{"id":100243,"date":"2026-02-15T20:29:20","date_gmt":"2026-02-15T20:29:20","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/vibromera.eu\/?post_type=calculator&#038;p=100243"},"modified":"2026-03-05T15:41:51","modified_gmt":"2026-03-05T15:41:51","slug":"steel-grade-equivalent","status":"publish","type":"calculator","link":"https:\/\/vibromera.eu\/sw\/calculators\/steel-grade-equivalent\/","title":{"rendered":"Kisawazishi cha Daraja la Chuma &#038; Hesabu ya Kiasi Sawa cha Kaboni"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\">\n{\"@context\":\"https:\/\/schema.org\",\"@type\":\"WebApplication\",\"name\":\"Steel Grade Equivalent & CE Calculator\",\"description\":\"Steel grade cross-reference with carbon equivalent calculation, weldability assessment, and preheat temperature recommendation.\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/vibromera.eu\/calculators\/steel-grade-equivalent\/\",\"applicationCategory\":\"Engineering Calculator\",\"operatingSystem\":\"Any\",\"offers\":{\"@type\":\"Offer\",\"price\":\"0\",\"priceCurrency\":\"EUR\"},\"creator\":{\"@type\":\"Organization\",\"name\":\"Vibromera\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/vibromera.eu\/\"},\"datePublished\":\"2024-01-01\",\"dateModified\":\"2026-02-15\",\"inLanguage\":\"en\",\"isAccessibleForFree\":true}\n<\/script>\n\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\">\n{\"@context\":\"https:\/\/schema.org\",\"@type\":\"FAQPage\",\"mainEntity\":[\n{\"@type\":\"Question\",\"name\":\"What is carbon equivalent (CE)?\",\"acceptedAnswer\":{\"@type\":\"Answer\",\"text\":\"Carbon equivalent is a single number that represents the combined effect of alloying elements on steel hardenability and weldability. The IIW formula: CE = C + Mn\/6 + (Cr+Mo+V)\/5 + (Ni+Cu)\/15. Higher CE means harder HAZ and greater cracking risk during welding.\"}},\n{\"@type\":\"Question\",\"name\":\"How does CE affect weldability?\",\"acceptedAnswer\":{\"@type\":\"Answer\",\"text\":\"CE < 0.35: Good weldability, no preheat needed. CE 0.35-0.45: Fair, preheat recommended for thick sections. CE 0.45-0.60: Poor, preheat always required. CE > 0.60: Very poor, special procedures needed.\"}},\n{\"@type\":\"Question\",\"name\":\"Are steel grade equivalents exact?\",\"acceptedAnswer\":{\"@type\":\"Answer\",\"text\":\"No, equivalents are approximate. While chemical compositions are similar between standards, exact ranges differ. Always verify specific composition requirements from the material test certificate for critical applications.\"}},\n{\"@type\":\"Question\",\"name\":\"How is preheat temperature determined per AWS D1.1?\",\"acceptedAnswer\":{\"@type\":\"Answer\",\"text\":\"AWS D1.1 Table 3.3 provides minimum preheat based on steel category, thickness, and hydrogen level. Simplified: CE < 0.35 \u2192 none; CE 0.35-0.45 \u2192 10-75\u00b0C thin, 75-150\u00b0C thick; CE 0.45-0.60 \u2192 150-250\u00b0C.\"}},\n{\"@type\":\"Question\",\"name\":\"What is the difference between CE(IIW) and Pcm?\",\"acceptedAnswer\":{\"@type\":\"Answer\",\"text\":\"CE(IIW) works best for medium\/high carbon steels (C > 0.18%). Pcm (Ito-Bessyo) is better for low-carbon microalloyed steels (C < 0.18%): Pcm = C + Si\/30 + (Mn+Cu+Cr)\/20 + Ni\/60 + Mo\/15 + V\/10 + 5B.\"}}\n]}\n<\/script>\n\n<link rel=\"preconnect\" href=\"https:\/\/fonts.googleapis.com\">\n\n<link rel=\"preconnect\" href=\"https:\/\/fonts.gstatic.com\" crossorigin>\n\n<link href=\"https:\/\/fonts.googleapis.com\/css2?family=DM+Sans:ital,opsz,wght@0,9..40,300;0,9..40,400;0,9..40,500;0,9..40,600;0,9..40,700;1,9..40,400&#038;family=JetBrains+Mono:wght@400;500;600&#038;family=Fraunces:opsz,wght@9..144,700;9..144,800&#038;display=swap\" rel=\"stylesheet\">\n\n<link rel=\"stylesheet\" href=\"https:\/\/cdn.jsdelivr.net\/npm\/katex@0.16.11\/dist\/katex.min.css\">\n\n<style>\n:root {\n    --vc-bg: #f4f1ec;\n    --vc-surface: #ffffff;\n    --vc-surface-alt: #f8f6f2;\n    --vc-ink: #1a1a1a;\n    --vc-ink-secondary: #5a5650;\n    --vc-ink-muted: #8a857e;\n    --vc-accent: #c85a2a;\n    --vc-accent-hover: #b04d22;\n    --vc-accent-light: #fdf0ea;\n    --vc-blue: #2a5c8c;\n    --vc-blue-light: #eaf1f8;\n    --vc-green: #2a7a4b;\n    --vc-green-light: #eaf8ef;\n    --vc-yellow: #a67c00;\n    --vc-yellow-light: #fef9e8;\n    --vc-red: #b91c1c;\n    --vc-red-light: #fef2f2;\n    --vc-border: #d9d4cc;\n    --vc-border-light: #e8e4dd;\n    --vc-shadow: 0 1px 3px rgba(26,26,26,0.06), 0 4px 12px rgba(26,26,26,0.04);\n    --vc-radius: 8px;\n    --vc-radius-lg: 12px;\n    --vc-font: 'DM Sans', -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, 'Segoe UI', sans-serif;\n    --vc-mono: 'JetBrains Mono', 'Consolas', 'Monaco', monospace;\n    --vc-display: 'Fraunces', Georgia, serif;\n}\n\n.vc-calculator { font-family: var(--vc-font); 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}\n    .vc-faq-a { max-height: none !important; }\n    .vc-results { max-height: none !important; padding: 24px !important; }\n    .vc-copy-btn, .vc-section-chevron, .vc-faq-chevron, .vc-presets, .vc-promo { display: none !important; }\n}\n<\/style>\n\n<div class=\"vc-calculator\" id=\"vc-steel-equiv\">\n\n<header class=\"vc-header\">\n    <p class=\"vc-header-eyebrow\">Free Engineering Tool<\/p>\n    <h1 class=\"vc-header-title\">Steel Grade Equivalent &amp; CE Calculator<\/h1>\n    <p class=\"vc-header-subtitle\">Cross-reference steel grades across EN, AISI, DIN, JIS standards. Calculate carbon equivalent (CE), weldability, and preheat temperature.<\/p>\n    <div class=\"vc-badges\">\n        <span class=\"vc-badge\">EN \/ W.Nr.<\/span>\n        <span class=\"vc-badge\">AISI \/ SAE<\/span>\n        <span class=\"vc-badge\">CE IIW<\/span>\n        <span class=\"vc-badge\">AWS D1.1<\/span>\n    <\/div>\n<\/header>\n\n<div class=\"vc-card\">\n    <div class=\"vc-tabs\">\n        <button type=\"button\" class=\"vc-tab-btn vc-active\" data-tab=\"grade\">Select Grade<\/button>\n        <button type=\"button\" class=\"vc-tab-btn\" data-tab=\"manual\">Enter Composition<\/button>\n    <\/div>\n\n    <!-- Tab 1: Grade Selection -->\n    <div class=\"vc-tab-panel vc-active\" id=\"vc-panel-grade\">\n        <form class=\"vc-form\" id=\"vc-form-grade\" autocomplete=\"off\">\n            <div class=\"vc-field\">\n                <label class=\"vc-label\" for=\"vc-grade\">Steel Grade <span class=\"vc-label-hint\">(select or search)<\/span><\/label>\n                <select class=\"vc-select\" id=\"vc-grade\"><\/select>\n            <\/div>\n            <div class=\"vc-presets\">\n                <div class=\"vc-presets-label\">Common grades<\/div>\n                <button type=\"button\" class=\"vc-preset-btn\" data-idx=\"6\">S355JR<\/button>\n                <button type=\"button\" class=\"vc-preset-btn\" data-idx=\"13\">42CrMo4<\/button>\n                <button type=\"button\" class=\"vc-preset-btn\" data-idx=\"18\">304 SS<\/button>\n                <button type=\"button\" class=\"vc-preset-btn\" data-idx=\"4\">C45E<\/button>\n            <\/div>\n        <\/form>\n    <\/div>\n\n    <!-- Tab 2: Manual Composition -->\n    <div class=\"vc-tab-panel\" id=\"vc-panel-manual\">\n        <form class=\"vc-form\" id=\"vc-form-manual\" autocomplete=\"off\">\n            <div class=\"vc-form-grid\">\n                <div class=\"vc-field\">\n                    <label class=\"vc-label\" for=\"vc-c\">Carbon C <span class=\"vc-label-hint\">(%)<\/span><\/label>\n                    <input class=\"vc-input\" type=\"number\" id=\"vc-c\" step=\"any\" min=\"0\" max=\"2\" value=\"0.18\" placeholder=\"e.g. 0.18\">\n                <\/div>\n                <div class=\"vc-field\">\n                    <label class=\"vc-label\" for=\"vc-mn\">Manganese Mn <span class=\"vc-label-hint\">(%)<\/span><\/label>\n                    <input class=\"vc-input\" type=\"number\" id=\"vc-mn\" step=\"any\" min=\"0\" max=\"3\" value=\"1.50\" placeholder=\"e.g. 1.50\">\n                <\/div>\n                <div class=\"vc-field\">\n                    <label class=\"vc-label\" for=\"vc-cr\">Chromium Cr <span