041f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435-\u043f\u0440\u0435\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f-\u0424\u0443\u0440\u044c\u0435-\u0434\u043b\u044f-\u0430\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0430-\u0432\u0438\u0431\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0438\u0433\u043d\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0432-en-US725-300x140.webp 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\" \/><p id=\"caption-attachment-2139\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><em><i><span>Slika 1 Graf \u010dasovne funkcije signala<\/span><\/i><\/em><\/p><\/div><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_2140\" style=\"width: 650px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-2140\" src=\"https:\/\/vibromera.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/\u041f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435-\u043f\u0440\u0435\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f-\u0424\u0443\u0440\u044c\u0435-\u0434\u043b\u044f-\u0430\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0430-\u0432\u0438\u0431\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0438\u0433\u043d\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0432-en-US779.webp\" alt=\"Slika 2 Graf spektra signala\" width=\"640\" height=\"353\" class=\"size-full wp-image-2140\" srcset=\"https:\/\/vibromera.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/\u041f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435-\u043f\u0440\u0435\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f-\u0424\u0443\u0440\u044c\u0435-\u0434\u043b\u044f-\u0430\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0430-\u0432\u0438\u0431\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0438\u0433\u043d\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0432-en-US779.webp 640w, https:\/\/vibromera.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/\u041f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435-\u043f\u0440\u0435\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f-\u0424\u0443\u0440\u044c\u0435-\u0434\u043b\u044f-\u0430\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0430-\u0432\u0438\u0431\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0438\u0433\u043d\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0432-en-US779-600x331.webp 600w, https:\/\/vibromera.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/\u041f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435-\u043f\u0440\u0435\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f-\u0424\u0443\u0440\u044c\u0435-\u0434\u043b\u044f-\u0430\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0430-\u0432\u0438\u0431\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0438\u0433\u043d\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0432-en-US779-300x165.webp 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\" \/><p id=\"caption-attachment-2140\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Slika 2 Graf spektra signala<\/p><\/div>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Obstajata dva <a href=\"https:\/\/vibromera.eu\/sl\/glossary\/harmonics\/\">harmoniki<\/a> na spektralnem grafu \u2013 5 Hz z amplitudo 0,5 V in 10 Hz z amplitudo 1 V, vse je tako, kot je navedeno v formuli izvirnega signala. Vse je v redu, program deluje pravilno.<\/p>\n<p>To pomeni, da ce na vhod ADC po\u0161ljemo realni signal, sestavljen iz me\u0161anice dveh sinusoid, bomo dobili podoben spekter, sestavljen iz dveh harmonik.<\/p>\n<p>Tako je na\u0161 <strong><b><span>pravi <\/span><\/b><\/strong>izmerjeni signal <strong><b><span>trajanja 5 sekund<\/span><\/b><\/strong>, digitaliziran z ADC, tj. predstavljen <strong><b><span>z diskretnim <\/span><\/b><\/strong>vzorcev, ima <strong><b><span>diskretni neperiodi\u010dni <\/span><\/b><\/strong>spekter.<br \/>\n<em><i><span>Koliko napak je v tem stavku z matemati\u010dnega vidika? <\/span><\/i><\/em><\/p>\n<p>Poskusimo izmeriti isti signal za 0,5 sekunde.<\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_2141\" style=\"width: 615px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-2141\" src=\"https:\/\/vibromera.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/\u041f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435-\u043f\u0440\u0435\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f-\u0424\u0443\u0440\u044c\u0435-\u0434\u043b\u044f-\u0430\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0430-\u0432\u0438\u0431\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0438\u0433\u043d\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0432-en-US1459.png\" alt=\"Slika 3 Graf funkcije sin(10*2*pi*x)+0,5*sin(5*2*pi*x) za merilno obdobje 0,5 sekunde\" width=\"605\" height=\"317\" class=\"size-full wp-image-2141\" srcset=\"https:\/\/vibromera.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/\u041f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435-\u043f\u0440\u0435\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f-\u0424\u0443\u0440\u044c\u0435-\u0434\u043b\u044f-\u0430\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0430-\u0432\u0438\u0431\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0438\u0433\u043d\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0432-en-US1459.png 605w, https:\/\/vibromera.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/\u041f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435-\u043f\u0440\u0435\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f-\u0424\u0443\u0440\u044c\u0435-\u0434\u043b\u044f-\u0430\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0430-\u0432\u0438\u0431\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0438\u0433\u043d\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0432-en-US1459-600x314.webp 600w, https:\/\/vibromera.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/\u041f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435-\u043f\u0440\u0435\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f-\u0424\u0443\u0440\u044c\u0435-\u0434\u043b\u044f-\u0430\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0430-\u0432\u0438\u0431\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0438\u0433\u043d\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0432-en-US1459-300x157.webp 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 605px) 100vw, 605px\" \/><p id=\"caption-attachment-2141\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Slika 3 Graf funkcije sin(10*2*pi*x)+0,5*sin(5*2*pi*x) za merilno obdobje 0,5 sekunde<\/p><\/div>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_2142\" style=\"width: 650px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-2142\" src=\"https:\/\/vibromera.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/\u041f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435-\u043f\u0440\u0435\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f-\u0424\u0443\u0440\u044c\u0435-\u0434\u043b\u044f-\u0430\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0430-\u0432\u0438\u0431\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0438\u0433\u043d\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0432-en-US1564.webp\" alt=\"Slika 4 Spekter funkcije\" width=\"640\" height=\"351\" class=\"size-full wp-image-2142\" srcset=\"https:\/\/vibromera.