{"id":100295,"date":"2026-02-15T20:32:21","date_gmt":"2026-02-15T20:32:21","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/vibromera.eu\/?post_type=calculator&#038;p=100295"},"modified":"2026-03-05T15:34:45","modified_gmt":"2026-03-05T15:34:45","slug":"vibration-sensor-sensitivity","status":"publish","type":"calculator","link":"https:\/\/vibromera.eu\/sw\/calculators\/vibration-sensor-sensitivity\/","title":{"rendered":"Kikokotoo cha Usikivu wa Sensor ya Mtetemo | Vibromera"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\">\n{\"@context\":\"https:\/\/schema.org\",\"@type\":\"WebApplication\",\"name\":\"Vibration Sensor Sensitivity Calculator\",\"description\":\"Calculate sensor output voltage from sensitivity and vibration level.\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/vibromera.eu\/calculators\/vibration-sensor-sensitivity\/\",\"applicationCategory\":\"Engineering Calculator\",\"operatingSystem\":\"Any (Web Browser)\",\"offers\":{\"@type\":\"Offer\",\"price\":\"0\",\"priceCurrency\":\"EUR\"},\"creator\":{\"@type\":\"Organization\",\"name\":\"Vibromera\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/vibromera.eu\/\"},\"datePublished\":\"2024-01-01\",\"dateModified\":\"2025-02-14\",\"inLanguage\":\"en\",\"isAccessibleForFree\":true}\n<\/script>\n\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\">\n{\"@context\":\"https:\/\/schema.org\",\"@type\":\"FAQPage\",\"mainEntity\":[\n{\"@type\":\"Question\",\"name\":\"What is sensor sensitivity?\",\"acceptedAnswer\":{\"@type\":\"Answer\",\"text\":\"Sensor sensitivity is the ratio of electrical output to mechanical input. For accelerometers, it's typically expressed in mV\/g (e.g., 100 mV\/g). For velocity sensors, mV\/(mm\/s) or mV\/(in\/s). Higher sensitivity means larger output signal for the same vibration level.\"}},\n{\"@type\":\"Question\",\"name\":\"How do I choose the right sensitivity?\",\"acceptedAnswer\":{\"@type\":\"Answer\",\"text\":\"Higher sensitivity (e.g., 500 mV\/g) gives better signal-to-noise ratio for low-level vibration but limits the maximum measurable level. Lower sensitivity (e.g., 10 mV\/g) is needed for high-g measurements. Match sensitivity to expected vibration levels and DAQ input range.\"}},\n{\"@type\":\"Question\",\"name\":\"What is the dynamic range of a sensor?\",\"acceptedAnswer\":{\"@type\":\"Answer\",\"text\":\"Dynamic range is the ratio between the maximum measurable signal and the noise floor, usually expressed in dB. For IEPE sensors, max output is typically \u00b15V peak. Dynamic range = 20\u00d7log10(Vmax\/Vnoise).\"}},\n{\"@type\":\"Question\",\"name\":\"What is IEPE (ICP) sensor powering?\",\"acceptedAnswer\":{\"@type\":\"Answer\",\"text\":\"IEPE (Integrated Electronics Piezo-Electric) sensors require constant-current excitation (typically 2-20 mA) at 18-30V DC bias. The AC vibration signal rides on top of the DC bias. ICP is a trademark of PCB Piezotronics for IEPE technology.\"}},\n{\"@type\":\"Question\",\"name\":\"Can I use a voltage divider to match sensor output to my DAQ?\",\"acceptedAnswer\":{\"@type\":\"Answer\",\"text\":\"Yes, but it reduces signal-to-noise ratio. Better approaches: use a sensor with appropriate sensitivity, adjust DAQ input range, or use a signal conditioner with programmable gain.