U-value (thermal transmittance) is the rate of heat transfer through a structure per unit area per degree of temperature difference. Lower U = better insulation. Units: W/(m²·K). U = 1/R_total.

Jinsi ya kuhesabu upotezaji wa joto kwenye ukuta?

Q = U × A × ΔT, where Q is heat flow (W), U is thermal transmittance (W/m²K), A is wall area (m²), and ΔT is temperature difference between inside and outside.

R-value is thermal resistance: R = thickness/conductivity for each layer. Total R = R_si + ΣR_layers + R_se (including surface film resistances). U = 1/R_total. Higher R = better insulation.

Thamani za kawaida za U-value kwa kuta ni zipi?

Uninsulated brick wall: U ≈ 2.0 W/m²K. Insulated cavity wall: U ≈ 0.3-0.5 W/m²K. Well-insulated wall (modern code): U ≈ 0.15-0.25 W/m²K. Passive house: U < 0.15 W/m²K.

Upinzani wa filamu ya uso ni nini?

R_si (internal surface) ≈ 0.13 m²K/W and R_se (external surface) ≈ 0.04 m²K/W account for the thin boundary layer of still air at each surface. They are included in the total thermal resistance calculation.

Zana ya Uhandisi Isiyolipisha

Kikokotoo cha Upotevu wa Joto Kupitia Ukuta

Calculate heat loss Q = U × A × ΔT through composite walls. Add material layers, set temperatures, and get U-value and heat flow.

Q = U·A·ΔTMulti-Layer#176

Results

Heat Loss Q

—

U-Value

—

Total R-Value

—

Heat Flux q

—

Uhamishaji wa Joto kwenye Ukuta Mseto

R_si = 0.13 m²K/W (internal surface), R_se = 0.04 m²K/W (external surface).

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