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/\u041f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435-\u043f\u0440\u0435\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f-\u0424\u0443\u0440\u044c\u0435-\u0434\u043b\u044f-\u0430\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0430-\u0432\u0438\u0431\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0438\u0433\u043d\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0432-en-US1564.webp 640w, https:\/\/vibromera.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/\u041f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435-\u043f\u0440\u0435\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f-\u0424\u0443\u0440\u044c\u0435-\u0434\u043b\u044f-\u0430\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0430-\u0432\u0438\u0431\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0438\u0433\u043d\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0432-en-US1564-600x329.webp 600w, https:\/\/vibromera.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/\u041f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435-\u043f\u0440\u0435\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f-\u0424\u0443\u0440\u044c\u0435-\u0434\u043b\u044f-\u0430\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0430-\u0432\u0438\u0431\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0438\u0433\u043d\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0432-en-US1564-300x165.webp 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\" \/><p id=\"caption-attachment-2142\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Slika 4 Spekter funkcije<\/p><\/div>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Tu je nekaj narobe! Harmonika pri 10 Hz je narisana normalno, namesto harmonike pri 5 Hz pa je nekaj nejasnih harmonik.<\/p>\n<p>Na internetu pravijo, da je treba na koncu vzorca dodati ni\u010dle in spekter se bo normalno izrisal.<\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_2143\" style=\"width: 650px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-2143\" src=\"https:\/\/vibromera.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/\u041f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435-\u043f\u0440\u0435\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f-\u0424\u0443\u0440\u044c\u0435-\u0434\u043b\u044f-\u0430\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0430-\u0432\u0438\u0431\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0438\u0433\u043d\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0432-en-US1861.png\" alt=\"Slika 5 Vzorcu smo dodali ni\u010dle do 5 sekund\" width=\"640\" height=\"334\" class=\"size-full wp-image-2143\" srcset=\"https:\/\/vibromera.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/\u041f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435-\u043f\u0440\u0435\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f-\u0424\u0443\u0440\u044c\u0435-\u0434\u043b\u044f-\u0430\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0430-\u0432\u0438\u0431\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0438\u0433\u043d\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0432-en-US1861.png 640w, https:\/\/vibromera.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/\u041f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435-\u043f\u0440\u0435\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f-\u0424\u0443\u0440\u044c\u0435-\u0434\u043b\u044f-\u0430\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0430-\u0432\u0438\u0431\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0438\u0433\u043d\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0432-en-US1861-600x313.webp 600w, https:\/\/vibromera.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/\u041f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435-\u043f\u0440\u0435\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f-\u0424\u0443\u0440\u044c\u0435-\u0434\u043b\u044f-\u0430\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0430-\u0432\u0438\u0431\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0438\u0433\u043d\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0432-en-US1861-300x157.webp 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\" \/><p id=\"caption-attachment-2143\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Slika 5 Vzorcu smo dodali ni\u010dle do 5 sekund<\/p><\/div>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_2144\" style=\"width: 650px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-2144\" src=\"https:\/\/vibromera.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/\u041f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435-\u043f\u0440\u0435\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f-\u0424\u0443\u0440\u044c\u0435-\u0434\u043b\u044f-\u0430\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0430-\u0432\u0438\u0431\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0438\u0433\u043d\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0432-en-US1916.webp\" alt=\"Slika 6. Dobljeni spekter.\" width=\"640\" height=\"352\" class=\"size-full wp-image-2144\" srcset=\"https:\/\/vibromera.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/\u041f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435-\u043f\u0440\u0435\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f-\u0424\u0443\u0440\u044c\u0435-\u0434\u043b\u044f-\u0430\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0430-\u0432\u0438\u0431\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0438\u0433\u043d\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0432-en-US1916.webp 640w, https:\/\/vibromera.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/\u041f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435-\u043f\u0440\u0435\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f-\u0424\u0443\u0440\u044c\u0435-\u0434\u043b\u044f-\u0430\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0430-\u0432\u0438\u0431\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0438\u0433\u043d\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0432-en-US1916-600x330.webp 600w, https:\/\/vibromera.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/\u041f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435-\u043f\u0440\u0435\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f-\u0424\u0443\u0440\u044c\u0435-\u0434\u043b\u044f-\u0430\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0430-\u0432\u0438\u0431\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0438\u0433\u043d\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0432-en-US1916-300x165.webp 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\" \/><p id=\"caption-attachment-2144\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Slika 6. Dobljeni spekter.<\/p><\/div>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>To sploh ni tako. Moram se ukvarjati s teorijo. Pojdimo na <span><a href=\"https:\/\/ru.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/\u0420\u044f\u0434_\u0424\u0443\u0440\u044c\u0435\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><strong><b>Wikipedia<\/b><\/strong><\/a><\/span>\u00a0- vir znanja.<\/p>\n<h2>zvezna funkcija in njena predstavitev po Fourierjevi vrsti<\/h2>\n<p>Matemati\u010dno gledano je na\u0161 signal s trajanjem T sekund nekak\u0161na funkcija f(x), podana na intervalu {0, T} (X je v tem primeru \u010das). Tak\u0161no funkcijo lahko vedno predstavimo kot vsoto harmonskih funkcij (sinus ali kosinus) v obliki:<\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_2145\" style=\"width: 368px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-2145\" src=\"https:\/\/vibromera.