\"}}\n]}\n<\/script>\n\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\">\n{\"@context\":\"https:\/\/schema.org\",\"@type\":\"BreadcrumbList\",\"itemListElement\":[\n{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":1,\"name\":\"Home\",\"item\":\"https:\/\/vibromera.eu\/\"},\n{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":2,\"name\":\"Calculators\",\"item\":\"https:\/\/vibromera.eu\/calculators\/\"},\n{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":3,\"name\":\"Vibration Sensor Sensitivity\",\"item\":\"https:\/\/vibromera.eu\/calculators\/vibration-sensor-sensitivity\/\"}\n]}\n<\/script>\n\n<link rel=\"preconnect\" href=\"https:\/\/fonts.googleapis.com\">\n\n<link rel=\"preconnect\" href=\"https:\/\/fonts.gstatic.com\" crossorigin>\n\n<link 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16px;font-size:13px;color:var(--vc-ink-muted)}.vc-footer a{color:var(--vc-accent);text-decoration:none}.vc-footer a:hover{text-decoration:underline}.vc-footer-links{margin-top:8px;font-size:12px}.vc-footer-links a{margin:0 8px}\n@media print{.vc-section-body{max-height:none!important}.vc-faq-a{max-height:none!important}.vc-results{max-height:none!important;padding:24px!important}.vc-copy-btn,.vc-section-chevron,.vc-faq-chevron,.vc-presets,.vc-promo{display:none!important}}\n<\/style>\n\n<div class=\"vc-calculator\" id=\"vc-sensor-sensitivity\">\n\n<header class=\"vc-header\">\n    <p class=\"vc-header-eyebrow\">Free Engineering Tool \u2014 #017<\/p>\n    <h1 class=\"vc-header-title\">Vibration Sensor Sensitivity Calculator<\/h1>\n    <p class=\"vc-header-subtitle\">Calculate sensor output signal voltage from sensitivity and vibration level. Determine dynamic range and maximum measurable amplitude for IEPE accelerometers and velocity sensors.<\/p>\n    <div class=\"vc-badges\"><span class=\"vc-badge\">Accelerometer<\/span><span class=\"vc-badge\">Velocity Sensor<\/span><span class=\"vc-badge\">mV\/g \u00b7 mV\/(mm\/s)<\/span><\/div>\n<\/header>\n\n<div class=\"vc-card\">\n    <form class=\"vc-form\" id=\"vc-form\" autocomplete=\"off\">\n        <div class=\"vc-form-grid\">\n            <div class=\"vc-field\">\n                <label class=\"vc-label\" for=\"vc-sens\">Sensor Sensitivity<\/label>\n                <input class=\"vc-input\" type=\"number\" id=\"vc-sens\" inputmode=\"decimal\" step=\"any\" min=\"0.001\" placeholder=\"e.g. 100\" value=\"100\">\n            <\/div>\n            <div class=\"vc-field\">\n                <label class=\"vc-label\" for=\"vc-sens-unit\">Sensitivity Unit<\/label>\n                <select class=\"vc-select\" id=\"vc-sens-unit\">\n                    <option value=\"mV\/g\" selected>mV\/g (accelerometer)<\/option>\n                    <option value=\"mV\/ms\">mV\/(mm\/s) (velocity)<\/option>\n                    <option value=\"pC\/g\">pC\/g (charge-mode accel)<\/option>\n                <\/select>\n            <\/div>\n            <div class=\"vc-field\">\n                <label class=\"vc-label\" for=\"vc-level\">Vibration Level <span class=\"vc-label-hint\" id=\"vc-level-hint\">(g peak)<\/span><\/label>\n                <input class=\"vc-input\" type=\"number\" id=\"vc-level\" inputmode=\"decimal\" step=\"any\" min=\"0\" placeholder=\"e.g. 5\" value=\"5\">\n            <\/div>\n            <div class=\"vc-field\">\n                <label class=\"vc-label\" for=\"vc-supply\">Max Output Voltage <span class=\"vc-label-hint\">(V peak, IEPE limit)<\/span><\/label>\n                <input class=\"vc-input\" type=\"number\" id=\"vc-supply\" inputmode=\"decimal\" step=\"any\" min=\"0.1\" placeholder=\"e.g. 5\" value=\"5\">\n            <\/div>\n        <\/div>\n        <div class=\"vc-presets\">\n            <div class=\"vc-presets-label\">Quick presets<\/div>\n            <button type=\"button\" class=\"vc-preset-btn\" data-s=\"100\" data-u=\"mV\/g\" data-l=\"10\" data-v=\"5\">100 mV\/g accel \u2014 10 g<\/button>\n            <button type=\"button\" class=\"vc-preset-btn\" data-s=\"500\" data-u=\"mV\/g\" data-l=\"2\" data-v=\"5\">500 mV\/g low-freq \u2014 2 g<\/button>\n            <button type=\"button\" class=\"vc-preset-btn\" data-s=\"10\" data-u=\"mV\/g\" data-l=\"500\" data-v=\"5\">10 mV\/g shock \u2014 500 g<\/button>\n            <button type=\"button\" class=\"vc-preset-btn\" data-s=\"20\" data-u=\"mV\/ms\" data-l=\"25\" data-v=\"5\">20 mV\/(mm\/s) vel \u2014 25 mm\/s<\/button>\n        <\/div>\n    <\/form>\n\n    <div class=\"vc-results\" id=\"vc-results\">\n        <div class=\"vc-results-head\">\n            <h2 class=\"vc-results-title\">Results<\/h2>\n            <button type=\"button\" class=\"vc-copy-btn\" id=\"vc-copy-btn\"><svg width=\"14\" height=\"14\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2\"><rect x=\"9\" y=\"9\" width=\"13\" height=\"13\" rx=\"2\"\/><path d=\"M5 15H4a2 2 0 01-2-2V4a2 2 0 012-2h9a2 2 0 012 2v1\"\/><\/svg> Copy<\/button>\n        <\/div>\n        <div class=\"vc-result-grid\">\n            <div class=\"vc-rcard vc-rcard-primary\">\n                <div class=\"vc-rcard-label\">Output Signal Voltage<\/div>\n                <div class=\"vc-rcard-value\" id=\"vc-r-voltage\">\u2014<\/div>\n            <\/div>\n            <div class=\"vc-rcard\"><div class=\"vc-rcard-label\">Max Measurable Level<\/div><div class=\"vc-rcard-value\" id=\"vc-r-maxlevel\">\u2014<\/div><\/div>\n            <div class=\"vc-rcard\"><div class=\"vc-rcard-label\">Output as % of Full Scale<\/div><div class=\"vc-rcard-value\" id=\"vc-r-pct\">\u2014<\/div><\/div>\n            <div class=\"vc-rcard\"><div class=\"vc-rcard-label\">Dynamic Range<\/div><div class=\"vc-rcard-value\" id=\"vc-r-dr\">\u2014<\/div><\/div>\n            <div class=\"vc-rcard\"><div class=\"vc-rcard-label\">Signal Level (dBV)<\/div><div class=\"vc-rcard-value\" id=\"vc-r-dbv\">\u2014<\/div><\/div>\n        <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"vc-section vc-open\" id=\"vc-sec-theory\">\n    <button type=\"button\" class=\"vc-section-toggle\" aria-expanded=\"true\"><span class=\"vc-section-toggle-text\"><span class=\"vc-section-icon\">\ud83d\udcd8<\/span><span class=\"vc-section-title\">Theory &amp; Formulas<\/span><\/span><svg class=\"vc-section-chevron\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2\"><path d=\"M6 9l6 6 6-6\"\/><\/svg><\/button>\n    <div class=\"vc-section-body\">\n        <div class=\"vc-section-inner vc-theory\">\n            <h3>Output Signal Voltage<\/h3>\n            <div class=\"vc-formula-box\" id=\"vc-katex-1\"><\/div>\n            <h3>Maximum Measurable Level<\/h3>\n            <div class=\"vc-formula-box\" id=\"vc-katex-2\"><\/div>\n            <h3>Common Sensor Types<\/h3>\n            <table class=\"vc-table\">\n                <thead><tr><th>Type<\/th><th>Typical Sensitivity<\/th><th>Range<\/th><th>Freq Range<\/th><\/tr><\/thead>\n                <tbody>\n                    <tr><td>General IEPE accel<\/td><td>100 mV\/g<\/td><td>\u00b150 g<\/td><td>0.5\u201310 kHz<\/td><\/tr>\n                    <tr><td>Low-frequency accel<\/td><td>500\u20131000 mV\/g<\/td><td>\u00b15 g<\/td><td>0.1\u20131 kHz<\/td><\/tr>\n                    <tr><td>Shock accel<\/td><td>1\u201310 mV\/g<\/td><td>\u00b1500\u20135000 g<\/td><td>1\u201320 kHz<\/td><\/tr>\n                    <tr><td>Velocity sensor<\/td><td>4\u201320 mV\/(mm\/s)<\/td><td>0.1\u2013100 mm\/s<\/td><td>1\u20131 kHz<\/td><\/tr>\n                <\/tbody>\n            <\/table>\n            <div class=\"vc-example-box\">\n                <div class=\"vc-example-title\">Example \u2014 Standard Accelerometer<\/div>\n                <p><strong>Given:<\/strong> Sensitivity = 100 mV\/g, Vibration = 5 g pk, Max output = 5 V pk<\/p>\n                <p>V<sub>out<\/sub> = 100 \u00d7 5 \/ 1000 = <strong>0.500 V peak<\/strong><\/p>\n                <p>Max level = 5000 \/ 100 = <strong>50 g peak<\/strong><\/p>\n                <p>Output = 0.5 \/ 5 \u00d7 100 = <strong>10% of full scale<\/strong><\/p>\n            <\/div>\n            <div class=\"vc-warning-box\"><p style=\"margin:0;font-size:14px;color:var(--vc-ink-secondary);\"><strong>\u26a0\ufe0f Note:<\/strong> Exceeding the maximum output voltage clips the signal, causing distortion. Always verify that expected vibration levels stay within sensor range.