現場動平衡
第一部分:動平衡的理論與法規基礎
Field dynamic balancing is one of the key operations in vibration commissioning and condition-based maintenance, aimed at extending the service life of industrial equipment and preventing emergency situations. The use of portable instruments such as Balanset-1A allows these operations to be performed directly at the operating site, minimizing downtime and costs associated with dismantling. However, successful balancing requires not only the ability to work with the instrument, but also a deep understanding of the physical processes underlying vibration, as well as knowledge of the regulatory framework governing the quality of work.
該方法論原理基於安裝試重並計算不平衡影響係數。簡而言之,儀器測量旋轉轉子的振動(振幅和相位),隨後使用者在特定校正平面中依次添加小型試重,以「校準」附加質量對振動的影響。根據振動振幅和相位的變化,儀器自動計算消除不平衡所需的校正配重質量及安裝角度。
此方法實施了所謂的 三步法 雙平面動平衡校正:初始測量與兩次試重運轉(每個平面各一次)。對於單平面動平衡校正,通常兩次運轉即足夠——一次無配重,一次加裝單一試重。在現代儀器中,所有必要計算均自動執行,大幅簡化流程並降低操作人員資格要求。
第 1.1 節:不平衡的物理學:深入分析
旋轉設備中任何振動的核心皆為不平衡(imbalance 或 unbalance)。不平衡是指轉子質量相對於其旋轉軸分佈不均的狀態。這種不均勻分佈會產生離心力,進而導致支撐結構及整台機器結構產生振動。未處理的不平衡可能帶來災難性後果:從軸承的早期磨損與破壞,到基礎與機器本身的損壞。為有效診斷並消除不平衡,必須清楚區分其類型。
不平衡類型
靜態不平衡(單平面): In this type of unbalance the rotor's central principal axis of inertia is displaced parallel to the axis of rotation - the center of mass is offset radially from the rotation axis. In a static state, such a rotor, installed on horizontal knife-edges (parallel ways), will always turn with the heavy side downward. Static unbalance is dominant for thin, disk-shaped rotors where the length-to-diameter ratio (L/D) is below approximately 0.5, for example, grinding wheels or narrow fan impellers. Static unbalance elimination is possible by installing one corrective weight in one correction plane, diametrically opposite to the heavy point - a single-plane approach that is valid at moderate speeds (roughly under 1000 rpm); high-speed narrow discs still require two-plane balancing.
力偶(力矩)不平衡: 此類情況發生於轉子的慣性主軸與旋轉軸在質心處相交但不平行時。力偶不平衡可表示為位於不同平面中、大小相等但方向相反的二個不平衡質量。在靜態下,此類轉子處於平衡狀態,不平衡僅在旋轉時以「搖晃」或「擺動」形式顯現。為補償此不平衡,需在二個不同平面中安裝至少二個校正配重,以產生補償力矩。
動態不平衡: 這是實際條件中最常見的不平衡類型,為靜態不平衡與力偶不平衡的組合。在此情況下,轉子的主中心慣性軸與旋轉軸不重合,且不在質量中心處相交。為消除動態不平衡,必須在至少兩個平面進行質量校正。Balanset-1A 等雙通道儀器正是為解決此問題而設計。
準靜態不平衡: 這是動態不平衡的一種特殊情況,其中慣性主軸與旋轉軸相交,但不在轉子質心處。這是診斷複雜轉子系統時微妙但重要的區別。
剛性轉子與柔性轉子:關鍵區別
動平衡中的一個基本概念是剛性轉子與柔性轉子的區別。此區別決定了成功平衡的可能性與方法。
剛性轉子: 若轉子的運轉旋轉頻率顯著低於其第一臨界頻率,且在離心力作用下不會產生顯著的彈性變形(撓度),則視為剛性轉子。此類轉子的平衡通常可在兩個校正平面成功完成。Balanset-1A 儀器主要設計用於處理剛性轉子。
柔性轉子: 若轉子在接近或超過其某一臨界頻率的旋轉頻率下運轉,則視為柔性轉子。在此情況下,軸的彈性撓度與質量中心位移相當,並對整體振動產生顯著貢獻。
Attempting to balance a flexible rotor using the methodology for rigid rotors (in two planes) often leads to failure. Installing corrective weights may compensate for vibration at low, sub-resonant speed, but when reaching operating speed, when the rotor bends, these same weights may increase vibration by exciting one of the bending vibration modes. This is one of the key reasons why balancing "doesn't work", although all actions with the instrument are performed correctly.
