{"id":100004,"date":"2026-02-15T20:05:34","date_gmt":"2026-02-15T20:05:34","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/vibromera.eu\/?post_type=calculator&#038;p=100004"},"modified":"2026-07-17T20:58:23","modified_gmt":"2026-07-17T20:58:23","slug":"allowable-stress-by-material","status":"publish","type":"calculator","link":"https:\/\/vibromera.eu\/vi\/calculators\/allowable-stress-by-material\/","title":{"rendered":"C\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 t\u00ednh to\u00e1n \u1ee9ng su\u1ea5t cho ph\u00e9p | ASME VIII \/ EN 13445 | Gi\u1ea3m t\u1ea3i theo nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 | C\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 mi\u1ec5n ph\u00ed"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\">{\"@context\":\"https:\/\/schema.org\",\"@type\":\"WebApplication\",\"name\":\"Allowable Stress Calculator\",\"description\":\"Calculate design allowable stress per ASME VIII or EN 13445. Temperature derating, creep check, weld joint efficiency.\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/vibromera.eu\/calculators\/allowable-stress-by-material\/\",\"applicationCategory\":\"Engineering Calculator\",\"operatingSystem\":\"Any\",\"offers\":{\"@type\":\"Offer\",\"price\":\"0\",\"priceCurrency\":\"EUR\"},\"creator\":{\"@type\":\"Organization\",\"name\":\"Vibromera\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/vibromera.eu\/\"},\"datePublished\":\"2024-01-01\",\"dateModified\":\"2025-06-01\",\"inLanguage\":\"en\",\"isAccessibleForFree\":true}<\/script>\n\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\">{\"@context\":\"https:\/\/schema.org\",\"@type\":\"FAQPage\",\"mainEntity\":[\n{\"@type\":\"Question\",\"name\":\"What is allowable stress?\",\"acceptedAnswer\":{\"@type\":\"Answer\",\"text\":\"Allowable stress (\u03c3_allow or f or S) is the maximum stress permitted in a design. It equals material strength divided by a safety factor defined by the design code (e.g. ASME VIII, EN 13445).\"}},\n{\"@type\":\"Question\",\"name\":\"How is allowable stress calculated per ASME VIII?\",\"acceptedAnswer\":{\"@type\":\"Answer\",\"text\":\"ASME VIII Div.1: S = min(Rp0.2\/1.5, Rm\/3.5) at room temperature. At elevated temperatures, time-dependent (creep) properties may govern. The 2007 edition reduced the UTS factor from 4 to 3.5.\"}},\n{\"@type\":\"Question\",\"name\":\"How is allowable stress calculated per EN 13445?\",\"acceptedAnswer\":{\"@type\":\"Answer\",\"text\":\"EN 13445-3: f = min(Rp0.2\/1.5, Rm\/2.4) for ferritic steels. For austenitic: f = max(Rp0.2\/1.5, Rp1.0\/1.2) but \u2264 Rm\/3. Temperature-dependent values from EN 10028.\"}},\n{\"@type\":\"Question\",\"name\":\"When does creep become important?\",\"acceptedAnswer\":{\"@type\":\"Answer\",\"text\":\"Creep is significant above ~350\u00b0C for carbon steel, ~400\u00b0C for low-alloy, ~450\u00b0C for austenitic stainless, ~500\u00b0C for high-alloy. Above these temperatures, time-dependent rupture stress governs the allowable.\"}},\n{\"@type\":\"Question\",\"name\":\"What is weld joint efficiency?\",\"acceptedAnswer\":{\"@type\":\"Answer\",\"text\":\"Weld joint efficiency (E or z) reduces allowable stress based on NDE level: E=1.0 for full radiographic examination, E=0.85 for spot RT, E=0.7 for no volumetric NDE. 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20px;font-size:13px;font-weight:700;color:#fff;background:var(--vc-accent);border-radius:var(--vc-radius);text-decoration:none;white-space:nowrap;transition:background .15s}.vc-promo-link:hover{background:var(--vc-accent-hover)}\n.vc-footer{text-align:center;padding:32px 16px;font-size:13px;color:var(--vc-ink-muted)}.vc-footer a{color:var(--vc-accent);text-decoration:none}.vc-footer a:hover{text-decoration:underline}.vc-footer-links{margin-top:8px;font-size:12px}.vc-footer-links a{margin:0 8px}\n@media print{.vc-section-body{max-height:none!important}.vc-faq-a{max-height:none!important}.vc-results{max-height:none!important;padding:24px!important}.vc-copy-btn,.vc-section-chevron,.vc-faq-chevron,.vc-presets,.vc-promo{display:none!important}}\n<\/style>\n\n<div class=\"vc-calculator\" id=\"vc-allow-stress\">\n\n<header class=\"vc-header\">\n    <p class=\"vc-header-eyebrow\">Free Engineering Tool<\/p>\n    <h1 class=\"vc-header-title\">Allowable Stress by Material<\/h1>\n    <p class=\"vc-header-subtitle\">Calculate design allowable stress per ASME VIII Div.1 or EN 13445-3. Temperature-dependent properties, creep rupture check, weld joint efficiency factor. 