<\/p><\/div>\n        <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"vc-section\" id=\"vc-sec-related\">\n    <button type=\"button\" class=\"vc-section-toggle\" aria-expanded=\"false\"><span class=\"vc-section-toggle-text\"><span class=\"vc-section-icon\">\ud83d\udd17<\/span><span class=\"vc-section-title\">Related Calculators<\/span><\/span><svg class=\"vc-section-chevron\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2\"><path d=\"M6 9l6 6 6-6\"\/><\/svg><\/button>\n    <div class=\"vc-section-body\"><div class=\"vc-section-inner\"><div class=\"vc-related\">\n        <a class=\"vc-related-link\" href=\"\/calculators\/vibration-overall-level\/\">Overall Vibration Level<\/a>\n        <a class=\"vc-related-link\" href=\"\/calculators\/proximity-probe-setup\/\">Proximity Probe Setup<\/a>\n        <a class=\"vc-related-link\" href=\"\/calculators\/vibration-instrument-class\/\">Instrument Class (ISO 2954)<\/a>\n        <a class=\"vc-related-link\" href=\"\/calculators\/vibration-phase-angle\/\">Phase Angle Calculator<\/a>\n    <\/div><\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"vc-section\" id=\"vc-sec-faq\">\n    <button type=\"button\" class=\"vc-section-toggle\" aria-expanded=\"false\"><span class=\"vc-section-toggle-text\"><span class=\"vc-section-icon\">\u2753<\/span><span class=\"vc-section-title\">Frequently Asked Questions<\/span><\/span><svg class=\"vc-section-chevron\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2\"><path d=\"M6 9l6 6 6-6\"\/><\/svg><\/button>\n    <div class=\"vc-section-body\"><div class=\"vc-section-inner\"><div class=\"vc-faq-list\" id=\"vc-faq-list\"><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"vc-promo\"><div class=\"vc-promo-text\"><strong>Vibromera \u2014 Portable Balancing &amp; Vibration Analysis<\/strong><br>Professional vibration sensors and analyzers for field measurements. Compatible with standard IEPE sensors. Used in 50+ countries.<\/div><a class=\"vc-promo-link\" href=\"https:\/\/vibromera.eu\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Learn More<\/a><\/div>\n\n<footer class=\"vc-footer\">\n    <p>\u00a9 2024\u20132025 <a href=\"https:\/\/vibromera.eu\/\">Vibromera<\/a> \u2014 Engineering Calculators<\/p>\n    <p style=\"font-size:12px;margin-top:4px;\">Vibration sensor sensitivity and output calculation. Last updated: February 2025<\/p>\n    <div class=\"vc-footer-links\"><a href=\"\/calculators\/engineering-calculators\/\">All Calculators<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/vibromera.eu\/contacts\/\">Contact<\/a><\/div>\n<\/footer>\n<\/div>\n\n<script src=\"https:\/\/cdn.jsdelivr.net\/npm\/katex@0.16.11\/dist\/katex.min.js\"><\/script>\n<script>\n(function(){\n    'use strict';\n    var SLUG='vibration-sensor-sensitivity';\n    function $(id){return document.getElementById(id)}\n    function fmt(n,d){if(isNaN(n)||!isFinite(n))return '\u2014';var f=n.toFixed(d===undefined?3:d);return f.replace(\/(\\.\\d*?)0+$\/,'$1').replace(\/\\.