Before starting work, it is extremely important to classify the rotor by correlating its operating speed with known (or calculated) critical frequencies. If it's impossible to bypass resonance, it is recommended to temporarily change the unit's mounting conditions during balancing to shift the resonance.
第 1.2 節:法規框架:ISO 標準
Standards in the field of balancing perform several key functions: they establish unified technical terminology, define quality requirements, and importantly, serve as the basis for compromise between technical necessity and economic feasibility.
ISO 21940-11(前 ISO 1940-1):剛性轉子動平衡品質要求
This standard is the fundamental document for determining permissible residual unbalance. It introduces the concept of balance quality grade (G), which is chosen by machine type only. The speed enters later, when the grade is converted into a permissible specific unbalance: e每 = (G × 9549) / n.
品質等級 G: Each type of equipment corresponds to a specific quality grade that remains constant regardless of rotation speed. For example, grade G6.3 is recommended for fans, pumps and general-purpose electric motors, G16 for crushers and agricultural machinery, and G2.5 for turbines and turbo-compressors.
允許殘餘不平衡(U每): The standard allows calculation of a specific permissible unbalance value that serves as a target indicator during balancing. The calculation is performed in three stages:
- 確定允許比不平衡(e每)使用公式:
eper = (G × 9549) / n
其中 G 為平衡品質等級(例如 2.5),n 為運轉旋轉頻率,rpm。e每 的測量單位為 g·mm/kg 或 μm。 - 確定整個轉子的允許殘餘不平衡(U每):
Uper = eper × M
其中 M 為轉子質量,kg。U每 的測量單位為 g·mm。 - Allocation of U每 between the two correction planes. For a symmetric rotor, split it 50/50 (in the example below: 19.9 g·mm per plane). For an asymmetric between-bearing rotor: U左側 = U每 × (b/L), U右側 = U每 × (a/L), where a and b are the distances from the center of mass to the left and right bearings and L = a + b. Overhung rotors require a moment-based recalculation with a tighter tolerance on the overhung plane. Balanset-1A performs this allocation automatically and shows the per-plane residual unbalance (D1, D2) next to the balancing tolerance on the Result tab.
範例: For an electric motor rotor with a mass of 5 kg, operating at 3000 rpm with quality grade G2.5:
e每 = (2.5 × 9549) / 3000 ≈ 7.96 μm
U每 = 7.96 × 5 = 39.8 g·mm
This means that after balancing, the residual unbalance should not exceed 39.8 g·mm - for this symmetric rotor, about 19.9 g·mm in each of the two correction planes.
ISO 20806:2009:中型與大型轉子原位動平衡的標準與安全措施
此標準直接規範現場平衡過程。
優勢: The main advantage of balancing in place is that the rotor is balanced in real operating conditions, on its supports and under operating load. This automatically accounts for the dynamic properties of the support system and the influence of connected shaft train components.
缺點與限制:
- 有限的接近性: 通常難以接近已組裝機器上的校正平面,限制了安裝配重的可能性。
- 需要試運轉: The balancing process requires several "start-stop" cycles of the machine.
- 嚴重不平衡的困難: 在初始不平衡非常大的情況下,對平面選擇和校正配重質量的限制可能無法達到所需的動平衡品質。
第二部分:使用 Balanset-1A 儀器進行動平衡的實用指南
The success of balancing depends overwhelmingly on the thoroughness of preparatory work. Most failures are related not to instrument malfunction, but to ignoring factors affecting measurement repeatability. The main preparation principle is to exclude all other possible sources of vibration so that the instrument measures only the effect of unbalance.
第 2.1 節:成功之基礎:動平衡前診斷與機器準備
步驟 1:初步振動診斷(真的是不平衡嗎?)
Before balancing, it is useful to perform a preliminary vibration measurement in vibrometer mode. The Balanset-1A software has a "Vibration Meter" mode (F5 button) where you can measure overall vibration and separately the component at rotation frequency (1×) before installing any weights.