class=\"vc-label-hint\">(%)<\/span><\/label>\n                    <input class=\"vc-input\" type=\"number\" id=\"vc-cr\" step=\"any\" min=\"0\" max=\"30\" value=\"0\" placeholder=\"e.g. 0\">\n                <\/div>\n                <div class=\"vc-field\">\n                    <label class=\"vc-label\" for=\"vc-mo\">Molybdenum Mo <span class=\"vc-label-hint\">(%)<\/span><\/label>\n                    <input class=\"vc-input\" type=\"number\" id=\"vc-mo\" step=\"any\" min=\"0\" max=\"5\" value=\"0\" placeholder=\"e.g. 0\">\n                <\/div>\n                <div class=\"vc-field\">\n                    <label class=\"vc-label\" for=\"vc-v\">Vanadium V <span class=\"vc-label-hint\">(%)<\/span><\/label>\n                    <input class=\"vc-input\" type=\"number\" id=\"vc-v\" step=\"any\" min=\"0\" max=\"2\" value=\"0.05\" placeholder=\"e.g. 0.05\">\n                <\/div>\n                <div class=\"vc-field\">\n                    <label class=\"vc-label\" for=\"vc-ni\">Nickel Ni <span class=\"vc-label-hint\">(%)<\/span><\/label>\n                    <input class=\"vc-input\" type=\"number\" id=\"vc-ni\" step=\"any\" min=\"0\" max=\"30\" value=\"0\" placeholder=\"e.g. 0\">\n                <\/div>\n                <div class=\"vc-field\">\n                    <label class=\"vc-label\" for=\"vc-cu\">Copper Cu <span class=\"vc-label-hint\">(%)<\/span><\/label>\n                    <input class=\"vc-input\" type=\"number\" id=\"vc-cu\" step=\"any\" min=\"0\" max=\"5\" value=\"0\" placeholder=\"e.g. 0\">\n                <\/div>\n                <div class=\"vc-field\">\n                    <label class=\"vc-label\" for=\"vc-si\">Silicon Si <span class=\"vc-label-hint\">(%)<\/span><\/label>\n                    <input class=\"vc-input\" type=\"number\" id=\"vc-si\" step=\"any\" min=\"0\" max=\"3\" value=\"0.40\" placeholder=\"e.g. 0.40\">\n                <\/div>\n            <\/div>\n        <\/form>\n    <\/div>\n\n    <!-- Results -->\n    <div class=\"vc-results\" id=\"vc-results\">\n        <div class=\"vc-results-head\">\n            <h2 class=\"vc-results-title\">Results<\/h2>\n            <button type=\"button\" class=\"vc-copy-btn\" id=\"vc-copy-btn\">\n                <svg width=\"14\" height=\"14\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2\"><rect x=\"9\" y=\"9\" width=\"13\" height=\"13\" rx=\"2\"\/><path d=\"M5 15H4a2 2 0 01-2-2V4a2 2 0 012-2h9a2 2 0 012 2v1\"\/><\/svg>\n                Copy\n            <\/button>\n        <\/div>\n        <div class=\"vc-result-grid\">\n            <div class=\"vc-rcard vc-rcard-primary\">\n                <div class=\"vc-rcard-label\">Carbon Equivalent CE (IIW)<\/div>\n                <div class=\"vc-rcard-value\" id=\"vc-r-ce\">\u2014<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n            <div class=\"vc-rcard\">\n                <div class=\"vc-rcard-label\">Weldability Assessment<\/div>\n                <div class=\"vc-rcard-value\" id=\"vc-r-weld\">\u2014<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n            <div class=\"vc-rcard\">\n                <div class=\"vc-rcard-label\">Preheat Recommendation<\/div>\n                <div class=\"vc-rcard-value\" id=\"vc-r-preheat\">\u2014<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n            <div class=\"vc-rcard\">\n                <div class=\"vc-rcard-label\">Pcm (Ito-Bessyo)<\/div>\n                <div class=\"vc-rcard-value\" id=\"vc-r-pcm\">\u2014<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n            <div class=\"vc-rcard\">\n                <div class=\"vc-rcard-label\">Grade Equivalents<\/div>\n                <div class=\"vc-rcard-value\" id=\"vc-r-equiv\" style=\"font-size:16px\">\u2014<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n            <div class=\"vc-rcard\">\n                <div class=\"vc-rcard-label\">Typical Yield \/ UTS<\/div>\n                <div class=\"vc-rcard-value\" id=\"vc-r-strength\" style=\"font-size:16px\">\u2014<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n        <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n<!