$\/,'')}\n\n    function calculate(){\n        var sens=parseFloat($('vc-sens').value);\n        var level=parseFloat($('vc-level').value);\n        var supply=parseFloat($('vc-supply').value);\n        var unit=$('vc-sens-unit').value;\n        if(!sens||sens<=0||isNaN(level)||level<0||!supply||supply<=0){$('vc-results').classList.remove('vc-visible');return}\n\n        var vOut=sens*level\/1000; \/\/ V\n        var maxLevel=supply*1000\/sens;\n        var pctFS=(vOut\/supply)*100;\n        var dBV=20*Math.log10(Math.max(vOut,1e-12));\n\n        var levelUnit=unit==='mV\/g'?'g pk':unit==='mV\/ms'?'mm\/s pk':'g pk';\n        $('vc-level-hint').textContent='('+levelUnit.replace(' pk','')+')';\n\n        $('vc-r-voltage').innerHTML=fmt(vOut,3)+' <span class=\"vc-rcard-unit\">V peak<\/span>'+(vOut*1000<1000?' <span class=\"vc-rcard-unit\">('+fmt(vOut*1000,1)+' mV)<\/span>':'');\n        $('vc-r-maxlevel').innerHTML=fmt(maxLevel,1)+' <span class=\"vc-rcard-unit\">'+levelUnit+'<\/span>';\n        $('vc-r-pct').innerHTML=fmt(pctFS,1)+' <span class=\"vc-rcard-unit\">%<\/span>'+(pctFS>90?' <span style=\"color:var(--vc-red);font-size:12px\">\u26a0 Near clipping<\/span>':'');\n        $('vc-r-dr').innerHTML=fmt(20*Math.log10(supply*1000\/1),0)+' <span class=\"vc-rcard-unit\">dB (ref 1 mV noise)<\/span>';\n        $('vc-r-dbv').innerHTML=fmt(dBV,1)+' <span class=\"vc-rcard-unit\">dBV<\/span>';\n        $('vc-results').classList.add('vc-visible');\n\n        saveHistory({sens:sens,unit:unit,level:level,vOut:fmt(vOut,3),_summary:sens+' '+unit+' \u00d7 '+level+' \u2192 '+fmt(vOut,3)+' V'});\n    }\n\n    $('vc-sens-unit').addEventListener('change',function(){\n        var u=this.value;\n        $('vc-level-hint').textContent=u==='mV\/g'?'(g peak)':u==='mV\/ms'?'(mm\/s peak)':'(g peak)';\n        calculate();\n    });\n\n    document.querySelectorAll('.vc-preset-btn').forEach(function(btn){btn.addEventListener('click',function(e){e.preventDefault();$('vc-sens').value=this.getAttribute('data-s');$('vc-sens-unit').value=this.getAttribute('data-u');$('vc-level').value=this.getAttribute('data-l');$('vc-supply').value=this.getAttribute('data-v');calculate()})});\n    $('vc-form').addEventListener('input',calculate);\n    $('vc-form').addEventListener('change',calculate);\n\n    $('vc-copy-btn').addEventListener('click',function(){\n        var text='Sensor Sensitivity Calculation\\n\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\\nSensitivity: '+$('vc-sens').value+' '+$('vc-sens-unit').value+'\\nVibration Level: '+$('vc-level').value+'\\nOutput Voltage: '+$('vc-r-voltage').textContent+'\\nMax Level: '+$('vc-r-maxlevel').textContent+'\\n\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\\nvibromera.eu\/calculators\/vibration-sensor-sensitivity\/';\n        if(navigator.clipboard){navigator.clipboard.writeText(text).then(function(){var b=$('vc-copy-btn');b.classList.add('vc-copied');b.innerHTML='<svg width=\"14\" height=\"14\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2\"><polyline points=\"20 6 9 17 4 12\"\/><\/svg> Copied!';setTimeout(function(){b.classList.remove('vc-copied');b.innerHTML='<svg width=\"14\" height=\"14\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2\"><rect x=\"9\" y=\"9\" width=\"13\" height=\"13\" rx=\"2\"\/><path d=\"M5 15H4a2 2 0 01-2-2V4a2 2 0 012-2h9a2 2 0 012 2v1\"\/><\/svg> Copy'},2000)})}\n    });\n\n    document.querySelectorAll('.vc-section-toggle').forEach(function(btn){btn.addEventListener('click',function(){var s=this.closest('.vc-section');s.classList.toggle('vc-open');this.setAttribute('aria-expanded',s.classList.contains('vc-open'))})});\n\n    var faqData=[\n        {q:'What is sensor sensitivity?',a:'<p>Sensor sensitivity is the ratio of electrical output to mechanical input. For accelerometers, typically in mV\/g. Higher sensitivity means larger output signal for the same vibration level but lower maximum measurement range.<\/p>'},\n        {q:'How do I choose the right sensitivity?',a:'<p>Match sensitivity to expected levels and DAQ input range. High sensitivity (500 mV\/g) for low vibration; low sensitivity (10 mV\/g) for shock\/high-g applications. Keep output below max voltage to avoid clipping.