12+ material grades.<\/p>\n    <div class=\"vc-badges\"><span class=\"vc-badge\">ASME VIII<\/span><span class=\"vc-badge\">EN 13445<\/span><span class=\"vc-badge\">\u03c3_allow<\/span><span class=\"vc-badge\">Creep Check<\/span><span class=\"vc-badge\">Weld Factor<\/span><\/div>\n<\/header>\n\n<div class=\"vc-card\">\n    <form class=\"vc-form\" id=\"vc-form\" autocomplete=\"off\">\n        <div class=\"vc-form-grid\">\n            <div class=\"vc-field vc-field-full\">\n                <label class=\"vc-label\" for=\"vc-mat\">Material Grade<\/label>\n                <select class=\"vc-select\" id=\"vc-mat\">\n                    <optgroup label=\"Carbon &#038; Carbon-Manganese Steel\">\n                        <option value=\"S235\">S235JR \/ SA-283 C \u2014 Rp=235, Rm=360 MPa<\/option>\n                        <option value=\"S275\">S275JR \/ SA-36 \u2014 Rp=275, Rm=430 MPa<\/option>\n                        <option value=\"S355\" selected>S355JR \/ SA-516 Gr.70 \u2014 Rp=355, Rm=510 MPa<\/option>\n                        <option value=\"P265\">P265GH \/ SA-516 Gr.60 \u2014 Rp=265, Rm=410 MPa<\/option>\n                        <option value=\"P355\">P355GH \u2014 Rp=355, Rm=490 MPa<\/option>\n                    <\/optgroup>\n                    <optgroup label=\"Low-Alloy Steel\">\n                        <option value=\"16Mo3\">16Mo3 \/ SA-204 C \u2014 Rp=280, Rm=450 MPa<\/option>\n                        <option value=\"13CrMo\">13CrMo4-5 \/ SA-387 Gr.12 \u2014 Rp=295, Rm=460 MPa<\/option>\n                        <option value=\"10CrMo\">10CrMo9-10 \/ SA-387 Gr.22 \u2014 Rp=275, Rm=450 MPa<\/option>\n                    <\/optgroup>\n                    <optgroup label=\"Austenitic Stainless Steel\">\n                        <option value=\"304\">1.4301 \/ 304 \u2014 Rp=210, Rm=520 MPa<\/option>\n                        <option value=\"316L\">1.4404 \/ 316L \u2014 Rp=200, Rm=500 MPa<\/option>\n                        <option value=\"321\">1.4541 \/ 321 \u2014 Rp=200, Rm=500 MPa<\/option>\n                    <\/optgroup>\n                    <optgroup label=\"Duplex Stainless\">\n                        <option value=\"2205\">1.4462 \/ 2205 Duplex \u2014 Rp=450, Rm=620 MPa<\/option>\n                    <\/optgroup>\n                <\/select>\n            <\/div>\n            <div class=\"vc-field\">\n                <label class=\"vc-label\" for=\"vc-code\">Design Code<\/label>\n                <select class=\"vc-select\" id=\"vc-code\">\n                    <option value=\"EN\" selected>EN 13445-3<\/option>\n                    <option value=\"ASME\">ASME VIII Div.1<\/option>\n                <\/select>\n            <\/div>\n            <div class=\"vc-field\">\n                <label class=\"vc-label\" for=\"vc-temp\">Design Temperature <span class=\"vc-label-hint\">(\u00b0C)<\/span><\/label>\n                <input class=\"vc-input\" type=\"number\" id=\"vc-temp\" step=\"any\" value=\"20\" placeholder=\"e.g. 20\">\n            <\/div>\n            <div class=\"vc-field\">\n                <label class=\"vc-label\" for=\"vc-weld\">Weld Joint Efficiency<\/label>\n                <select class=\"vc-select\" id=\"vc-weld\">\n                    <option value=\"1.0\" selected>1.0 \u2014 Full radiographic (RT)<\/option>\n                    <option value=\"0.85\">0.85 \u2014 Spot radiographic<\/option>\n                    <option value=\"0.7\">0.7 \u2014 No volumetric NDE<\/option>\n                <\/select>\n            <\/div>\n            <div class=\"vc-field\">\n                <label class=\"vc-label\" for=\"vc-load\">Load Type<\/label>\n                <select class=\"vc-select\" id=\"vc-load\">\n                    <option value=\"membrane\" selected>General membrane (\u03c3_m)<\/option>\n                    <option value=\"bending\">Primary bending (1.5\u00d7 \u03c3_allow)<\/option>\n                    <option value=\"local\">Local membrane + bending (1.5\u00d7 \u03c3_allow)<\/option>\n                    <option value=\"hydro\">Hydrostatic test (Rp0.2 \/ 1.05)<\/option>\n                <\/select>\n            <\/div>\n        <\/div>\n        <div class=\"vc-presets\">\n            <div class=\"vc-presets-label\">Quick presets<\/div>\n            <button type=\"button\" class=\"vc-preset-btn\" data-m=\"S355\" data-c=\"EN\" data-t=\"20\" data-w=\"1.0\">S355 \/ EN \/ 20\u00b0C<\/button>\n            <button type=\"button\" class=\"vc-preset-btn\" data-m=\"P265\" data-c=\"EN\" data-t=\"250\" data-w=\"1.0\">P265GH \/ EN \/ 250\u00b0C<\/button>\n            <button type=\"button\" class=\"vc-preset-btn\" data-m=\"16Mo3\" data-c=\"EN\" data-t=\"400\" data-w=\"0.85\">16Mo3 \/ EN \/ 400\u00b0C<\/button>\n            <button type=\"button\" class=\"vc-preset-btn\" data-m=\"304\" data-c=\"ASME\" data-t=\"100\" data-w=\"1.0\">304SS \/ ASME \/ 100\u00b0C<\/button>\n            <button type=\"button\" class=\"vc-preset-btn\" data-m=\"10CrMo\" data-c=\"ASME\" data-t=\"450\" data-w=\"1.0\">2\u00bcCr-1Mo \/ ASME \/ 450\u00b0C<\/button>\n        <\/div>\n    <\/form>\n\n    <div class=\"vc-results\" id=\"vc-results\">\n        <div class=\"vc-results-head\"><h2 class=\"vc-results-title\">Design Allowable Stress<\/h2><button type=\"button\" class=\"vc-copy-btn\" id=\"vc-copy-btn\"><svg width=\"14\" height=\"14\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2\"><rect x=\"9\" y=\"9\" width=\"13\" height=\"13\" rx=\"2\"\/><path d=\"M5 15H4a2 2 0 01-2-2V4a2 2 0 012-2h9a2 2 0 012 2v1\"\/><\/svg> Copy<\/button><\/div>\n        <div class=\"vc-result-grid\">\n            <div class=\"vc-rcard vc-rcard-primary\"><div class=\"vc-rcard-label\">Allowable Stress \u03c3_allow \u00d7 E<\/div><div class=\"vc-rcard-value\" id=\"vc-r-allow\">\u2014<\/div><\/div>\n            <div class=\"vc-rcard\"><div class=\"vc-rcard-label\">Rp0.2(T) \/ Safety Factor<\/div><div class=\"vc-rcard-value\" id=\"vc-r-rp\" style=\"font-size:16px\">\u2014<\/div><\/div>\n            <div class=\"vc-rcard\"><div class=\"vc-rcard-label\">Rm(20\u00b0C) \/ Safety Factor<\/div><div class=\"vc-rcard-value\" id=\"vc-r-rm\" style=\"font-size:16px\">\u2014<\/div><\/div>\n            <div class=\"vc-rcard\"><div class=\"vc-rcard-label\">\u03c3_allow (before weld factor)<\/div><div class=\"vc-rcard-value\" id=\"vc-r-base\">\u2014<\/div><\/div>\n            <div class=\"vc-rcard\"><div class=\"vc-rcard-label\">Governing Criterion<\/div><div class=\"vc-rcard-value\" id=\"vc-r-gov\" style=\"font-size:14px\">\u2014<\/div><\/div>\n            <div class=\"vc-rcard\"><div class=\"vc-rcard-label\">Creep Range Check<\/div><div class=\"vc-rcard-value\" id=\"vc-r-creep\" style=\"font-size:14px\">\u2014<\/div><\/div>\n            <div class=\"vc-rcard\"><div class=\"vc-rcard-label\">Load-Adjusted Allowable<\/div><div class=\"vc-rcard-value\" id=\"vc-r-loadadj\">\u2014<\/div><\/div>\n            <div class=\"vc-rcard\"><div class=\"vc-rcard-label\">Material Properties at T<\/div><div class=\"vc-rcard-value\" id=\"vc-r-props\" style=\"font-size:13px\">\u2014<\/div><\/div>\n        <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n<!