转子平衡中的非线性物体
为什么平衡“不起作用”?为什么影响系数会变化?以及如何在实际现场条件下进行操作?
概述
实际上,转子平衡几乎从来都不是简单地计算并安装修正配重那么简单。理论上,算法是众所周知的,仪器也能自动完成所有计算,但最终结果更多地取决于物体本身的特性,而非平衡装置本身。正因如此,在实际工作中,经常会出现平衡“失效”、影响系数发生变化、振动变得不稳定以及结果无法重复等情况。
Linear and nonlinear vibrations, their features, and balancing methods
成功的平衡需要了解物体对质量增加或减少的反应。在这种情况下,线性和非线性物体的概念起着关键作用。了解物体是线性的还是非线性的,可以选择正确的平衡策略并有助于实现所需的结果。
线性物体因其可预测性和稳定性而在该领域占有特殊地位。它们允许使用简单可靠的诊断和平衡方法,使它们的研究成为振动诊断的重要一步。
线性对象与非线性对象
Most of these problems are rooted in a fundamental but often underestimated distinction between linear and nonlinear objects. A linear object, from the balancing point of view, is a system in which, at a constant rotational speed, the vibration amplitude is proportional to the amount of 不平衡, and the vibration phase follows the angular position of the unbalanced mass in a strictly predictable way. Under these conditions, the influence coefficient is a constant value. All standard dynamic balancing algorithms, including those implemented in the Balanset-1A, are designed precisely for such objects.
For a linear object, the balancing process is predictable and stable. Installing a 试验重量 produces a proportional change in vibration amplitude and phase. Repeated starts give the same vibration vector, and the calculated correction weight remains valid. Such objects are well suited both for one-time balancing and for serial balancing using stored influence coefficients.
非线性物体的行为方式截然不同。平衡计算的基本原理被打破。振幅不再与不平衡量成正比,相位变得不稳定,影响系数也会随试块质量、运行模式甚至时间而变化。在实际应用中,这表现为振动矢量的混沌行为:安装试块后,振动变化可能过小、过大,或者根本无法重复。
什么是线性物体?
线性物体是一种振动与不平衡程度成正比的系统。
在平衡的语境下,线性物体是一种理想化的模型,其特征在于不平衡量(不平衡质量)的大小与振动幅度之间存在直接的比例关系。这意味着,如果转子的转速保持不变,不平衡量增加一倍,振动幅度也会增加一倍。反之,减少不平衡量会成比例地降低振动幅度。
与非线性系统不同,非线性系统中对象的行为可能根据多种因素而变化,而线性对象则可以用最小的努力实现较高的精度。
此外,它们也是平衡者的训练和练习的基础。了解线性物体的原理有助于培养以后可以应用于更复杂系统的技能。
Graphical representation of linearity
想象一个图表,横轴代表不平衡质量的大小(不平衡量),纵轴代表振动幅度。对于线性物体,该图表将是一条穿过原点的直线(原点为不平衡量和振动幅度均为零的点)。这条直线的斜率表征了物体对不平衡的敏感度:斜率越陡,相同不平衡量下的振动幅度越大。
Graph 1: The Relationship Between Vibration Amplitude (µm) and Unbalanced Mass (g) at a constant correction radius and constant rotational speed
图 1 说明了线性平衡物体的振动幅度 (µm) 与转子的不平衡质量 (g) 之间的关系。比例系数为 0.5 µm/g。只需将 300 除以 600 即可得出 0.5 µm/g。对于 800 g 的不平衡质量 (UM=800 g),振动将为 800 g * 0.5 µm/g = 400 µm。请注意,这适用于恒定的转子速度。在不同的转速下,系数会有所不同。
该比例系数称为影响系数(灵敏度系数),其单位为 µm/g,在涉及不平衡的情况下,单位为 µm/(g*mm),其中 (g*mm) 是不平衡的单位。了解影响系数 (IC) 后,还可以解决逆问题,即根据振动幅度确定不平衡质量 (UM)。为此,将振动幅度除以 IC。
例如,如果测得的振动为 300 µm,已知系数为 IC=0.5 µm/g,则将 300 除以 0.5 可得到 600 g(UM=600 g)。
A note on units: the displacement values in µm used in these examples are illustrative and chosen for simple arithmetic. The Balanset-1A measures and displays vibration velocity, mm/s RMS; the linearity principle and the influence-coefficient method work identically in either unit.