-- Cross-reference table -->\n<div class=\"vc-section\" id=\"vc-sec-table\">\n    <button type=\"button\" class=\"vc-section-toggle\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n        <span class=\"vc-section-toggle-text\">\n            <span class=\"vc-section-icon\">\ud83d\udccb<\/span>\n            <span class=\"vc-section-title\">Full Cross-Reference Table<\/span>\n        <\/span>\n        <svg class=\"vc-section-chevron\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2\"><path d=\"M6 9l6 6 6-6\"\/><\/svg>\n    <\/button>\n    <div class=\"vc-section-body\">\n        <div class=\"vc-section-inner\">\n            <input class=\"vc-input\" type=\"text\" id=\"vc-search\" placeholder=\"Search any grade: 304, S355, 42CrMo4, 1.4301, SUS304\u2026\" style=\"margin-top:16px\">\n            <div class=\"vc-count\" id=\"vc-count\"><\/div>\n            <div class=\"vc-table-wrap\">\n                <table class=\"vc-table\"><thead><tr><th>EN<\/th><th>W.Nr.<\/th><th>AISI<\/th><th>DIN<\/th><th>JIS<\/th><th>Type<\/th><th>CE<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody id=\"vc-tbody\"><\/tbody><\/table>\n            <\/div>\n        <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n<!-- Theory -->\n<div class=\"vc-section vc-open\" id=\"vc-sec-theory\">\n    <button type=\"button\" class=\"vc-section-toggle\" aria-expanded=\"true\">\n        <span class=\"vc-section-toggle-text\">\n            <span class=\"vc-section-icon\">\ud83d\udcd8<\/span>\n            <span class=\"vc-section-title\">Theory &amp; Formulas<\/span>\n        <\/span>\n        <svg class=\"vc-section-chevron\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2\"><path d=\"M6 9l6 6 6-6\"\/><\/svg>\n    <\/button>\n    <div class=\"vc-section-body\">\n        <div class=\"vc-section-inner vc-theory\">\n            <h3>Carbon Equivalent \u2014 IIW Formula<\/h3>\n            <div class=\"vc-formula-box\" id=\"vc-katex-1\"><\/div>\n            <h3>Carbon Equivalent \u2014 Pcm (Ito-Bessyo)<\/h3>\n            <p>Better for low-carbon microalloyed steels (C &lt; 0.18%):<\/p>\n            <div class=\"vc-formula-box\" id=\"vc-katex-2\"><\/div>\n            <h3>Weldability Classification<\/h3>\n            <table class=\"vc-table\">\n                <thead><tr><th>CE Range<\/th><th>Weldability<\/th><th>Preheat<\/th><\/tr><\/thead>\n                <tbody>\n                    <tr><td>&lt; 0.35<\/td><td>Good<\/td><td>None \/ optional<\/td><\/tr>\n                    <tr><td>0.35 \u2013 0.40<\/td><td>Good\u2013Fair<\/td><td>50\u2013100 \u00b0C for t &gt; 25 mm<\/td><\/tr>\n                    <tr><td>0.40 \u2013 0.45<\/td><td>Fair<\/td><td>100\u2013150 \u00b0C<\/td><\/tr>\n                    <tr><td>0.45 \u2013 0.50<\/td><td>Fair\u2013Poor<\/td><td>150\u2013200 \u00b0C<\/td><\/tr>\n                    <tr><td>0.50 \u2013 0.60<\/td><td>Poor<\/td><td>200\u2013250 \u00b0C<\/td><\/tr>\n                    <tr><td>&gt; 0.60<\/td><td>Very Poor<\/td><td>250\u2013300 \u00b0C, special procedures<\/td><\/tr>\n                <\/tbody>\n            <\/table>\n            <h3>Practical Example<\/h3>\n            <div class=\"vc-example-box\">\n                <div class=\"vc-example-title\">Example \u2014 S355J2 (1.0577)<\/div>\n                <p><strong>Typical composition:<\/strong> C=0.18, Mn=1.50, Cr=0, Mo=0, V=0.05, Ni=0, Cu=0<\/p>\n                <p>CE = 0.18 + 1.50\/6 + (0+0+0.05)\/5 + (0+0)\/15 = 0.18 + 0.25 + 0.01 = <strong>0.44<\/strong><\/p>\n                <p>Weldability: <strong>Fair<\/strong> \u2192 Preheat 100\u2013150 \u00b0C recommended for t &gt; 20 mm<\/p>\n            <\/div>\n        <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n<!