-- Theory -->\n<div class=\"vc-section vc-open\" id=\"vc-sec-theory\">\n    <button type=\"button\" class=\"vc-section-toggle\" aria-expanded=\"true\"><span class=\"vc-section-toggle-text\"><span class=\"vc-section-icon\">\ud83d\udcd8<\/span><span class=\"vc-section-title\">Theory, Formulas &amp; Comparison<\/span><\/span><svg class=\"vc-section-chevron\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2\"><path d=\"M6 9l6 6 6-6\"\/><\/svg><\/button>\n    <div class=\"vc-section-body\">\n        <div class=\"vc-section-inner vc-theory\">\n            <h3>EN 13445-3 (Ferritic Steels)<\/h3>\n            <div class=\"vc-formula-box\" id=\"vc-katex-1\"><\/div>\n            <h3>ASME VIII Div.1<\/h3>\n            <div class=\"vc-formula-box\" id=\"vc-katex-2\"><\/div>\n            <h3>Temperature Derating<\/h3>\n            <p>Both yield and UTS decrease with temperature. This calculator uses linearized derating curves based on EN 10028 \/ ASME II-D data:<\/p>\n            <ul>\n                <li>Below 100\u00b0C: properties are at room-temperature values<\/li>\n                <li>100\u2013400\u00b0C: gradual reduction (yield drops faster than UTS)<\/li>\n                <li>Above 400\u00b0C: significant reduction; creep may govern<\/li>\n            <\/ul>\n            <h3>Creep Regime<\/h3>\n            <p>When the design temperature exceeds the creep onset temperature, time-dependent rupture stress governs. Typical creep onset:<\/p>\n            <table class=\"vc-table\">\n                <thead><tr><th>Material Type<\/th><th>Creep Onset (\u00b0C)<\/th><th>Typical Max Design T<\/th><\/tr><\/thead>\n                <tbody>\n                    <tr><td>Carbon steel (S235, S355)<\/td><td>~350<\/td><td>400\u00b0C<\/td><\/tr>\n                    <tr><td>C-Mn pressure (P265GH, P355GH)<\/td><td>~380<\/td><td>450\u00b0C<\/td><\/tr>\n                    <tr><td>Mo steel (16Mo3)<\/td><td>~400<\/td><td>500\u00b0C<\/td><\/tr>\n                    <tr><td>CrMo steel (13CrMo4-5)<\/td><td>~450<\/td><td>550\u00b0C<\/td><\/tr>\n                    <tr><td>2\u00bcCr-1Mo (10CrMo9-10)<\/td><td>~470<\/td><td>600\u00b0C<\/td><\/tr>\n                    <tr><td>Austenitic SS (304, 316L)<\/td><td>~500<\/td><td>700\u00b0C<\/td><\/tr>\n                <\/tbody>\n            <\/table>\n\n            <h3>Practical Example<\/h3>\n            <div class=\"vc-example-box\">\n                <div class=\"vc-example-title\">Example \u2014 P265GH at 250\u00b0C, EN 13445<\/div>\n                <p><strong>Given:<\/strong> P265GH, Rp(20)=265 MPa, Rm=410 MPa, T=250\u00b0C, weld E=1.0<\/p>\n                <p>Rp(250\u00b0C) \u2248 265 \u00d7 0.85 = 225.3 MPa (derating for temperature)<\/p>\n                <p>f_yield = 225.3 \/ 1.5 = <strong>150.2 MPa<\/strong><\/p>\n                <p>f_UTS = 410 \/ 2.4 = <strong>170.8 MPa<\/strong><\/p>\n                <p>f = min(150.2, 170.8) = <strong>150.2 MPa<\/strong> (yield governs)<\/p>\n                <p>With E=1.0: \u03c3_allow = <strong>150.2 MPa<\/strong><\/p>\n            <\/div>\n\n            <h3>Material Comparison at Room Temperature<\/h3>\n            <table class=\"vc-table\">\n                <thead><tr><th>Material<\/th><th>Rp0.2<\/th><th>Rm<\/th><th>f (EN)<\/th><th>S (ASME)<\/th><\/tr><\/thead>\n                <tbody>\n                    <tr><td>S235JR<\/td><td>235<\/td><td>360<\/td><td>150<\/td><td>103<\/td><\/tr>\n                    <tr><td>S355JR<\/td><td>355<\/td><td>510<\/td><td>213<\/td><td>146<\/td><\/tr>\n                    <tr><td>P265GH<\/td><td>265<\/td><td>410<\/td><td>171<\/td><td>117<\/td><\/tr>\n                    <tr><td>P355GH<\/td><td>355<\/td><td>490<\/td><td>204<\/td><td>140<\/td><\/tr>\n                    <tr><td>16Mo3<\/td><td>280<\/td><td>450<\/td><td>187<\/td><td>129<\/td><\/tr>\n                    <tr><td>13CrMo4-5<\/td><td>295<\/td><td>460<\/td><td>192<\/td><td>131<\/td><\/tr>\n                    <tr><td>10CrMo9-10<\/td><td>275<\/td><td>450<\/td><td>183<\/td><td>129<\/td><\/tr>\n                    <tr><td>304 SS<\/td><td>210<\/td><td>520<\/td><td>140<\/td><td>138<\/td><\/tr>\n                    <tr><td>316L SS<\/td><td>200<\/td><td>500<\/td><td>133<\/td><td>133<\/td><\/tr>\n                    <tr><td>2205 Duplex<\/td><td>450<\/td><td>620<\/td><td>258<\/td><td>177<\/td><\/tr>\n                <\/tbody>\n            <\/table>\n\n            <div class=\"vc-warning-box\">\n                <p style=\"margin:0;font-size:14px;color:var(--vc-ink-secondary)\"><strong>\u26a0\ufe0f Note:<\/strong> This calculator provides approximate values for preliminary design. Always verify with the actual code tables (ASME II-D, EN 10028, EN 10222) for your specific material grade, product form, thickness, and temperature.