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/\u041f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435-\u043f\u0440\u0435\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f-\u0424\u0443\u0440\u044c\u0435-\u0434\u043b\u044f-\u0430\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0430-\u0432\u0438\u0431\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0438\u0433\u043d\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0432-en-US2409.png\" alt=\"zvezna funkcija in njena predstavitev po Fourierjevi vrsti\" width=\"358\" height=\"62\" class=\"size-full wp-image-2145\" srcset=\"https:\/\/vibromera.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/\u041f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435-\u043f\u0440\u0435\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f-\u0424\u0443\u0440\u044c\u0435-\u0434\u043b\u044f-\u0430\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0430-\u0432\u0438\u0431\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0438\u0433\u043d\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0432-en-US2409.png 358w, https:\/\/vibromera.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/\u041f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435-\u043f\u0440\u0435\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f-\u0424\u0443\u0440\u044c\u0435-\u0434\u043b\u044f-\u0430\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0430-\u0432\u0438\u0431\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0438\u0433\u043d\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0432-en-US2409-300x52.webp 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 358px) 100vw, 358px\" \/><p id=\"caption-attachment-2145\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">\u00a0(1), kjer:<\/p>\n<p><\/p><\/div>\n<p>k je \u0161tevilo trigonometri\u010dne funkcije (\u0161tevilo harmonske komponente, \u0161tevilo harmonske)<br \/>\nT - odsek, kjer je funkcija definirana (trajanje signala)<br \/>\nAk - amplituda k-te harmonske komponente,<br \/>\n\u03b8k- za\u010detna faza k-te harmonske komponente<br \/>\nKaj pomeni \"predstaviti funkcijo kot vsoto vrst\"? To pomeni, da s se\u0161tevanjem vrednosti harmonskih komponent Fourierove vrste v vsaki to\u010dki dobimo vrednost na\u0161e funkcije v tej to\u010dki.<br \/>\n(Natan\u010dneje, povpre\u010dni kvadratni odklon vrste od funkcije f(x) bo te\u017eil k ni\u010dli, vendar kljub povpre\u010dni kvadratni konvergenci ni nujno, da Fourierova vrsta funkcije konvergira k njej to\u010dko za to\u010dko. )<br \/>\nTo serijo lahko zapi\u0161emo tudi v obliki:<\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_2146\" style=\"width: 229px\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-2146\" src=\"https:\/\/vibromera.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/\u041f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435-\u043f\u0440\u0435\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f-\u0424\u0443\u0440\u044c\u0435-\u0434\u043b\u044f-\u0430\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0430-\u0432\u0438\u0431\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0438\u0433\u043d\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0432-en-US3314.png\" alt=\"(2),\" width=\"219\" height=\"62\" class=\"size-full wp-image-2146\" \/><p id=\"caption-attachment-2146\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">(2),<\/p><\/div>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>kjer je <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/vibromera.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/\u041f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435-\u043f\u0440\u0435\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f-\u0424\u0443\u0440\u044c\u0435-\u0434\u043b\u044f-\u0430\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0430-\u0432\u0438\u0431\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0438\u0433\u043d\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0432-en-US3326.webp\" alt=\"Ena\u010dba Fourierove transformacije (2) za analizo signala vibracij\" width=\"29\" height=\"33\" class=\"wp-image-2147 size-full alignnone\" \/> , k-ta kompleksna amplituda.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>ali<\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_2148\" style=\"width: 481px\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-2148\" src=\"https:\/\/vibromera.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/\u041f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435-\u043f\u0440\u0435\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f-\u0424\u0443\u0440\u044c\u0435-\u0434\u043b\u044f-\u0430\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0430-\u0432\u0438\u0431\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0438\u0433\u043d\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0432-en-US3362.png\" alt=\" (3)\" width=\"471\" height=\"62\" class=\"size-full wp-image-2148\" srcset=\"https:\/\/vibromera.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/\u041f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435-\u043f\u0440\u0435\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f-\u0424\u0443\u0440\u044c\u0435-\u0434\u043b\u044f-\u0430\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0430-\u0432\u0438\u0431\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0438\u0433\u043d\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0432-en-US3362.png 471w, https:\/\/vibromera.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/\u041f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435-\u043f\u0440\u0435\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f-\u0424\u0443\u0440\u044c\u0435-\u0434\u043b\u044f-\u0430\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0430-\u0432\u0438\u0431\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0438\u0433\u043d\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0432-en-US3362-300x39.webp 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 471px) 100vw, 471px\" \/><p id=\"caption-attachment-2148\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">(3)<\/p><\/div>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Razmerje med koeficientoma (1) in (3) je izra\u017eeno z naslednjimi formulami:<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/vibromera.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/\u041f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435-\u043f\u0440\u0435\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f-\u0424\u0443\u0440\u044c\u0435-\u0434\u043b\u044f-\u0430\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0430-\u0432\u0438\u0431\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0438\u0433\u043d\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0432-en-US3464.png\" alt=\"Formula, ki povezuje koeficiente Fourierove vrste\" width=\"156\" height=\"46\" class=\"size-full wp-image-2149 alignleft\" \/><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/vibromera.