Influence coefficient (IC): key parameter of linear objects
A critical characteristic of a linear object is the 影响系数 (IC). It is numerically equal to the tangent of the slope angle of the line on the graph of vibration versus imbalance and indicates how much the vibration amplitude (in microns, µm) changes when a unit of mass (in grams, g) is added in a specific correction plane at a specific rotor speed. In other words, IC is a measure of the object's sensitivity to imbalance. Its unit of measurement is µm/g, or, when imbalance is expressed as the product of mass and radius, µm/(g*mm).
初始条件(IC)本质上是线性物体的"通行证"特征,它能够预测物体在质量增加或减少时的行为。了解初始条件可以解决正问题(确定给定不平衡量下的振动幅度)和逆问题(根据测得的振动计算不平衡量)。
Direct problem:
Inverse problem:
How the IC is obtained in practice:
Here V0 is the vibration vector measured in the initial run (Run 0), V1 is the vector measured after a trial mass m试重 is installed (Run 1), K is the influence coefficient, and m校对 is the correction mass. All of these are complex (vector) quantities combining amplitude and phase — which is exactly why the article speaks below about the argument of the influence coefficient.
Throughout this article, the mass in grams is used as a proxy for unbalance: it is equivalent to unbalance in g·mm only as long as the correction radius stays the same. When the radius changes, use g·mm and an IC in µm/(g·mm).
线性物体的振动相位
除了振幅之外,振动的另一个特征是相位,它表示转子偏离平衡位置最大时刻的位置。对于线性物体,振动相位也是可以预测的。它是两个角度之和:
- 该角度决定了转子整体不平衡质量的位置。该角度指示了主要不平衡集中的方向。
- 影响系数的参数。这是一个表征物体动态特性的常数角度,与不平衡质量装置的大小或角度无关。
因此,通过了解 IC 参数并测量振动相位,可以确定不平衡质量装置的角度。这不仅可以计算校正质量大小,还可以精确地将其放置在转子上以实现最佳平衡。
Balancing linear objects
It is important to note that for a linear object, the influence coefficient obtained from the trial run as K = (V1 − V0) / m试重 does not depend on the magnitude or angle of the trial mass installation, nor on the initial vibration. This is a key characteristic of linearity. If the IC remains unchanged when the trial mass parameters or initial vibration are altered, it can be confidently asserted that the object behaves linearly within the considered range of imbalances.
平衡线性物体的步骤
- 测量初始振动: 第一步是测量初始状态下的振动,确定指示不平衡方向的振幅和振动角度。
- 安装试重质量: 在转子上安装一个已知重量的物体。这有助于了解物体对额外负载的反应,并计算出振动参数。
- 重新测量振动: 安装试验质量后,测量新的振动参数。通过将其与初始值进行比较,可以确定质量对系统的影响。
- 计算校正质量: 根据测量数据确定校正重量的质量和安装角度。该重量被放置在转子上以消除不平衡。
- 最终验证: 安装校正重量后,振动应明显减少。 如果残余振动仍然超过可接受水平,则可以重复该过程。
请注意: Linear objects serve as ideal models for studying and practically applying balancing methods. Their properties allow engineers and diagnosticians to focus on developing basic skills and understanding the fundamental principles of working with rotor systems. Although the perfectly linear object is an idealization, most machines in good mechanical condition behave linearly enough within the range of unbalance encountered in field balancing — which is exactly why the influence-coefficient method works at all. The linear model is therefore not an academic exercise but the normal working assumption; nonlinearity is the exception that has to be recognized.
串行平衡和存储系数
Serial balancing deserves special attention. It can significantly increase productivity, but only when applied to linear, vibration-stable objects. In such cases, influence coefficients obtained on the first rotor can be reused for subsequent identical rotors. The Balanset-1A software supports this directly: coefficients from a previous balancing session are stored in the archive and can be re-applied to an identical rotor with the Apply coefficients function (F6 Reports, balancing archive). However, as soon as support stiffness, rotational speed, or bearing condition changes, repeatability is lost and the serial approach stops working.
Nonlinear objects: when theory diverges from practice
什么是非线性对象?