典型不平衡徵兆: 振動頻譜應以轉子旋轉頻率處的峰值為主(1x RPM 頻率處的峰值)。該分量在水平和垂直方向的振幅應可比較,且其他諧波的振幅應顯著較低。
其他缺陷的徵兆: If the spectrum contains significant peaks at other frequencies (e.g., 2x, 3x RPM) or at non-multiple frequencies, this indicates the presence of other problems that must be eliminated before balancing.
步驟 2:綜合機械檢查(檢查清單)
- 轉子: Thoroughly clean all rotor surfaces from dirt, rust and built-up deposits (caked product). Even a small amount of dirt at a large radius creates significant unbalance. Check for absence of broken or missing elements.
- 軸承: Check bearing assemblies for excessive play, extraneous noise, and overheating. Worn bearings will not allow obtaining stable readings.
- 基礎與機架: Ensure that the unit is installed on a rigid foundation. Check the torque of the anchor bolts and the absence of cracks in the frame.
- 驅動: For belt drives, check belt tension and condition. For coupling connections - shaft alignment.
- 安全性: 確保所有防護罩均已安裝且功能正常。
第 2.2 節:儀器設置與配置
硬體安裝
振動感測器(加速規):
- Connect sensor cables to corresponding instrument connectors (e.g., X1 and X2 for Balanset-1A; on newer revisions the connectors are labeled Ch-1 and Ch-2).
- 將感測器安裝在軸承座上,盡可能靠近轉子。
- 關鍵實務: 為取得最大訊號,感測器應安裝於振動最大的方向。使用強力磁座或螺紋安裝座以確保剛性接觸。
相位感測器(雷射測速儀):
- Connect the sensor to the special input (X3 for Balanset-1A; labeled Tacho on newer revisions).
- 在軸或轉子的其他旋轉部件上貼一小塊反光膠帶。
- 安裝轉速計,使雷射光束在整個旋轉週期中穩定照射標記。
軟體配置(Balanset-1A)
- Launch the software and connect the USB interface module (administrator rights are not required).
- Go to the balancing module (F7 - Balancing). Create a new record for the unit being balanced.
- Select balancing type: 1-plane (static, the F2 - Single-plane tab) for narrow rotors or 2-plane (dynamic, the F3 - Two-plane tab) for most other cases.
- 定義校正平面:選擇轉子上可安全安裝校正配重的位置。
第 2.3 節:動平衡程序:逐步指南
運轉 0:初始測量
- 啟動機器並使其達到穩定的運轉速度。極其重要的是,所有後續運轉的旋轉速度必須相同。
- 在軟體中啟動測量。儀器將記錄初始振動振幅與相位值。
運轉 1:平面 1 加裝試重
- 停止機器。
- 試重選擇: The trial weight mass should be sufficient to cause noticeable change in vibration parameters (amplitude change of at least 20-30% OR phase change of at least 20-30 degrees). You do not have to guess the starting mass: after Run 0 the software's First Trial Weight Estimator recommends both the trial weight mass and its installation angle from the tachometer mark, and the program warns if the installed weight turns out to be too small.
- 試重安裝: 在平面 1 的已知半徑處牢固安裝已稱重的試重。記錄角度位置。
- 以相同的穩定速度啟動機器。
- 執行第二次測量。
- 停止機器並 remove the trial weight. If removing it is impractical, you can leave it installed - check the "Leave on rotor" box in the software so the calculation accounts for it.
運轉 2:平面 2 加裝試重(用於雙平面平衡)
- 完全重複步驟 2 的程序,但將試重安裝於平面 2。
- 啟動、測量、停止並 remove the trial weight (or leave it with the "Leave on rotor" box checked, as in Run 1).