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/\u041f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435-\u043f\u0440\u0435\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f-\u0424\u0443\u0440\u044c\u0435-\u0434\u043b\u044f-\u0430\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0430-\u0432\u0438\u0431\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0438\u0433\u043d\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0432-en-US3470.png\" alt=\"Fourier series coefficient formula\" width=\"148\" height=\"58\" class=\"size-full wp-image-2150 alignleft\" \/><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left\">Upo\u0161tevajte, da so vse te tri predstavitve Fourierjeve vrste popolnoma enakovredne. Pri delu s Fourierjevo vrsto je v\u010dasih bolj priro\u010dno uporabiti eksponente z imaginarnim argumentom namesto sinusov in kosinusov, torej uporabiti Fourierjevo transformacijo v kompleksni obliki. Za nas pa je priro\u010dno uporabiti formulo (1), kjer je Fourierjeva vrsta predstavljena kot vsota kosinusov z ustreznimi amplitudami in fazami. Strogo gledano Fourierjeva transformacija realnega signala res daje kompleksne koeficiente (oblika (3)): vsak koeficient nosi tako amplitudo kot fazo svojega harmonika. Pri realnem signalu imajo ti kompleksni koeficienti konjugirano (Hermitsko) simetrijo \u2014 polovica z negativnimi frekvencami zgolj zrcali polovico s pozitivnimi frekvencami in ne vsebuje dodatnih informacij. Zato lahko iz kompleksnih koeficientov vedno preidemo na realne nenegativne amplitude Ak in faze \u03b8k iz formule (1) \u2014 in prav ta amplitudni spekter prikazujejo programi za analizo.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong><u><b><span>Spodnja vrstica:<\/span><\/b><\/u><\/strong><strong><b><span><br \/>\n<\/span><\/b><\/strong><strong><b><span>Matemati\u010dna osnova za spektralno analizo signalov je Fourierova transformacija.<\/span><\/b><\/strong><strong><b><span><br \/>\n<\/span><\/b><\/strong><strong><b><span><br \/>\n<\/span><\/b><\/strong><strong><b><span>S Fourierovo transformacijo lahko predstavimo zvezno funkcijo f(x) (signal), dolo\u010deno na intervalu {0, T}, kot vsoto neskon\u010dnega \u0161tevila (neskon\u010dne vrste) trigonometri\u010dnih funkcij (sinus in\/ali kosinus) z dolo\u010denimi amplitudami in fazami, ki prav tako veljajo na intervalu {0, T}. Tak\u0161no vrsto imenujemo Fourierova vrsta.<\/span><\/b><\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Upo\u0161tevajte \u0161e nekaj to\u010dk, katerih razumevanje je potrebno za pravilno uporabo Fourierjeve transformacije pri analizi signalov. \u010ce obravnavamo Fourierovo vrsto (vsoto sinusoid) na celotni osi X, bomo videli, da bo zunaj intervala {0, T} funkcija Fourierove vrste periodi\u010dno ponavljala na\u0161o funkcijo.<\/p>\n<p>V grafu na sliki 7 je na primer izvirna funkcija opredeljena na intervalu {-T\\2, +T\\2}, Fourierova vrsta pa predstavlja periodi\u010dno funkcijo, opredeljeno na celotni osi x.<\/p>\n<p>To je zato, ker so sinusoide same po sebi periodi\u010dne funkcije, zato bo tudi njihova vsota periodi\u010dna funkcija.<\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_2151\" style=\"width: 674px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-2151\" src=\"https:\/\/vibromera.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/\u041f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435-\u043f\u0440\u0435\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f-\u0424\u0443\u0440\u044c\u0435-\u0434\u043b\u044f-\u0430\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0430-\u0432\u0438\u0431\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0438\u0433\u043d\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0432-en-US5209.png\" alt=\"Slika 7 Predstavitev neperiodi\u010dne izvorne funkcije s Fourierovo vrsto\" width=\"664\" height=\"250\" class=\"size-full wp-image-2151\" srcset=\"https:\/\/vibromera.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/\u041f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435-\u043f\u0440\u0435\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f-\u0424\u0443\u0440\u044c\u0435-\u0434\u043b\u044f-\u0430\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0430-\u0432\u0438\u0431\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0438\u0433\u043d\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0432-en-US5209.png 664w, https:\/\/vibromera.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/\u041f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435-\u043f\u0440\u0435\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f-\u0424\u0443\u0440\u044c\u0435-\u0434\u043b\u044f-\u0430\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0430-\u0432\u0438\u0431\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0438\u0433\u043d\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0432-en-US5209-600x226.webp 600w, https:\/\/vibromera.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/\u041f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435-\u043f\u0440\u0435\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f-\u0424\u0443\u0440\u044c\u0435-\u0434\u043b\u044f-\u0430\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0430-\u0432\u0438\u0431\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0438\u0433\u043d\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0432-en-US5209-300x113.webp 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 664px) 100vw, 664px\" \/><p id=\"caption-attachment-2151\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Slika 7 Predstavitev neperiodi\u010dne izvorne funkcije s Fourierovo vrsto<\/p><\/div>\n<p>Tako:<\/p>\n<p>Na\u0161a izvirna funkcija je zvezna, neperiodi\u010dna funkcija, definirana na nekem odseku dol\u017eine T.<br \/>\nSpekter te funkcije je diskreten, tj. predstavljen je kot neskon\u010dna vrsta harmonskih komponent - Fourierova vrsta.<br \/>\nDejansko Fourierova vrsta definira neko periodi\u010dno funkcijo, ki sovpada z na\u0161o funkcijo na intervalu {0, T}, vendar za nas ta periodi\u010dnost ni bistvena.<\/p>\n<p>Naslednji.<\/p>\n<p>Obdobja harmonskih komponent so ve\u010dkratniki intervala {0, T}, na katerem je definirana za\u010detna funkcija f(x). Z drugimi besedami, periode harmonskih komponent so ve\u010dkratniki trajanja merjenja signala. Na primer, perioda prve harmonske v Fourierjevi vrsti je enaka intervalu T, na katerem je definirana funkcija f(x). Perioda druge harmonske v Fourierjevi vrsti je enaka intervalu T\/2. In tako naprej (glej sliko 8).<\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_2152\" style=\"width: 687px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-2152\" src=\"https:\/\/vibromera.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/\u041f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435-\u043f\u0440\u0435\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f-\u0424\u0443\u0440\u044c\u0435-\u0434\u043b\u044f-\u0430\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0430-\u0432\u0438\u0431\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0438\u0433\u043d\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0432-en-US6155.png\" alt=\"Slika 8 Periode (frekvence) harmonskih komponent Fourierjeve vrste (tu T=2\u03c0)\" width=\"677\" height=\"362\" class=\"size-full wp-image-2152\" srcset=\"https:\/\/vibromera.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/\u041f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435-\u043f\u0440\u0435\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f-\u0424\u0443\u0440\u044c\u0435-\u0434\u043b\u044f-\u0430\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0430-\u0432\u0438\u0431\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0438\u0433\u043d\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0432-en-US6155.png 677w, https:\/\/vibromera.