非线性物体是一种振动幅度与不平衡量不成比例的系统。与线性物体不同,线性物体的振动与不平衡质量之间的关系用直线表示,而在非线性系统中,这种关系可以遵循复杂的轨迹。
In the real world, not all objects behave linearly. Nonlinear objects exhibit a relationship between imbalance and vibration that is not directly proportional. This means the influence coefficient is not constant and may vary depending on factors such as:
- 不平衡程度: 增加不平衡量会改变转子支撑的刚度,从而导致振动的非线性变化。
- 存在间隙和缝隙: 在某些条件下,轴承和其他连接中的间隙和缝隙会导致振动的突然变化。
Temperature changes and varying external loads also alter the dynamic characteristics of the object, but in a different way: they make the system non-stationary rather than nonlinear (see the section on vibration instability below).
Why are nonlinear objects challenging?
非线性会将许多变量引入平衡过程。成功处理非线性对象需要进行更多测量和更复杂的分析。例如,适用于线性对象的标准方法并不总是能为非线性系统产生准确的结果。这需要更深入地了解该过程的物理原理并使用专门的诊断方法。
非线性迹象
非线性对象可以通过以下标志来识别:
- 非比例振动变化: 随着不平衡量的增加,振动的增长速度可能比线性物体预期的更快或更慢。
- 振动的相移: 振动相位可能会随着不平衡或转速的变化而发生不可预测的变化。
- 谐波和次谐波的存在: The vibration spectrum may exhibit higher harmonics (multiples of the rotational frequency) and subharmonics (fractions of the rotational frequency), indicating nonlinear effects. In the Balanset-1A software, these can be inspected on the F8 Charts screen, F5-Spectrum (Hz) tab; keep in mind that the vibration sensor maintains its rated accuracy up to about 550 Hz, and its response rolls off above that, so higher-frequency spectral components should be read as indicative only.
- 滞后: 振动幅度可能不仅取决于当前的不平衡值,还取决于其历史值。例如,当不平衡增加然后又降低回其初始值时,振动幅度可能不会回到其原始水平。
How to test an object for linearity
- Repeatability check: Perform Run 0, stop the machine, restart it, and repeat Run 0 without touching anything. If the amplitude agrees within about 10% and the phase within about 10–15°, the object is stable enough to balance.
- Removal check: After the trial run, remove the trial weight and repeat Run 0. If the vibration vector does not return to its original value, the object has hysteresis or looseness.
- Double-mass check: Repeat the trial run with a trial weight twice as heavy in the same location. For a linear object the vector change (V1 − V0) must double in magnitude and keep the same direction. Any other outcome means the influence coefficient depends on the trial mass — the object is nonlinear.
- 180° check: The same trial weight moved 180° must rotate the vector change by 180°.
Graphical representation of nonlinearity
在振动与不平衡关系图上,非线性表现为偏离直线。该图可能具有弯曲、曲率、磁滞回线和其他特征,表明不平衡与振动之间存在复杂的关系。
Graph 2. Nonlinear Object (at a constant correction radius and constant rotational speed)
50 g; 40 µm (yellow), 100 g; 54.7 µm (blue).
此物体呈现两个段,两条直线。对于小于 50 克的不平衡,该图反映了线性物体的属性,保持了克数不平衡与微米数振幅之间的比例。对于大于 50 克的不平衡,振幅的增长会减慢。
非线性对象的例子
平衡背景下的非线性对象的示例包括:
- 有裂纹的转子: 转子中的裂纹可能导致刚度的非线性变化,从而导致振动和不平衡之间的非线性关系。
- 转子与轴承间隙: 在某些条件下,轴承间隙可能会导致振动突然变化。
- 具有非线性弹性元件的转子: 某些弹性元件,例如橡胶阻尼器,可能会表现出非线性特性,从而影响转子的动力学特性。
非线性类型
1. Soft-stiff nonlinearity
在此类系统中,可以观察到两个部分:软部分和硬部分。在软部分,行为类似于线性,其中振动幅度与不平衡质量成比例增加。然而,在某个阈值(断点)之后,系统过渡到硬模式,其中振幅增长减慢。
2. Elastic nonlinearity
系统内支撑或接触刚度的变化使振动不平衡关系变得复杂。例如,当超过特定负载阈值时,振动可能会突然增加或减少。
3. Friction-induced nonlinearity
在摩擦力较大的系统中(例如轴承),振动幅度可能无法预测。摩擦力可以在某一速度范围内减少振动,而在另一个速度范围内则会增加振动。
非线性现象的常见原因
The most common causes of nonlinearity are increased bearing clearances, bearing wear, dry friction, loosened supports, and cracks in the structure. Operation near a 谐振 is a separate problem: it does not make the object nonlinear, but it destroys measurement repeatability and is therefore just as fatal for the influence-coefficient method. Often, the object exhibits so-called soft–hard nonlinearity. At small unbalance levels the system behaves almost linearly, but as vibration increases, stiffer elements of the supports or casing become involved. In such cases, balancing is possible only within a narrow operating range and does not provide stable long-term results.