<\/p>\n            <\/div>\n        <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"vc-section\" id=\"vc-sec-related\">\n    <button type=\"button\" class=\"vc-section-toggle\" aria-expanded=\"false\"><span class=\"vc-section-toggle-text\"><span class=\"vc-section-icon\">\ud83d\udd17<\/span><span class=\"vc-section-title\">Related Calculators<\/span><\/span><svg class=\"vc-section-chevron\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2\"><path d=\"M6 9l6 6 6-6\"\/><\/svg><\/button>\n    <div class=\"vc-section-body\"><div class=\"vc-section-inner\"><div class=\"vc-related\">\n        <a class=\"vc-related-link\" href=\"\/calculators\/steel-properties-lookup\/\">Steel Properties<\/a>\n        <a class=\"vc-related-link\" href=\"\/calculators\/strength-unit-converter\/\">Strength Converter<\/a>\n        <a class=\"vc-related-link\" href=\"\/calculators\/steel-grade-equivalent\/\">Steel Equivalents<\/a>\n        <a class=\"vc-related-link\" href=\"\/calculators\/thermal-expansion-calculator\/\">Thermal Expansion<\/a>\n    <\/div><\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"vc-section\" id=\"vc-sec-faq\">\n    <button type=\"button\" class=\"vc-section-toggle\" aria-expanded=\"false\"><span class=\"vc-section-toggle-text\"><span class=\"vc-section-icon\">\u2753<\/span><span class=\"vc-section-title\">Frequently Asked Questions<\/span><\/span><svg class=\"vc-section-chevron\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2\"><path d=\"M6 9l6 6 6-6\"\/><\/svg><\/button>\n    <div class=\"vc-section-body\"><div class=\"vc-section-inner\"><div class=\"vc-faq-list\" id=\"vc-faq-list\"><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"vc-promo\"><div class=\"vc-promo-text\"><strong>Vibromera \u2014 Portable Balancing &amp; Vibration Analysis<\/strong><br>Professional field instruments. Used in 50+ countries.<\/div><a class=\"vc-promo-link\" href=\"https:\/\/vibromera.eu\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Learn More<\/a><\/div>\n<footer class=\"vc-footer\"><p>\u00a9 2024\u20132025 <a href=\"https:\/\/vibromera.eu\/\">Vibromera<\/a> \u2014 Engineering Calculators<\/p><p style=\"font-size:12px;margin-top:4px\">Last updated: June 2025<\/p><div class=\"vc-footer-links\"><a href=\"\/calculators\/engineering-calculators\/\">All Calculators<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/vibromera.eu\/contacts\/\">Contact<\/a><\/div><\/footer>\n\n<\/div>\n\n<script src=\"https:\/\/cdn.jsdelivr.net\/npm\/katex@0.16.11\/dist\/katex.min.js\"><\/script>\n<script>\n(function(){\n    'use strict';\n    var SLUG='allowable-stress-by-material';\n    function $(id){return document.getElementById(id)}\n    function fmt(n,d){return isNaN(n)||!isFinite(n)?'\u2014':n.toFixed(d===undefined?1:d)}\n\n    \/\/ Material database: {rp20, rm, creepOnset, type}\n    var MATS={\n        S235:{rp:235,rm:360,co:350,type:'ferritic'},\n        S275:{rp:275,rm:430,co:350,type:'ferritic'},\n        S355:{rp:355,rm:510,co:350,type:'ferritic'},\n        P265:{rp:265,rm:410,co:380,type:'ferritic'},\n        P355:{rp:355,rm:490,co:380,type:'ferritic'},\n        '16Mo3':{rp:280,rm:450,co:400,type:'ferritic'},\n        '13CrMo':{rp:295,rm:460,co:450,type:'ferritic'},\n        '10CrMo':{rp:275,rm:450,co:470,type:'ferritic'},\n        '304':{rp:210,rm:520,co:500,type:'austenitic'},\n        '316L':{rp:200,rm:500,co:500,type:'austenitic'},\n        '321':{rp:200,rm:500,co:500,type:'austenitic'},\n        '2205':{rp:450,rm:620,co:300,type:'duplex'}\n    };\n\n    \/\/ Temperature derating factor for Rp0.2\n    function rpFactor(t, type){\n        if(t<=20)return 1.0;\n        if(type==='austenitic'){\n            if(t<=100)return 1.0-0.0015*(t-20);\n            if(t<=200)return 0.88-0.0015*(t-100);\n            if(t<=300)return 0.73-0.001*(t-200);\n            if(t<=400)return 0.63-0.0008*(t-300);\n            return Math.max(0.4,0.55-0.0006*(t-400));\n        }\n        \/\/ ferritic \/ duplex\n        if(t<=100)return 1.0-0.0003*(t-20);\n        if(t<=200)return 0.976-0.0006*(t-100);\n        if(t<=300)return 0.916-0.0008*(t-200);\n        if(t<=400)return 0.836-0.001*(t-300);\n        if(t<=500)return Math.max(0.5,0.736-0.0015*(t-400));\n        return Math.max(0.3,0.586-0.002*(t-500));\n    }\n\n    \/\/ Rm only slightly decreases with T for UTS-based check (room temp value used in EN)\n    function rmAtTemp(rm,t){\n        return rm*(1-0.0001*Math.max(0,t-20));\n    }\n\n    function calculate(){\n        var matKey=$('vc-mat').value;\n        var mat=MATS[matKey];\n        if(!mat)return;\n        var code=$('vc-code').value;\n        var temp=parseFloat($('vc-temp').value)||20;\n        var weld=parseFloat($('vc-weld').value);\n        var load=$('vc-load').value;\n\n        var rpT=mat.rp*rpFactor(temp,mat.type);\n        var rmT=rmAtTemp(mat.rm,temp);\n\n        var sfY=1.5;\n        var sfU=code==='ASME'?3.5:2.4;\n\n        var fromY=rpT\/sfY;\n        var fromU=rmT\/sfU;\n\n        \/\/ For austenitic in EN: special rule\n        var allow;\n        if(mat.type==='austenitic'&&code==='EN'){\n            var rp1=(rpT*1.3); \/\/ approximate Rp1.0\n            allow=Math.max(rpT\/sfY, rp1\/1.2);\n            allow=Math.min(allow, mat.rm\/3.0);\n        } else {\n            allow=Math.min(fromY,fromU);\n        }\n\n        var gov=fromY<=fromU?'Yield Rp0.2(T)\/'+sfY:'UTS Rm\/'+sfU;\n\n        \/\/ Creep check\n        var creepNote='';\n        if(temp>mat.co){\n            creepNote='\u26a0\ufe0f ABOVE CREEP ONSET ('+mat.co+'\u00b0C) \u2014 Time-dependent properties may govern. Verify with code tables.';\n        } else if(temp>mat.co-50){\n            creepNote='Near creep range (onset at '+mat.co+'\u00b0C). Consider creep if long service life.';\n        } else {\n            creepNote='Below creep range (onset >'+mat.co+'\u00b0C). Time-independent design OK.';\n        }\n\n        var baseAllow=allow;\n        var finalAllow=allow*weld;\n\n        \/\/ Load adjustment\n        var loadFactor=1.0;\n        var loadNote='General membrane';\n        if(load==='bending'){loadFactor=1.5;loadNote='Primary bending (1.5\u00d7\u03c3_m)'}\n        else if(load==='local'){loadFactor=1.5;loadNote='Local membrane+bending (1.5\u00d7\u03c3_m)'}\n        else if(load==='hydro'){finalAllow=rpT\/1.05;loadNote='Hydrostatic test (Rp\/1.05)';loadFactor=1}\n\n        var loadAdjusted=load==='hydro'?finalAllow:finalAllow*loadFactor;\n\n        $('vc-r-allow').innerHTML=fmt(finalAllow,1)+' <span class=\"vc-rcard-unit\">MPa<\/span>';\n        $('vc-r-rp').innerHTML=fmt(rpT,1)+' \/ '+sfY+' = '+fmt(fromY,1)+' MPa';\n        $('vc-r-rm').innerHTML=fmt(mat.rm,0)+' \/ '+sfU+' = '+fmt(fromU,1)+' MPa';\n        $('vc-r-base').innerHTML=fmt(baseAllow,1)+' <span class=\"vc-rcard-unit\">MPa<\/span>';\n        $('vc-r-weld')\n        $('vc-r-gov').textContent=gov+(temp>20?' at '+temp+'\u00b0C':'');\n        $('vc-r-creep').innerHTML=temp>mat.co?'