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/\u041f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435-\u043f\u0440\u0435\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f-\u0424\u0443\u0440\u044c\u0435-\u0434\u043b\u044f-\u0430\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0430-\u0432\u0438\u0431\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0438\u0433\u043d\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0432-en-US6155-600x321.webp 600w, https:\/\/vibromera.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/\u041f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435-\u043f\u0440\u0435\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f-\u0424\u0443\u0440\u044c\u0435-\u0434\u043b\u044f-\u0430\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0430-\u0432\u0438\u0431\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0438\u0433\u043d\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0432-en-US6155-300x160.webp 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 677px) 100vw, 677px\" \/><p id=\"caption-attachment-2152\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Slika 8 Periode (frekvence) harmonskih komponent Fourierjeve vrste (tu T=2\u03c0)<\/p><\/div>\n<p>V skladu s tem so frekvence harmonskih komponent ve\u010dkratniki 1\/T. To pomeni, da so frekvence harmonskih komponent Fk Fk= k\\T, kjer ima k vrednosti od 0 do \u221e, na primer k=0 F0=0; k=1 F1=1\\T; k=2 F2=2\\T;k=3 F3=3\\T;.... Fk= k\\T (pri ni\u010delni frekvenci, konstantna komponenta).<\/p>\n<p>Naj bo na\u0161a za\u010detna funkcija signal, posnet med T=1 s. Potem bo perioda prve harmonske enaka trajanju na\u0161ega signala T1=T=1 s, frekvenca harmonske pa je enaka 1 Hz. Obdobje druge harmonske bo enako trajanju na\u0161ega signala, deljenemu z 2 (T2=T\/2=0,5 s), frekvenca pa je enaka 2 Hz. Za tretjo harmonsko je T3=T\/3 sekunde, frekvenca pa je 3 Hz. In tako naprej.<\/p>\n<p>Korak med harmonskimi je v tem primeru 1 Hz.<\/p>\n<p>Tako lahko signal, ki traja 1 s, razgradimo na harmonske komponente (in dobimo spekter) s frekven\u010dno lo\u010dljivostjo 1 Hz.<br \/>\nDa bi lo\u010dljivost pove\u010dali za faktor 2 na 0,5 Hz, je treba trajanje merjenja podalj\u0161ati za faktor 2 na 2 sekundi. 10-sekundni signal je mogo\u010de raz\u010dleniti na harmoni\u010dne komponente (spekter) s frekven\u010dno lo\u010dljivostjo 0,1 Hz. Drugih na\u010dinov za pove\u010danje frekven\u010dne lo\u010dljivosti ni. To razmerje lahko preu\u010dite z na\u0161im <a href=\"https:\/\/vibromera.eu\/sl\/calculators\/fft-resolution-calculator\/\">Kalkulator lo\u010dljivosti FFT<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>Trajanje signala lahko umetno podalj\u0161ate tako, da v niz vzorcev dodate ni\u010dle. Vendar to ne pove\u010da dejanske frekven\u010dne lo\u010dljivosti.<\/p>\n<h2>Diskretni signali in diskretna Fourierova transformacija<\/h2>\n<p>Z razvojem digitalne tehnologije so se spremenili na\u010dini shranjevanja merilnih podatkov (signalov). Medtem ko je bilo prej mogo\u010de signal posneti na magnetofon in ga shraniti na trak v analogni obliki, so zdaj signali digitalizirani in shranjeni v datoteke v ra\u010dunalni\u0161kem pomnilniku kot niz \u0161tevilk (\u0161tevcev).<\/p>\n<p>Obi\u010dajna shema merjenja in digitalizacije signala je naslednja.<\/p>\n<p>Merilni pretvornik -- Normalizator signala -- ADC -- Ra\u010dunalnik<br \/>\n(<em><i><span>Slika 9. Shema merilnega kanala<\/p>\n<p><\/span><\/i><\/em><\/p>\n<p>Signal iz merilnega pretvornika gre v ADC za \u010dasovno obdobje T. Od\u010ditki signala (vzor\u010denje), prejeti v \u010dasu T, se prenesejo v ra\u010dunalnik in shranijo v pomnilnik.<\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_2154\" style=\"width: 650px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-2154\" src=\"https:\/\/vibromera.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/\u041f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435-\u043f\u0440\u0435\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f-\u0424\u0443\u0440\u044c\u0435-\u0434\u043b\u044f-\u0430\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0430-\u0432\u0438\u0431\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0438\u0433\u043d\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0432-en-US8285.webp\" alt=\"Slika 10 Digitalizirani signal - N prejetih vzorcev za \u010das T\" width=\"640\" height=\"327\" class=\"size-full wp-image-2154\" srcset=\"https:\/\/vibromera.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/\u041f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435-\u043f\u0440\u0435\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f-\u0424\u0443\u0440\u044c\u0435-\u0434\u043b\u044f-\u0430\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0430-\u0432\u0438\u0431\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0438\u0433\u043d\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0432-en-US8285.webp 640w, https:\/\/vibromera.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/\u041f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435-\u043f\u0440\u0435\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f-\u0424\u0443\u0440\u044c\u0435-\u0434\u043b\u044f-\u0430\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0430-\u0432\u0438\u0431\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0438\u0433\u043d\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0432-en-US8285-600x307.webp 600w, https:\/\/vibromera.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/\u041f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435-\u043f\u0440\u0435\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f-\u0424\u0443\u0440\u044c\u0435-\u0434\u043b\u044f-\u0430\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0430-\u0432\u0438\u0431\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0438\u0433\u043d\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0432-en-US8285-300x153.webp 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\" \/><p id=\"caption-attachment-2154\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Slika 10 Digitalizirani signal - N prejetih vzorcev za \u010das T<\/p><\/div>\n<p>Kak\u0161ne so zahteve glede parametrov digitalizacije signala? Naprava, ki vhodni analogni signal pretvori v diskretno kodo (digitalni signal), se imenuje analogno-digitalni pretvornik (ADC) (\u00a9 Wiki).<\/p>\n<p>Eden od osnovnih parametrov ADC je najve\u010dja frekvenca vzor\u010denja - frekvenca vzor\u010denja signala, ki je zvezen v \u010dasu. Hitrost vzor\u010denja se meri v hercih. ((\u00a9 Wiki))<\/p>\n<p>Po Kotelnikovem teoremu je mogo\u010de kontinuirni signal, katerega spekter je omejen s frekvenco Fmax, popolnoma in enoli\u010dno rekonstruirati iz njegovih diskretnih vzorcev, zajetih v \u010dasovnih intervalih \u0394t \u2264 1\/(2*Fmax), tj. s frekvenco vzor\u010denja Fd \u2265 2*Fmax, kjer je Fd &#8211; frekvenca vzor\u010denja; Fmax &#8211; najve\u010dja frekvenca spektra signala. Z drugimi besedami, frekvenca digitalizacije signala (frekvenca vzor\u010denja ADC) mora biti vsaj dvakrat ve\u010dja od najve\u010dje frekvence signala, ki ga \u017eelimo meriti.<\/p>\n<p>In kaj se bo zgodilo, \u010de bomo jemali vzorce z manj\u0161o frekvenco, kot zahteva Kotelnikov teorem?