校正配重的計算與安裝
- 根據試運轉期間記錄的向量變化,程式將自動計算每個平面的校正配重質量與安裝角度。
- 安裝角度通常從試重位置沿轉子旋轉方向測量。
- 牢固安裝永久性校正配重。使用焊接時,請記住焊料本身也具有質量。
Run T (Trim): Verification measurement and fine balancing
- 再次啟動機器。
- 執行控制測量以評估殘餘振動水平。
- 將獲得的值與根據 ISO 1940-1 計算的公差進行比較。
- 若振動仍超過公差,儀器將計算微小的「精細」(修整)校正。
- 完成後,儲存報告與影響係數以供未來可能使用。
第三部分:進階問題解決與故障排除
本節致力於現場動平衡中最複雜的方面——標準程序無法產生結果的情況。
安全措施
防止意外啟動(上鎖/掛牌): Before starting work, de-energize and disconnect the rotor drive. Hang warning tags on the starters so that no one starts the machine by mistake.
個人防護裝備: 必須佩戴安全眼鏡或防護面罩。服裝應緊身,無鬆散邊緣。長髮應束入頭罩內。
機器周圍的危險區域: 限制未經授權人員進入動平衡校正區域。測試運轉期間,在設備周圍設置圍欄或警示帶。危險區域半徑至少為 3-5 公尺。
可靠的配重固定: When attaching trial or permanent corrective weights, pay special attention to their fixation. An ejected weight becomes a dangerous projectile.
電氣安全: 遵守一般用電安全措施 - 使用功能正常的接地插座,避免將電纜佈線於潮濕或高溫區域。
第 3.1 節:診斷與克服測量不穩定性
症狀: 在相同條件下重複測量時,振幅和/或相位讀數發生顯著變化(「浮動」、「跳躍」)。這使得校正計算無法進行。
根本原因: 儀器並未故障。它準確報告系統的振動響應不穩定且不可預測。
系統性診斷演算法:
- 機械鬆動: 這是最常見的原因。檢查軸承座安裝螺栓、機架錨固螺栓的緊固情況。檢查基礎或機架是否有裂紋。
- 軸承缺陷: 滾動軸承內部游隙過大或軸承襯套磨損,會導致軸在支撐內混亂移動。
- 工藝相關的不穩定性:
- 空氣動力學(風機): 紊流、葉片流體分離可能導致隨機力效應。
- 水力(泵): 空蝕會產生強烈的隨機液壓衝擊,掩蓋來自不平衡的週期性信號。
- 內部質量移動(破碎機、磨機): 材料可能在轉子內部重新分佈,形成「移動不平衡」。
- 共振: 如果運轉速度非常接近結構的自然頻率,即使微小的速度變化也會導致振動幅值和相位發生巨大變化。
- 熱效應: 隨著機器升溫,熱膨脹可能導致軸彎曲或對中變化。
第 3.2 節:當平衡無效時:識別根本缺陷
症狀: 動平衡校正程序已完成,讀數穩定,但最終振動仍偏高。
Using the vibration spectrum for differential diagnosis (in the Balanset software: F8 - Charts, "F5-Spectrum (Hz)" tab):
- 軸不對心: 主要特徵 - 在 2x RPM 頻率處出現高振動峰值。高軸向振動是典型特徵。
- 滾動軸承缺陷: Manifest as high-frequency vibration at characteristic "bearing" frequencies (BPFO, BPFI, BSF, FTF). Note that detailed rolling-bearing diagnostics is beyond the scope of Balanset-1A: the instrument measures vibration velocity in the 5-1000 Hz band, the sensor response rolls off above roughly 550 Hz, and there is no envelope (demodulation) analysis - use a dedicated bearing analyzer for that task.
- 轉子彎曲: Manifests as high peak at 1x RPM but often accompanied by noticeable component at 2x RPM. When the rotor is balanced on a mandrel, the software offers built-in runout compensation: the F7 - Run Ecc measurement (taken with the rotor turned 180 degrees on the mandrel) together with the "Subtract mandrel runout from measurements" option, so eccentricity is not mistaken for unbalance.
- 電氣問題(電動機): 磁場不對稱可能導致振動頻率為供電頻率的兩倍(50 Hz 電網為 100 Hz)。
常見平衡錯誤與預防建議
- 平衡有故障或髒污的轉子: 動平衡校正前務必檢查機械狀態。
- 試重過小: 目標是遵循振動變化 20-30% 的規則。
- Inconsistent operating speed between runs: 所有測量過程中務必保持穩定且一致的旋轉速度。
- 相位和標記錯誤: 仔細監控角度確定。校正配重角度通常從試重位置沿旋轉方向測量。
- 配重附著不正確或丟失: Strictly follow the methodology - remove the trial weight after the run, or, if it stays on the rotor, make sure the "Leave on rotor" box is checked so the calculation accounts for it.