<\/p>'},\n        {q:'What is the dynamic range of a sensor?',a:'<p>Dynamic range = max signal \/ noise floor, in dB. For IEPE sensors with \u00b15V max output and ~1 mV noise, DR \u2248 74 dB. Higher supply voltage and lower noise floor increase dynamic range.<\/p>'},\n        {q:'What is IEPE (ICP) sensor powering?',a:'<p>IEPE sensors need constant-current excitation (2\u201320 mA) at 18\u201330V DC bias. The AC vibration signal rides on the DC bias. ICP\u00ae is PCB Piezotronics\\' trademark for IEPE technology.<\/p>'},\n        {q:'Can sensitivity change over time?',a:'<p>Yes. Sensor sensitivity drifts due to aging, temperature, cable damage, and mechanical shock. Annual calibration is recommended. Typical drift is &lt;1%\/year for quality sensors.<\/p>'}\n    ];\n    var fl=$('vc-faq-list');faqData.forEach(function(f){fl.innerHTML+='<div class=\"vc-faq-item\"><button type=\"button\" class=\"vc-faq-q\"><span>'+f.q+'<\/span><svg class=\"vc-faq-chevron\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2\"><path d=\"M6 9l6 6 6-6\"\/><\/svg><\/button><div class=\"vc-faq-a\"><div class=\"vc-faq-a-inner\">'+f.a+'<\/div><\/div><\/div>'});\n    fl.addEventListener('click',function(e){var b=e.target.closest('.vc-faq-q');if(!b)return;b.closest('.vc-faq-item').classList.toggle('vc-open')});\n\n    function saveHistory(entry){var key='vc_history_'+SLUG;var arr=[];try{arr=JSON.parse(localStorage.getItem(key))||[]}catch(e){}entry._ts=new Date().toISOString();arr.unshift(entry);if(arr.length>10)arr=arr.slice(0,10);try{localStorage.setItem(key,JSON.stringify(arr))}catch(e){}}\n\n    function renderFormulas(){try{\n        katex.render('V_{out}=\\\\frac{S \\\\times A}{1000}\\\\;[\\\\text{V peak}]',$('vc-katex-1'),{displayMode:true,throwOnError:false});\n        katex.render('A_{max}=\\\\frac{V_{max}\\\\times 1000}{S}',$('vc-katex-2'),{displayMode:true,throwOnError:false});\n    }catch(e){}}\n\n    function init(){renderFormulas();calculate()}\n    if(document.readyState==='loading'){document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded',init)}else{init()}\n})();\n<\/script>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Kikokotoo cha bure cha mtandaoni cha usikivu wa sensori ya mtetemo. Kokotoa voltage ya ishara ya matokeo kutoka kwa usikivu wa sensori na kiwango cha mtetemo. Inasaidia viharakishi, sensori za kasi, na vichunguzi vya ukaribu.<\/p>","protected":false},"featured_media":0,"template":"","meta":{"ai_generated_summary":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-100295","calculator","type-calculator","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/vibromera.eu\/sw\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/calculator\/100295","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/vibromera.eu\/sw\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/calculator"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/vibromera.eu\/sw\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/calculator"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/vibromera.eu\/sw\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/calculator\/100295\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":100737,"href":"https:\/\/vibromera.eu\/sw\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/calculator\/100295\/revisions\/100737"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/vibromera.eu\/sw\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=100295"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vibromera.eu\/sw\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=100295"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vibromera.eu\/sw\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=100295"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}