<\/p>\n<p>V tem primeru gre za \u201e<a href=\"https:\/\/vibromera.eu\/sl\/glossary\/aliasing\/\">aliasiranje<\/a>V tem primeru pride do u\u010dinka \"aliasing\" (t. i. stroboskopski u\u010dinek, u\u010dinek moire), pri katerem se visokofrekven\u010dni signal po digitalizaciji spremeni v nizkofrekven\u010dni signal, ki v resnici ne obstaja. Na sliki 11 je rde\u010di sinusni val visoke frekvence pravi signal. Modri sinusni val ni\u017eje frekvence je fiktivni signal, ki nastane zaradi dejstva, da ima med \u010dasom vzor\u010denja \u010das prete\u010di ve\u010d kot polovica periode visokofrekven\u010dnega signala.<\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_2156\" style=\"width: 730px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-2156\" src=\"https:\/\/vibromera.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/\u041f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435-\u043f\u0440\u0435\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f-\u0424\u0443\u0440\u044c\u0435-\u0434\u043b\u044f-\u0430\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0430-\u0432\u0438\u0431\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0438\u0433\u043d\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0432-en-US9777.webp\" alt=\"Slika 11. Pojav neza\u017eelenega nizkofrekven\u010dnega signala pri nezadostno visoki frekvenci vzor\u010denja\" width=\"720\" height=\"255\" class=\"size-full wp-image-2156\" srcset=\"https:\/\/vibromera.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/\u041f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435-\u043f\u0440\u0435\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f-\u0424\u0443\u0440\u044c\u0435-\u0434\u043b\u044f-\u0430\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0430-\u0432\u0438\u0431\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0438\u0433\u043d\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0432-en-US9777.webp 720w, https:\/\/vibromera.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/\u041f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435-\u043f\u0440\u0435\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f-\u0424\u0443\u0440\u044c\u0435-\u0434\u043b\u044f-\u0430\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0430-\u0432\u0438\u0431\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0438\u0433\u043d\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0432-en-US9777-600x213.webp 600w, https:\/\/vibromera.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/\u041f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435-\u043f\u0440\u0435\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f-\u0424\u0443\u0440\u044c\u0435-\u0434\u043b\u044f-\u0430\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0430-\u0432\u0438\u0431\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0438\u0433\u043d\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0432-en-US9777-300x106.webp 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 720px) 100vw, 720px\" \/><p id=\"caption-attachment-2156\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Slika 11. Pojav neza\u017eelenega nizkofrekven\u010dnega signala pri nezadostno visoki frekvenci vzor\u010denja<\/p><\/div>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Da bi se izognili pojavu aliasinga, se uporabi poseben filter proti aliasingu (<a href=\"https:\/\/vibromera.eu\/sl\/glossary\/low-pass-filter\/\">nizkoprepustni filter<\/a>) je name\u0161\u010den pred ADC. Prepu\u0161\u010da frekvence, ki so ni\u017eje od polovice vzor\u010dne frekvence ADC, vi\u0161je frekvence pa odseka.<\/p>\n<p>Za izra\u010dun spektra signala na podlagi njegovih diskretnih vzorcev je diskretni <a href=\"https:\/\/vibromera.eu\/sl\/glossary\/fft\/\">Fourierjeva transformacija (DFT)<\/a> se uporabi. Ponovno opozarjamo, da je spekter diskretnega signala \u00bbpo definiciji\u00ab omejen na frekvenco Fmax, ki je manj\u0161a od polovice vzor\u010dne frekvence Fd. Zato je spekter diskretnega signala mogo\u010de predstaviti kot vsoto <u>kon\u010dni <\/u>\u0161tevilo harmonskih, v nasprotju z neskon\u010dno vsoto za Fourierovo vrsto zveznega signala, katerega spekter je lahko neomejen. V skladu s Kotelnikovim teoremom mora biti najve\u010dja frekvenca harmonike tak\u0161na, da predstavlja vsaj dva vzorca, zato je \u0161tevilo harmonik enako polovici \u0161tevila vzorcev diskretnega signala. To pomeni, da \u010de je v vzorcu N vzorcev, bo \u0161tevilo harmonikov v spektru enako N\/2.<\/p>\n<p>Zdaj si oglejmo diskretno Fourierovo transformacijo (DFT).<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/vibromera.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/\u041f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435-\u043f\u0440\u0435\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f-\u0424\u0443\u0440\u044c\u0435-\u0434\u043b\u044f-\u0430\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0430-\u0432\u0438\u0431\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0438\u0433\u043d\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0432-en-US10917.png\" alt=\"Ena\u010dba diskretne Fourierove transformacije (DFT)\" width=\"502\" height=\"190\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-2157\" srcset=\"https:\/\/vibromera.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/\u041f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435-\u043f\u0440\u0435\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f-\u0424\u0443\u0440\u044c\u0435-\u0434\u043b\u044f-\u0430\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0430-\u0432\u0438\u0431\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0438\u0433\u043d\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0432-en-US10917.png 502w, https:\/\/vibromera.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/\u041f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435-\u043f\u0440\u0435\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f-\u0424\u0443\u0440\u044c\u0435-\u0434\u043b\u044f-\u0430\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0430-\u0432\u0438\u0431\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0438\u0433\u043d\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0432-en-US10917-300x114.webp 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 502px) 100vw, 502px\" \/><\/p>\n<p>\u010ce jo primerjamo s Fourierovo vrsto<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/vibromera.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/\u041f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435-\u043f\u0440\u0435\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f-\u0424\u0443\u0440\u044c\u0435-\u0434\u043b\u044f-\u0430\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0430-\u0432\u0438\u0431\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0438\u0433\u043d\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0432-en-US10958.png\" alt=\"Formula diskretne Fourierove transformacije spektra v primerjavi z Fourierovo vrsto\" width=\"440\" height=\"98\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-2158\" srcset=\"https:\/\/vibromera.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/\u041f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435-\u043f\u0440\u0435\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f-\u0424\u0443\u0440\u044c\u0435-\u0434\u043b\u044f-\u0430\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0430-\u0432\u0438\u0431\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0438\u0433\u043d\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0432-en-US10958.png 440w, https:\/\/vibromera.