平衡品質標準
| 品質等級 G | Balance quality grade G = e每·ω (mm/s) | 轉子類型(範例) |
|---|---|---|
| G4000 | 4000 | 低速船用柴油機的剛性安裝曲軸 |
| G1600 | 1600 | 大型二衝程引擎的曲軸 |
| G16 | 16 | Cardan shafts with special requirements, agricultural machinery, crushers |
| G6.3 | 6.3 | Pump rotors, fan impellers, electric motor armatures |
| G2.5 | 2.5 | 燃氣與汽輪機轉子、透平壓縮機、機床驅動裝置 |
| G1 | 1 | 磨床驅動裝置、主軸 |
| G0.4 | 0.4 | 精密磨床主軸、陀螺儀 |
Note: the grade number is the product e每·ω in mm/s. The permissible specific unbalance itself is speed-dependent: e每 = (G × 9549) / n [μm]. Example: G6.3 at 1500 rpm gives e每 = 40.1 μm; at 3000 rpm it gives 20.1 μm.
| 缺陷類型 | 主導頻譜頻率 | 相位特徵 | 其他症狀 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 不平衡 | 1x RPM | 穩定 | 徑向振動為主 |
| 軸不對心 | 1x、2x、3x RPM | 可能不穩定 | 高軸向振動——關鍵徵兆 |
| 機械鬆動 | 1x、2x 及多倍諧波 | 不穩定、「跳動」 | 肉眼可見的移動 |
| 滾動軸承缺陷 | 高頻(BPFO、BPFI 等) | 與 RPM 不同步 | 異常噪音、溫度升高 |
| 共振 | 運轉速度與自然頻率重合 | 通過共振時相位變化 180° | 在特定速度下振動幅值急劇增加 |
第四部分:常見問題與應用說明
第 4.1 節:一般常見問題(FAQ)
何時應使用單平面與雙平面動平衡校正?
Use 1-plane (static) balancing for narrow, disk-shaped rotors where the length-to-diameter ratio (L/D) is below approximately 0.5 and the speed is moderate (roughly under 1000 rpm), such as grinding wheels or narrow fan impellers. Use 2-plane (dynamic) balancing for elongated rotors, for any L/D above approximately 0.5, and for high-speed narrow discs. Two-plane balancing corrects both static unbalance and couple (moment) unbalance.
如果試重導致危險的振動增加,我該怎麼辦?
立即停止機器。這表示試重安裝在靠近現有重點的位置,加劇了不平衡。解決方案是將試重從原始位置移動 180 度,並重複測量。這可確保試重產生相反的效果,而不是增加現有的不平衡。
我可以將儲存的影響係數用於不同的機器嗎?
可以,但僅限於機器完全相同的情況——相同型號、相同轉子、相同基礎、相同軸承。結構剛性的任何變化都會改變影響係數並使其失效。最佳實務是針對每台新機器始終進行新的試運轉,以確保校正計算的準確性。
靜態與動態不平衡有何差異?
In static unbalance the rotor's central principal axis of inertia is displaced parallel to the rotation axis - the center of mass is offset radially from the axis - and it can be detected without spinning by placing the rotor on knife-edge supports. Dynamic unbalance is a combination of static and couple unbalance where the principal axis of inertia doesn't coincide with the rotation axis - it only manifests during rotation and requires two-plane correction.
為什麼我的動平衡校正讀數不穩定(浮動)?
不穩定的讀數表示系統的振動響應不可預測。常見原因包括:機械鬆動(螺栓鬆動、裂紋)、軸承磨損導致游隙過大、工藝不穩定(泵的空蝕、風機的湍流)、共振(運轉速度接近自然頻率)、暖機過程中的熱效應,或來自鄰近設備的振動。在嘗試進行動平衡校正之前,請先解決這些問題。
雙平面動平衡校正中的三次運轉法是什麼?
