How is ground rod resistance calculated?

For a single vertical rod: R = ρ/(2πL) × ln(4L/d), where ρ is soil resistivity (Ω·m), L is rod length (m), and d is rod diameter (m). This formula assumes a uniform soil model.

What is acceptable grounding resistance?

Typical targets: <5 application.

How do parallel rods reduce resistance?

Parallel rods reduce total resistance, but not proportionally due to mutual interference. For N rods spaced at distance s: R_total ≈ R_single/N × (1 + interaction factor). Rods should be spaced at least 2× rod length apart for best efficiency.

What are typical soil resistivity values?

Wet clay: 10-100 Ω·m. Loam/garden soil: 50-200 Ω·m. Sand: 200-3000 Ω·m. Gravel: 3000-10000 Ω·m. Rock: 10000+ Ω·m. Soil resistivity varies greatly with moisture, temperature, and mineral content.

How do I measure soil resistivity?

The Wenner four-pin method is most common: four equally-spaced probes driven into the ground. A current is passed through the outer probes and voltage measured across the inner probes. ρ = 2πaR, where a is probe spacing and R is measured resistance.

免費工程工具

接地計算機

使用 R = ρ/(2πL) × ln(4L/d) 計算接地棒電阻。支援單棒與並聯棒配置。

IEEE 80單棒 / 並聯棒土壤電阻率

結果

總接地電阻

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單根接地棒電阻

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設定

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狀態

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單根接地棒電阻

土壤電阻率參考

土壤類型	ρ (Ω·m)
濕黏土	10–100
壤土 / 園藝土壤	50–200
砂土	200–3000
礫石	3000–10000
岩石	10000+

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