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/\u041f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435-\u043f\u0440\u0435\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f-\u0424\u0443\u0440\u044c\u0435-\u0434\u043b\u044f-\u0430\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0430-\u0432\u0438\u0431\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0438\u0433\u043d\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0432-en-US10958-300x67.webp 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 440px) 100vw, 440px\" \/><\/p>\n<p>Kot vidimo, se ujemata, le da je \u010das v FFT diskreten in da je \u0161tevilo harmonskih omejeno na N\/2, kar je polovica \u0161tevila vzorcev.<\/p>\n<p>Formule DFT so zapisane v brezrazse\u017enih celo\u0161tevilskih spremenljivkah k, s, kjer je k \u0161tevilo vzorcev signala, s pa \u0161tevilo spektralnih komponent.<br \/>\nVrednost s prikazuje \u0161tevilo polnih harmonskih nihanj v periodi T (trajanje merjenja signala). Diskretna Fourierova transformacija se uporablja za numeri\u010dno iskanje amplitud in faz harmonskih signalov, tj. \"na ra\u010dunalniku\".<\/p>\n<p>Kot je bilo povedano \u017ee zgoraj, ko neperiodi\u010dno funkcijo (na\u0161 signal) razgradimo v Fourierove vrste, dobljena Fourierova vrsta dejansko ustreza periodi\u010dni funkciji s periodo T (slika 12).<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_2159\" style=\"width: 597px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-2159\" src=\"https:\/\/vibromera.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/\u041f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435-\u043f\u0440\u0435\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f-\u0424\u0443\u0440\u044c\u0435-\u0434\u043b\u044f-\u0430\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0430-\u0432\u0438\u0431\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0438\u0433\u043d\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0432-en-US11706.png\" alt=\"Slika 12. Periodi\u010dna funkcija f(x) s periodo T0, s periodo T&gt;T0\" width=\"587\" height=\"235\" class=\"size-full wp-image-2159\" srcset=\"https:\/\/vibromera.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/\u041f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435-\u043f\u0440\u0435\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f-\u0424\u0443\u0440\u044c\u0435-\u0434\u043b\u044f-\u0430\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0430-\u0432\u0438\u0431\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0438\u0433\u043d\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0432-en-US11706.png 587w, https:\/\/vibromera.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/\u041f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435-\u043f\u0440\u0435\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f-\u0424\u0443\u0440\u044c\u0435-\u0434\u043b\u044f-\u0430\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0430-\u0432\u0438\u0431\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0438\u0433\u043d\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0432-en-US11706-300x120.webp 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 587px) 100vw, 587px\" \/><p id=\"caption-attachment-2159\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Slika 12. Periodi\u010dna funkcija f(x) s periodo T0, s periodo T&gt;T0<\/p><\/div>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Kot je razvidno iz slike 12, je funkcija f(x) periodi\u010dna s periodami T0. Ker pa dol\u017eina merilnega vzorca T ni enaka periodi funkcije T0, ima funkcija, dobljena kot Fourierjeva vrsta, v to\u010dki T prekinitev. Posledi\u010dno bo spekter te funkcije vseboval veliko \u0161tevilo visokofrekven\u010dnih harmonik. Ta pojav je znan kot <a href=\"https:\/\/vibromera.eu\/sl\/glossary\/spectral-leakage\/\">spektralno uhajanje<\/a>, v praksi pa se zmanj\u0161a za <a href=\"https:\/\/vibromera.eu\/sl\/glossary\/windowing\/\">okenske funkcije<\/a> signal pred transformacijo. \u010ce bi se trajanje merilnega vzorca T ujemalo s periodom funkcije T0, bi spekter, dobljen po Fourierovi transformaciji, vseboval le prvo harmoniko (sinusoidno krivuljo s periodom, enakim trajanju vzorca), saj je funkcija f(x) sinusoidna krivulja.<\/p>\n<p>Z drugimi besedami, program DFT \"ne ve\", da je na\u0161 signal \"rezina sinusnega vala\", ampak posku\u0161a kot serijo predstaviti periodi\u010dno funkcijo, ki ima diskontinuiteto zaradi diskontinuitete posameznih delov sinusnega vala.<\/p>\n<p>Posledi\u010dno se v spektru pojavijo harmonske komponente, ki bi morale v celoti predstavljati obliko funkcije, vklju\u010dno s to diskontinuiteto.<\/p>\n<p>Da bi dobili \"pravilen\" spekter signala, ki je vsota ve\u010d sinusoid z razli\u010dnimi periodami, je torej treba <u>celo\u0161tevil\u010dno \u0161tevilo obdobij <\/u>vsaka sinusoida mora biti prisotna v obdobju merjenja signala. V praksi je ta pogoj mogo\u010de izpolniti z dovolj dolgim obdobjem merjenja signala.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_2160\" style=\"width: 808px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-2160\" src=\"https:\/\/vibromera.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/\u041f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435-\u043f\u0440\u0435\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f-\u0424\u0443\u0440\u044c\u0435-\u0434\u043b\u044f-\u0430\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0430-\u0432\u0438\u0431\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0438\u0433\u043d\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0432-en-US13102.png\" alt=\"Slika 13 Primer funkcije in spektra signala kinemati\u010dne napake menjalnika\" width=\"798\" height=\"426\" class=\"size-full wp-image-2160\" srcset=\"https:\/\/vibromera.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/\u041f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435-\u043f\u0440\u0435\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f-\u0424\u0443\u0440\u044c\u0435-\u0434\u043b\u044f-\u0430\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0430-\u0432\u0438\u0431\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0438\u0433\u043d\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0432-en-US13102.png 798w, https:\/\/vibromera.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/\u041f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435-\u043f\u0440\u0435\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f-\u0424\u0443\u0440\u044c\u0435-\u0434\u043b\u044f-\u0430\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0430-\u0432\u0438\u0431\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0438\u0433\u043d\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0432-en-US13102-600x320.webp 600w, https:\/\/vibromera.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/\u041f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435-\u043f\u0440\u0435\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f-\u0424\u0443\u0440\u044c\u0435-\u0434\u043b\u044f-\u0430\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0430-\u0432\u0438\u0431\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0438\u0433\u043d\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0432-en-US13102-300x160.webp 300w, https:\/\/vibromera.