-- Related -->\n<div class=\"vc-section\" id=\"vc-sec-related\">\n    <button type=\"button\" class=\"vc-section-toggle\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n        <span class=\"vc-section-toggle-text\"><span class=\"vc-section-icon\">\ud83d\udd17<\/span><span class=\"vc-section-title\">Related Calculators<\/span><\/span>\n        <svg class=\"vc-section-chevron\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2\"><path d=\"M6 9l6 6 6-6\"\/><\/svg>\n    <\/button>\n    <div class=\"vc-section-body\">\n        <div class=\"vc-section-inner\">\n            <div class=\"vc-related\">\n                <a class=\"vc-related-link\" href=\"\/calculators\/steel-properties-lookup\/\">Steel Properties<\/a>\n                <a class=\"vc-related-link\" href=\"\/calculators\/welding-process-iso4063\/\">Welding Heat Input<\/a>\n                <a class=\"vc-related-link\" href=\"\/calculators\/allowable-stress-by-material\/\">Allowable Stress<\/a>\n            <\/div>\n        <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n<!-- FAQ -->\n<div class=\"vc-section\" id=\"vc-sec-faq\">\n    <button type=\"button\" class=\"vc-section-toggle\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n        <span class=\"vc-section-toggle-text\"><span class=\"vc-section-icon\">\u2753<\/span><span class=\"vc-section-title\">Frequently Asked Questions<\/span><\/span>\n        <svg class=\"vc-section-chevron\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2\"><path d=\"M6 9l6 6 6-6\"\/><\/svg>\n    <\/button>\n    <div class=\"vc-section-body\">\n        <div class=\"vc-section-inner\">\n            <div class=\"vc-faq-list\" 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d).replace(\/(\\.\\d*?)0+$\/, '$1').replace(\/\\.$\/, ''); }\n\n    \/* DB: [EN, W.Nr., AISI, DIN, JIS, Type, C, Mn, Cr, Mo, V, Ni, Cu, Si, Rp(MPa), Rm(MPa)] *\/\n    var DB = [\n        ['C10E','1.1121','1010','Ck10','S10C','Carbon',0.10,0.45,0,0,0,0,0,0.25,305,380],\n        ['C15E','1.1141','1015','Ck15','S15C','Carbon',0.15,0.50,0,0,0,0,0,0.25,340,420],\n        ['C22E','1.1151','1022','Ck22','S22C','Carbon',0.22,0.55,0,0,0,0,0,0.25,360,500],\n        ['C35E','1.1181','1035','Ck35','S35C','Carbon',0.35,0.65,0,0,0,0,0,0.25,370,620],\n        ['C45E','1.1191','1045','Ck45','S45C','Carbon',0.45,0.70,0,0,0,0,0,0.25,430,700],\n        ['C60E','1.1221','1060','Ck60','S58C','Carbon',0.60,0.75,0,0,0,0,0,0.25,480,780],\n        ['S235JR','1.0038','A36','St37-2','SS400','Structural',0.17,1.40,0,0,0,0,0.55,0,235,360],\n        ['S275JR','1.0044','\u2014','St44-2','\u2014','Structural',0.18,1.50,0,0,0,0,0.55,0,275,430],\n        ['S355JR','1.0045','A572-50','St52-3','SM490','Structural',0.18,1.50,0,0,0.05,0,0,0.40,355,510],\n        ['S355J2','1.0577','\u2014','St52-3N','SM490','Structural',0.18,1.50,0,0,0.05,0,0,0.40,355,510],\n        ['16MnCr5','1.7131','5115','16MnCr5','SCr415','Case hard.',0.16,1.15,0.95,0,0,0,0,0.25,440,640],\n        ['20MnCr5','1.7147','5120','20MnCr5','SCr420','Case hard.',0.20,1.25,1.10,0,0,0,0,0.25,490,690],\n        ['18CrNiMo7-6','1.6587','4820','18CrNiMo7-6','SNCM420','Case hard.',0.18,0.55,1.65,0.30,0,1.55,0,0.25,685,980],\n        ['42CrMo4','1.7225','4140','42CrMo4','SCM440','Alloy',0.42,0.75,1.05,0.22,0,0,0,0.25,650,900],\n        ['25CrMo4','1.7218','4130','25CrMo4','SCM430','Alloy',0.25,0.70,1.05,0.22,0,0,0,0.25,560,700],\n        ['34CrMo4','1.7220','4135','34CrMo4','SCM435','Alloy',0.34,0.70,1.05,0.22,0,0,0,0.25,600,800],\n        ['34CrNiMo6','1.6582','4340','34CrNiMo6','SNCM439','Alloy',0.34,0.65,1.50,0.22,0,1.50,0,0.25,800,1000],\n        ['51CrV4','1.8159','6150','50CrV4','SUP10','Spring',0.51,0.90,1.05,0,0.15,0,0,0.30,550,850],\n        ['X5CrNi18-10','1.4301','304','X5CrNi18-10','SUS304','Stainless',0.05,1.50,18.0,0,0,8.0,0,0.50,210,520],\n        ['X2CrNi18-9','1.4307','304L','X2CrNi19-11','SUS304L','Stainless',0.02,1.50,18.0,0,0,9.0,0,0.50,200,500],\n        ['X5CrNiMo17-12-2','1.4401','316','X5CrNiMo17-12-2','SUS316','Stainless',0.05,1.50,17.0,2.10,0,11.0,0,0.50,220,530],\n        ['X2CrNiMo17-12-2','1.4404','316L','X2CrNiMo17-13-2','SUS316L','Stainless',0.02,1.50,17.0,2.10,0,11.5,0,0.50,200,500],\n        ['X6CrNiTi18-10','1.4541','321','X6CrNiTi18-10','SUS321','Stainless',0.06,1.50,17.5,0,0,9.5,0,0.50,200,520],\n        ['X6Cr17','1.4016','430','X6Cr17','SUS430','Stainless',0.06,0.50,17.0,0,0,0,0,0.50,250,450],\n        ['100Cr6','1.3505','52100','100Cr6','SUJ2','Bearing',1.00,0.35,1.50,0,0,0,0,0.25,450,700],\n        ['X40CrMoV5-1','1.2344','H13','X40CrMoV5-1','SKD61','Tool',0.40,0.40,5.30,1.40,1.00,0,0,1.00,1200,1500]\n    ];\n\n    \/* Build grade selector *\/\n    var sel = $('vc-grade');\n    DB.forEach(function(r, i) {\n        var o = document.createElement('option');\n        o.value = i;\n        o.textContent = r[0] + ' \/ ' + r[2] + ' (' + r[5] + ')';\n        sel.appendChild(o);\n    });\n\n    var activeTab = 'grade';\n\n    \/* Tab switching *\/\n    document.querySelectorAll('.vc-tab-btn').forEach(function(btn) {\n        btn.addEventListener('click', function() {\n            document.querySelectorAll('.vc-tab-btn').forEach(function(b) { b.classList.remove('vc-active'); });\n            document.querySelectorAll('.vc-tab-panel').forEach(function(p) { p.classList.remove('vc-active'); });\n            this.classList.add('vc-active');\n            activeTab = this.getAttribute('data-tab');\n            $('vc-panel-' + activeTab).classList.add('vc-active');\n            calculate();\n        });\n    });\n\n    function calcCE(C, Mn, Cr, Mo, V, Ni, Cu) {\n        return C + Mn \/ 6 + (Cr + Mo + V) \/ 5 + (Ni + Cu) \/ 15;\n    }\n\n    function calcPcm(C, Si, Mn, Cu, Cr, Ni, Mo, V) {\n        return C + Si \/ 30 + (Mn + Cu + Cr) \/ 20 + Ni \/ 60 + Mo \/ 15 + V \/ 10;\n    }\n\n    function getWeldability(ce) {\n        if (ce < 0.35) return { text: 'Good', color: 'var(--vc-green)', preheat: 'None required' };\n        if (ce < 0.40) return { text: 'Good\u2013Fair', color: 'var(--vc-green)', preheat: '50\u2013100 \u00b0C (thick sections)' };\n        if (ce < 0.45) return { text: 'Fair', color: 'var(--vc-yellow)', preheat: '100\u2013150 \u00b0C' };\n        if (ce < 0.50) return { text: 'Fair\u2013Poor', color: 'var(--vc-yellow)', preheat: '150\u2013200 \u00b0C' };\n        if (ce < 0.60) return { text: 'Poor', color: 'var(--vc-red)', preheat: '200\u2013250 \u00b0C' };\n        return { text: 'Very Poor', color: 'var(--vc-red)', preheat: '250\u2013300 \u00b0C' };\n    }\n\n    function calculate() {\n        var C, Mn, Cr, Mo, V, Ni, Cu, Si, equiv, rp, rm;\n\n        if (activeTab === 'grade') {\n            var idx = parseInt(sel.value);\n            var r = DB[idx];\n            if (!r) return;\n            C = r[6]; Mn = r[7]; Cr = r[8]; Mo = r[9]; V = r[10]; Ni = r[11]; Cu = r[12]; Si = r[13]; rp = r[14]; rm = r[15];\n            equiv = r[0] + ' | ' + r[1] + ' | ' + r[2] + ' | ' + r[3] + ' | ' + r[4];\n        } else {\n            C = parseFloat($('vc-c').value) || 0;\n            Mn = parseFloat($('vc-mn').value) || 0;\n            Cr = parseFloat($('vc-cr').value) || 0;\n            Mo = parseFloat($('vc-mo').value) || 0;\n            V = parseFloat($('vc-v').value) || 0;\n            Ni = parseFloat($('vc-ni').value) || 0;\n            Cu = parseFloat($('vc-cu').value) || 0;\n            Si = parseFloat($('vc-si').value) || 0;\n            equiv = 'Manual entry';\n            rp = 0; rm = 0;\n        }\n\n        var ce = calcCE(C, Mn, Cr, Mo, V, Ni, Cu);\n        var pcm = calcPcm(C, Si, Mn, Cu, Cr, Ni, Mo, V);\n        var w = getWeldability(ce);\n\n        $('vc-r-ce').innerHTML = fmt(ce, 3);\n        $('vc-r-weld').innerHTML = '<span style=\"color:' + w.color + '\">' + w.text + '<\/span>';\n        $('vc-r-preheat').innerHTML = '<span style=\"font-size:16px\">' + w.preheat + '<\/span>';\n        $('vc-r-pcm').innerHTML = fmt(pcm, 3);\n        $('vc-r-equiv').innerHTML = equiv;\n        $('vc-r-strength').innerHTML = (rp && rm) ? (rp + ' \/ ' + rm + ' <span class=\"vc-rcard-unit\">MPa<\/span>') : '\u2014';\n\n        $('vc-results').classList.add('vc-visible');\n\n        \/* URL params *\/\n        var u = new URL(window.location);\n        if (activeTab === 'grade') {\n            u.searchParams.set('grade', sel.value);\n        } else {\n            u.searchParams.set('C', C); u.searchParams.set('Mn', Mn);\n            