<span style=\"color:var(--vc-red)\">'+creepNote+'<\/span>':creepNote;\n        $('vc-r-loadadj').innerHTML=fmt(loadAdjusted,1)+' <span class=\"vc-rcard-unit\">MPa<\/span> <span class=\"vc-rcard-unit\">('+loadNote+')<\/span>';\n        $('vc-r-props').innerHTML='Rp0.2('+temp+'\u00b0C)='+fmt(rpT,1)+' MPa, Rm='+fmt(mat.rm,0)+' MPa, E='+weld+', Code='+code;\n\n        $('vc-results').classList.add('vc-visible');\n\n        \/\/ URL + history\n        try{var u=new URL(window.location);u.searchParams.set('mat',matKey);u.searchParams.set('code',code);u.searchParams.set('temp',temp);u.searchParams.set('weld',weld);history.replaceState(null,'',u.toString())}catch(e){}\n        saveHistory({mat:matKey,code:code,temp:temp,allow:fmt(finalAllow,1),_summary:matKey+' '+code+' '+temp+'\u00b0C \u2192 '+fmt(finalAllow,1)+' MPa'});\n    }\n\n    $('vc-form').addEventListener('input',calculate);\n    $('vc-form').addEventListener('change',calculate);\n\n    document.querySelectorAll('.vc-preset-btn').forEach(function(btn){btn.addEventListener('click',function(e){\n        e.preventDefault();$('vc-mat').value=this.getAttribute('data-m');$('vc-code').value=this.getAttribute('data-c');$('vc-temp').value=this.getAttribute('data-t');$('vc-weld').value=this.getAttribute('data-w');calculate();\n    })});\n\n    $('vc-copy-btn').addEventListener('click',function(){\n        var text='Allowable Stress\\n\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\\n\u03c3_allow: '+$('vc-r-allow').textContent+'\\nRp\/SF: '+$('vc-r-rp').textContent+'\\nRm\/SF: '+$('vc-r-rm').textContent+'\\nGoverning: '+$('vc-r-gov').textContent+'\\nCreep: '+$('vc-r-creep').textContent+'\\nProperties: '+$('vc-r-props').textContent+'\\n\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\\nvibromera.eu';\n        if(navigator.clipboard){navigator.clipboard.writeText(text).then(function(){var b=$('vc-copy-btn');b.classList.add('vc-copied');b.innerHTML='Copied!';setTimeout(function(){b.classList.remove('vc-copied');b.innerHTML='<svg width=\"14\" height=\"14\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2\"><rect x=\"9\" y=\"9\" width=\"13\" height=\"13\" rx=\"2\"\/><path d=\"M5 15H4a2 2 0 01-2-2V4a2 2 0 012-2h9a2 2 0 012 2v1\"\/><\/svg> Copy'},2000)})}\n    });\n\n    document.querySelectorAll('.vc-section-toggle').forEach(function(btn){btn.addEventListener('click',function(){var s=this.closest('.vc-section');s.classList.toggle('vc-open');this.setAttribute('aria-expanded',s.classList.contains('vc-open'))})});\n\n    var faqData=[\n        {q:'What is allowable stress and why is it important?',a:'<p>Allowable stress is the maximum stress permitted in a design component. It is the material strength divided by a code-defined safety factor. Using it ensures the component won\\'t fail under normal (or abnormal) loading with an adequate safety margin.<\/p><p>Different codes use different safety factors, leading to different allowable stresses for the same material.<\/p>'},\n        {q:'Why does ASME give lower allowable stress than EN?',a:'<p>ASME VIII uses a UTS safety factor of 3.5 (was 4.0 before 2007), while EN 13445 uses 2.4. This means ASME is more conservative on the UTS criterion. However, both use 1.5 on yield.<\/p><p>For high-strength materials where yield governs (e.g. S355, 2205), both codes give similar results. For lower-strength materials where UTS governs, ASME is significantly more conservative.<\/p>'},\n        {q:'How does temperature affect allowable stress?',a:'<p>Both yield strength and UTS decrease with temperature. The yield strength decreases faster. Above the creep onset temperature, time-dependent rupture stress may become the governing criterion.<\/p><p>Example: S355 at 400\u00b0C has Rp \u2248 297 MPa (vs 355 at RT), so allowable drops from 213 to ~173 MPa (EN).<\/p>'},\n        {q:'When does creep become the governing criterion?',a:'<p>Creep is significant above: ~350\u00b0C for carbon steel, ~400\u00b0C for Mo steel, ~450\u00b0C for CrMo, ~500\u00b0C for austenitic SS. Above these temperatures, the 100,000h creep rupture stress divided by its safety factor may be lower than the yield-based allowable.<\/p>'},\n        {q:'What is weld joint efficiency and how do I choose it?',a:'<p>Weld joint efficiency (E or z) accounts for potential weld defects:<\/p><ul><li><strong>E=1.0:<\/strong> Full radiographic or ultrasonic examination of all welds<\/li><li><strong>E=0.85:<\/strong> Spot (partial) radiographic examination<\/li><li><strong>E=0.7:<\/strong> No volumetric NDE (visual only)<\/li><\/ul><p>The effective allowable = \u03c3_allow \u00d7 E. Using E=1.0 requires more NDE but allows thinner walls.