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/\u041f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435-\u043f\u0440\u0435\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f-\u0424\u0443\u0440\u044c\u0435-\u0434\u043b\u044f-\u0430\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0430-\u0432\u0438\u0431\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0438\u0433\u043d\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0432-en-US13102-768x410.png 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 798px) 100vw, 798px\" \/><p id=\"caption-attachment-2160\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Slika 13 Primer funkcije in spektra signala kinemati\u010dne napake menjalnika<\/p><\/div>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Pri kraj\u0161em trajanju bo slika videti \"slab\u0161a\":<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_2161\" style=\"width: 583px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-2161\" src=\"https:\/\/vibromera.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/\u041f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435-\u043f\u0440\u0435\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f-\u0424\u0443\u0440\u044c\u0435-\u0434\u043b\u044f-\u0430\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0430-\u0432\u0438\u0431\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0438\u0433\u043d\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0432-en-US13237.png\" alt=\"Slika 14 Primer funkcije in spektra vibracij rotorja\" width=\"573\" height=\"420\" class=\"size-full wp-image-2161\" srcset=\"https:\/\/vibromera.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/\u041f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435-\u043f\u0440\u0435\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f-\u0424\u0443\u0440\u044c\u0435-\u0434\u043b\u044f-\u0430\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0430-\u0432\u0438\u0431\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0438\u0433\u043d\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0432-en-US13237.png 573w, https:\/\/vibromera.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/\u041f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435-\u043f\u0440\u0435\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f-\u0424\u0443\u0440\u044c\u0435-\u0434\u043b\u044f-\u0430\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0430-\u0432\u0438\u0431\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0438\u0433\u043d\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0432-en-US13237-300x220.webp 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 573px) 100vw, 573px\" \/><p id=\"caption-attachment-2161\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Slika 14 Primer funkcije in spektra vibracij rotorja<\/p><\/div>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>V praksi je te\u017eko razumeti, kje so \"prave komponente\" in kje \"artefakti\", ki so posledica neskladnosti period komponent in trajanja vzor\u010denja signala ali \"skokov in prekinitev\" v obliki vala. Seveda sta besedi \"prave komponente\" in \"artefakti\" z razlogom v narekovajih. Prisotnost \u0161tevilnih harmonskih na spektralnem grafu \u0161e ne pomeni, da je na\u0161 signal dejansko sestavljen iz njih. To je tako, kot \u010de bi mislili, da je \u0161tevilka 7 \"sestavljena\" iz \u0161tevilk 3 in 4. \u0160tevilo 7 si lahko predstavljamo kot vsoto \u0161tevil 3 in 4 - to je pravilno.<\/p>\n<p>Tako lahko tudi na\u0161 signal ... ali bolje re\u010deno, niti ne \"na\u0161 signal\", temve\u010d periodi\u010dno funkcijo, ki jo sestavlja ponavljanje na\u0161ega signala (vzorca), predstavimo kot vsoto harmonskih (sinusov) z dolo\u010denimi amplitudami in fazami. V \u0161tevilnih primerih, pomembnih za prakso (glejte zgornje slike), pa je mogo\u010de harmonike, dobljene v spektru, dejansko povezati tudi z realnimi procesi, ki imajo cikli\u010dni zna\u010daj in pomembno prispevajo k obliki signala.<\/p>\n<h2>Nekateri rezultati<\/h2>\n<p>1. Realni merjeni signal s trajanjem T s, digitaliziran z ADC, tj. predstavljen z mno\u017eico diskretnih vzorcev (N kosov), ima diskretni neperiodi\u010dni spekter, ki ga predstavlja mno\u017eica harmonskih (N\/2 kosov).<\/p>\n<p>2. Signal je predstavljen z naborom realnih vrednosti. Njegov spekter DFT je mno\u017eica kompleksnih koeficientov s konjugirano simetrijo; iz njih dobimo amplitudni spekter \u2014 mno\u017eico realnih nenegativnih amplitud (in faz) pri pozitivnih frekvencah, in prav ta enostranski amplitudni spekter se v praksi prikazuje. Dvostranska kompleksna oblika z negativnimi frekvencami in enostranska oblika amplitude\/faze sta enakovredni predstavitvi istega spektra \u2014 za analizo signalov je obi\u010dajno bolj priro\u010dno delati z enostranskim amplitudnim spektrom.<\/p>\n<p>3. Signal, izmerjen v \u010dasu T, je dolo\u010den samo v \u010dasu T. Kaj se je zgodilo, preden smo za\u010deli meriti signal, in kaj se bo zgodilo po tem, znanosti ni znano. In v na\u0161em primeru to ni zanimivo. FFT \u010dasovno omejenega signala poda njegov \"pravi\" spekter v smislu, da pod dolo\u010denimi pogoji omogo\u010da izra\u010dun amplitude in frekvence njegovih komponent.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Application of the Fourier Transform to the Analysis of Vibration Signals Andrei Shelkovenko. One of the developers and founder of Vibromera. The translation of the article may contain inaccuracies. Fourier transform and signal spectrum In many cases the task of obtaining (calculating) the spectrum of a signal is as follows. [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":2161,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"ai_generated_summary":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[4],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-2138","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-example"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/vibromera.eu\/sl\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2138","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/vibromera.eu\/sl\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/vibromera.eu\/sl\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vibromera.eu\/sl\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vibromera.eu\/sl\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=2138"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/vibromera.eu\/sl\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2138\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":102137,"href":"https:\/\/vibromera.eu\/sl\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2138\/revisions\/102137"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vibromera.eu\/sl\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/2161"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/vibromera.eu\/sl\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2138"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vibromera.eu\/sl\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=2138"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vibromera.eu\/sl\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=2138"}],"curies":[{"name":"delovni list","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}