三次運轉法包括:運轉 0 - 在未安裝任何試重的初始狀態下進行測量,以建立振動基線;運轉 1 - 在平面 1 安裝試重後進行測量,以確定其影響;運轉 2 - 將試重移至平面 2 後進行測量。基於這三個數據點,儀器使用影響係數法計算兩個平面所需的精確校正配重。
如何根據 ISO 1940-1 計算允許的殘餘不平衡?
First calculate permissible specific unbalance: e每 = (G × 9549) / n, where G is the quality grade (e.g., 2.5 for turbines, 6.3 for fans) and n is RPM. Then calculate permissible residual unbalance: U每 = e每 × M, where M is rotor mass in kg. For example, a 5 kg rotor at 3000 RPM with G2.5: e每 = (2.5 × 9549)/3000 = 7.96 μm, U每 = 7.96 × 5 = 39.8 g·mm。
精確動平衡校正所需的最小試重效應是多少?
試重應導致振動振幅至少變化 20-30% 或相位角至少變化 20-30 度。如果效應太小,有用信號會淹沒在測量噪聲中,導致校正計算不準確。如果沒有變化,請在安全範圍內增加試重質量,直到達到足夠的效應。
How do I account for keyways? (ISO 8821, now ISO 21940-32:2012)
Standard practice is to use a "half-key" in the shaft keyway when balancing without the mating part, as specified in ISO 21940-32:2012 (which superseded ISO 8821). This compensates for the mass of that part of the key that fills the groove on the shaft.
| 症狀 | 可能原因 | 建議措施 |
|---|---|---|
| 不穩定/「浮動」讀數 | 機械鬆動、軸承磨損、共振、工況不穩定、外部振動 | Tighten all bolted connections, check bearing play, conduct coast-down test (the RunDown tab in the F5 - Vibration Meter mode), stabilize operating regime |
| 經過多次循環後仍無法達到公差 | 影響係數不正確、轉子為柔性、存在隱藏缺陷(不對心) | 使用適當選擇的配重重複試運轉,檢查轉子是否為柔性,使用 FFT 搜尋其他缺陷 |
| 平衡後振動正常,但很快復原 | 校正配重脫落、轉子上產品積聚、熱變形 | 使用更可靠的配重固定方式(焊接),實施定期轉子清潔計劃 |
第 4.2 節:特定設備類型的動平衡校正指南
Industrial fans and induced-draft (ID) fans:
- 問題: 由於葉片上產品積聚或磨損,最容易受到不平衡影響。
- 程序: 開始工作前務必徹底清潔葉輪。注意可能導致不穩定性的空氣動力。
泵浦:
- 問題: 主要敵人——空蝕。
- 程序: 動平衡校正前,確保入口處有足夠的空蝕餘量(NPSHa)。檢查吸水管路是否堵塞。
破碎機、研磨機與粉碎機:
- 問題: 極端磨損,因錘頭破裂或磨損可能導致大幅不平衡變化。
- 程序: 檢查工作元件的完整性與固定情況。可能需要額外的機架錨固。
電動機轉子:
- 問題: 可能同時存在機械與電氣振動源。
- 程序: Use the vibration spectrum (F8 - Charts) to check for vibration at twice the supply frequency. Its presence indicates electrical malfunction, not unbalance.
結論
使用 Balanset-1A 等便攜式儀器在現場進行轉子動平衡校正,是提升工業設備運轉可靠性與效率的有力工具。然而,此程序的成敗取決於專家的資格與系統化應用能力,而非儀器本身。
關鍵原則:
- 準備工作決定結果: 徹底清潔轉子、檢查軸承與基礎狀態,以及初步振動診斷,是成功動平衡校正的必要條件。
- 符合標準是品質的基礎: 應用 ISO 1940-1 標準可將主觀評估轉化為客觀、可測量且具有法律意義的結果。
- 儀器不僅是動平衡校正儀,也是診斷工具: 無法進行動平衡校正或讀數不穩定,是表示存在更嚴重問題的重要診斷徵兆。
- 理解過程物理學是解決非標準任務的關鍵: 了解剛性與柔性轉子的差異,並理解共振的影響,可使專家做出正確決策。
遵循本指南所列建議,技術專家不僅能成功應對典型任務,還能有效診斷並解決旋轉設備振動的複雜非典型問題。








