Lumped sensible heating with documented properties
Sensible-Heating Energy & Average-Power Calculator
Calculate ideal sensible heat, average useful thermal power and input power using a documented mass, average specific heat, temperature interval, heating time and efficiency basis.
Documented sensible-heating result
Implemented general thermodynamics
Q = mc̄ΔT
Puseful = Q/t
Pmasukan = Puseful/η
m is kilograms, c̄ is an average J/(kg·K) value valid over the entered interval, ΔT has the same numerical magnitude in kelvins and degrees Celsius, Q is joules, t is seconds and η is a documented dimensionless overall efficiency. These are general energy/rate relations, not a heater-selection standard.
Source and limitations
OpenStax Physics gives Q=mcΔT and notes that c depends on material and phase. Its phase-transition discussion states that this relation does not cover matter undergoing a change of state. For strongly temperature-dependent c, use Q=m∫c(T)dT or a validated property model.
Why the former presets/loss factor were removed
The former page changed one volume field between litres for liquids and cubic metres for air, inserted generic water/air/oil/glycol density and c values, and always added 15% as “with losses”. It also recommended universal 10–50% safety additions. Property values vary with temperature, composition and pressure, and an efficiency η is not equivalent to multiplying useful power by 1.15.
Not equipment sizing: verify electrical supply, controls, maximum surface/film temperature, heat flux, circulation, vessel duty, startup/transient cases, overtemperature protection and applicable equipment/process codes. The calculated average input power is only as valid as the entered mass, c̄ and efficiency model.
