Lost production, labor (repair + idle), replacement parts, penalties, overtime to catch up, and reputation damage.

Preventive maintenance, predictive monitoring, spare parts inventory, trained staff, and quick response procedures.

World-class: <2% unplanned downtime. Industry average: 5-10%.

Yes, for accurate costing include facility overhead that continues during downtime.

Compare maintenance cost vs. downtime cost. Usually 1€ in maintenance saves 5-10€ in downtime.