u.searchParams.set('Cr', Cr); u.searchParams.set('Mo', Mo);\n        }\n        history.replaceState(null, '', u.toString());\n\n        saveHistory({ ce: fmt(ce, 3), weld: w.text, _summary: (activeTab === 'grade' ? DB[parseInt(sel.value)][0] : 'Manual') + ' CE=' + fmt(ce, 3) });\n    }\n\n    \/* Cross-reference search table *\/\n    function renderTable(q) {\n        var ql = q.toLowerCase().replace(\/[\\s\\-]\/g, '');\n        var html = '', count = 0;\n        DB.forEach(function(r) {\n            var row = r.slice(0, 6).join(' ').toLowerCase().replace(\/[\\s\\-]\/g, '');\n            var match = !ql || row.indexOf(ql) !== -1;\n            if (match) {\n                var ce = calcCE(r[6], r[7], r[8], r[9], r[10], r[11], r[12]);\n                html += '<tr' + (ql ? ' class=\"vc-highlight\"' : '') + '><td><strong>' + r[0] + '<\/strong><\/td><td>' + r[1] + '<\/td><td>' + r[2] + '<\/td><td>' + r[3] + '<\/td><td>' + r[4] + '<\/td><td>' + r[5] + '<\/td><td>' + fmt(ce, 3) + '<\/td><\/tr>';\n                count++;\n            }\n        });\n        $('vc-tbody').innerHTML = html;\n        $('vc-count').textContent = 'Showing ' + count + ' of ' + DB.length + ' grades';\n    }\n\n    $('vc-search').addEventListener('input', function() { renderTable(this.value); });\n    renderTable('');\n\n    \/* Events *\/\n    $('vc-form-grade').addEventListener('change', calculate);\n    $('vc-form-manual').addEventListener('input', calculate);\n\n    document.querySelectorAll('.vc-preset-btn').forEach(function(btn) {\n        btn.addEventListener('click', function(e) {\n            e.preventDefault();\n            var idx = this.getAttribute('data-idx');\n            if (idx !== null) { sel.value = idx; calculate(); }\n        });\n    });\n\n    \/* Copy *\/\n    $('vc-copy-btn').addEventListener('click', function() {\n        var text = 'Steel Grade CE Calculation\\n\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\\nCE (IIW): ' + $('vc-r-ce').textContent + '\\nPcm: ' + $('vc-r-pcm').textContent + '\\nWeldability: ' + $('vc-r-weld').textContent + '\\nPreheat: ' + $('vc-r-preheat').textContent + '\\nEquivalents: ' + $('vc-r-equiv').textContent + '\\n\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\\nvibromera.eu';\n        if (navigator.clipboard) {\n            navigator.clipboard.writeText(text).then(function() {\n                var btn = $('vc-copy-btn');\n                btn.classList.add('vc-copied');\n                btn.innerHTML = '<svg width=\"14\" height=\"14\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2\"><polyline points=\"20 6 9 17 4 12\"\/><\/svg> Copied!';\n                setTimeout(function() { btn.classList.remove('vc-copied'); btn.innerHTML = '<svg width=\"14\" height=\"14\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2\"><rect x=\"9\" y=\"9\" width=\"13\" height=\"13\" rx=\"2\"\/><path d=\"M5 15H4a2 2 0 01-2-2V4a2 2 0 012-2h9a2 2 0 012 2v1\"\/><\/svg> Copy'; }, 2000);\n            });\n        }\n    });\n\n    \/* Sections & FAQ *\/\n    document.querySelectorAll('.vc-section-toggle').forEach(function(btn) {\n        btn.addEventListener('click', function() { var s = this.closest('.vc-section'); s.classList.toggle('vc-open'); this.setAttribute('aria-expanded', s.classList.contains('vc-open')); });\n    });\n\n    var faqData = [\n        { q: 'What is carbon equivalent (CE)?', a: '<p>CE is a single number combining the effects of C, Mn, Cr, Mo, V, Ni, and Cu on hardenability and weldability. Higher CE = harder HAZ = higher cracking risk. The IIW formula is most widely used for medium\/high carbon steels.<\/p>' },\n        { q: 'How does CE affect weldability?', a: '<p>CE &lt; 0.35: Good weldability, no preheat. CE 0.35\u20130.45: Fair, preheat for thick sections. CE 0.45\u20130.60: Poor, always preheat. CE &gt; 0.60: Very poor, special welding procedures and PWHT needed.<\/p>' },\n        { q: 'Are grade equivalents exact?', a: '<p>No. Equivalents are approximate \u2014 composition ranges overlap but are not identical. Always verify from the material test certificate (EN 10204 3.1) for critical applications.