<\/p>'}\n    ];\n    var fl=$('vc-faq-list');faqData.forEach(function(f){fl.innerHTML+='<div class=\"vc-faq-item\"><button type=\"button\" class=\"vc-faq-q\"><span>'+f.q+'<\/span><svg class=\"vc-faq-chevron\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2\"><path d=\"M6 9l6 6 6-6\"\/><\/svg><\/button><div class=\"vc-faq-a\"><div class=\"vc-faq-a-inner\">'+f.a+'<\/div><\/div><\/div>'});\n    fl.addEventListener('click',function(e){var b=e.target.closest('.vc-faq-q');if(!b)return;b.closest('.vc-faq-item').classList.toggle('vc-open')});\n\n    function saveHistory(entry){var key='vc_history_'+SLUG;var arr=[];try{arr=JSON.parse(localStorage.getItem(key))||[]}catch(e){}entry._ts=new Date().toISOString();arr.unshift(entry);if(arr.length>10)arr=arr.slice(0,10);try{localStorage.setItem(key,JSON.stringify(arr))}catch(e){}}\n\n    function loadParams(){try{var p=new URLSearchParams(window.location.search);if(p.has('mat'))$('vc-mat').value=p.get('mat');if(p.has('code'))$('vc-code').value=p.get('code');if(p.has('temp'))$('vc-temp').value=p.get('temp');if(p.has('weld'))$('vc-weld').value=p.get('weld')}catch(e){}}\n\n    function renderFormulas(){try{\n        katex.render('f_{\\\\text{EN}} = \\\\min\\\\!\\\\left(\\\\frac{R_{p0.2}(T)}{1.5},\\\\; \\\\frac{R_m}{2.4}\\\\right) \\\\times E',$('vc-katex-1'),{displayMode:true,throwOnError:false});\n        katex.render('S_{\\\\text{ASME}} = \\\\min\\\\!\\\\left(\\\\frac{R_{p0.2}(T)}{1.5},\\\\; \\\\frac{R_m}{3.5}\\\\right) \\\\times E',$('vc-katex-2'),{displayMode:true,throwOnError:false});\n    }catch(e){}}\n\n    function init(){loadParams();renderFormulas();calculate()}\n    if(document.readyState==='loading')document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded',init);else init();\n})();\n<\/script>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m t\u00ednh to\u00e1n \u1ee9ng su\u1ea5t cho ph\u00e9p thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf mi\u1ec5n ph\u00ed theo ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n ASME VIII v\u00e0 EN 13445. T\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9, ki\u1ec3m tra \u0111\u1ed9 b\u1ec1n k\u00e9o \u0111\u1ee9t, hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t m\u1ed1i h\u00e0n. H\u01a1n 12 lo\u1ea1i v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u v\u1edbi d\u1eef li\u1ec7u th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf.<\/p>","protected":false},"featured_media":0,"template":"","meta":{"ai_generated_summary":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-100004","calculator","type-calculator","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/vibromera.eu\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/calculator\/100004","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/vibromera.eu\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/calculator"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/vibromera.eu\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/calculator"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"https:\/\/vibromera.eu\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/calculator\/100004\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":102769,"href":"https:\/\/vibromera.eu\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/calculator\/100004\/revisions\/102769"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/vibromera.eu\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=100004"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vibromera.eu\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=100004"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vibromera.eu\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=100004"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}