<\/p>' },\n        { q: 'When to use CE(IIW) vs Pcm?', a: '<p>CE(IIW) for C &gt; 0.18% (medium\/high carbon). Pcm for C &lt; 0.18% (HSLA, microalloyed). Modern pipeline steels typically use Pcm. Structural steels often use CE(IIW).<\/p>' },\n        { q: 'How is preheat temperature determined?', a: '<p>Per AWS D1.1 Table 3.3, preheat depends on CE, plate thickness, hydrogen level, and restraint. This calculator provides simplified recommendations. For critical welds, perform full analysis per EN 1011-2 Annex C.<\/p>' }\n    ];\n    var fl = $('vc-faq-list');\n    faqData.forEach(function(f) { fl.innerHTML += '<div class=\"vc-faq-item\"><button type=\"button\" class=\"vc-faq-q\"><span>' + f.q + '<\/span><svg class=\"vc-faq-chevron\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2\"><path d=\"M6 9l6 6 6-6\"\/><\/svg><\/button><div class=\"vc-faq-a\"><div class=\"vc-faq-a-inner\">' + f.a + '<\/div><\/div><\/div>'; });\n    fl.addEventListener('click', function(e) { var b = e.target.closest('.vc-faq-q'); if (b) b.closest('.vc-faq-item').classList.toggle('vc-open'); });\n\n    \/* History *\/\n    function saveHistory(entry) {\n        var key = 'vc_history_' + SLUG; var arr = [];\n        try { arr = JSON.parse(localStorage.getItem(key)) || []; } catch(e) {}\n        entry._ts = new Date().toISOString(); arr.unshift(entry);\n        if (arr.length > 10) arr = arr.slice(0, 10);\n        try { localStorage.setItem(key, JSON.stringify(arr)); } catch(e) {}\n    }\n\n    \/* KaTeX *\/\n    function renderFormulas() {\n        try {\n            katex.render('CE_{\\\\text{IIW}} = C + \\\\frac{Mn}{6} + \\\\frac{Cr + Mo + V}{5} + \\\\frac{Ni + Cu}{15}', $('vc-katex-1'), { displayMode: true, throwOnError: false });\n            katex.render('Pcm = C + \\\\frac{Si}{30} + \\\\frac{Mn + Cu + Cr}{20} + \\\\frac{Ni}{60} + \\\\frac{Mo}{15} + \\\\frac{V}{10} + 5B', $('vc-katex-2'), { displayMode: true, throwOnError: false });\n        } catch(e) {}\n    }\n\n    function init() {\n        var p = new URLSearchParams(window.location.search);\n        if (p.get('grade')) sel.value = p.get('grade');\n        renderFormulas();\n        calculate();\n    }\n\n    if (document.readyState === 'loading') { document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', init); } else { init(); }\n})();\n<\/script>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Marejeo ya msalaba ya daraja la chuma bila malipo pamoja na kikokotoo cha kisawa cha kaboni. Badilisha kati ya EN, AISI, DIN, JIS. Kokotoa CE, uwezekano wa kulehemu, na joto la awali kwa mujibu wa AWS D1.1.<\/p>","protected":false},"featured_media":0,"template":"","meta":{"ai_generated_summary":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-100243","calculator","type-calculator","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/vibromera.eu\/sw\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/calculator\/100243","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/vibromera.eu\/sw\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/calculator"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/vibromera.eu\/sw\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/calculator"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/vibromera.eu\/sw\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/calculator\/100243\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":100769,"href":"https:\/\/vibromera.eu\/sw\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/calculator\/100243\/revisions\/100769"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/vibromera.eu\/sw\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=100243"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vibromera.eu\/sw\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=100243"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vibromera.eu\/sw\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=100243"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}