振动不稳定性
Another serious issue is vibration instability. Even a formally linear object may show changes in amplitude and phase over time. This is caused by thermal effects, changes in lubricant viscosity, thermal expansion, unstable friction in the supports, and varying external loads acting on the machine. As a result, measurements taken only minutes apart can produce different vibration vectors. Under these conditions, meaningful comparison of measurements becomes impossible, and the balancing calculation loses reliability.
Note the distinction: a nonlinear object gives a different influence coefficient for a different trial-weight mass; a non-stationary (unstable) object gives a different influence coefficient for the same trial weight measured at a different time. Both break the calculation, but the remedies differ — nonlinearity is fixed mechanically, instability is fixed by stabilizing the operating regime and measuring quickly.
平衡近共振
Balancing near resonance is especially problematic. When the rotational frequency is close to a 固有频率 of the system, even a small unbalance produces a sharp increase in vibration, and both amplitude and phase become extremely sensitive to small speed variations. Note that resonance itself is not nonlinearity: a linear system has resonances, and at resonance the vibration is still proportional to the unbalance. What is lost is repeatability — a ±1% scatter in rotational speed near the critical speed changes the measured vector far more than the trial weight does, so the influence coefficient measured in this zone is unusable in practice. (A large resonant response can, in addition, push the supports into a genuinely nonlinear range — but that is a consequence, not the definition.) In such cases the balancing speed must be moved away from the natural frequency, or the mechanical structure changed, before balancing is attempted.
“成功”平衡后出现高振动
在实际操作中,经常会遇到这样的情况:即使经过了形式上的平衡调整,整体振动水平仍然很高。这并不意味着仪器或操作人员出现了错误。平衡调整只能消除质量不平衡。如果振动是由地基缺陷、紧固件松动、不对中或共振引起的,那么使用校正配重块并不能解决问题。在这种情况下,分析机器及其地基的振动空间分布有助于确定真正的原因。
Balancing nonlinear objects: a complex task with unconventional solutions
平衡非线性物体是一项具有挑战性的任务,需要专门的方法和手段。为线性物体开发的标准试重法可能会产生错误的结果或完全不适用。
非线性对象的平衡方法
- 逐步平衡: 该方法通过在各个阶段安装修正配重来逐步减少不平衡量。每个阶段结束后,进行振动测量,并根据物体的当前状态确定新的修正配重。这种方法考虑了平衡过程中影响系数的变化。
- Balancing at several speeds: Influence coefficients are speed-dependent, so a rotor that must run over a wide speed range may need coefficients measured at more than one speed. This is the domain of modal (multi-speed) balancing of flexible rotors and requires a linear, repeatable object, several correction planes and, as a rule, a balancing machine. It is not a workaround for a nonlinear object, and it does not mean balancing near a resonance — measurement speeds must still be chosen away from the critical speeds. The Balanset-1A implements the single-speed influence-coefficient method: all runs (Run 0 / Run 1 / Run 2 / Run T) must be performed at the same rotational speed.
- 使用数学模型: 对于复杂的非线性对象,可以采用描述转子动力学并考虑非线性效应的数学模型。这些模型有助于预测对象在各种条件下的行为并确定最佳平衡参数。
在平衡非线性物体时,专家的经验和直觉起着至关重要的作用。经验丰富的平衡师能够识别非线性迹象,选择合适的方法,并根据具体情况进行调整。分析振动频谱、观察物体运行参数变化时的振动变化,以及考虑转子的设计特点,都有助于做出正确的决策并达到预期的效果。
How to balance nonlinear objects using a tool designed for linear objects
这是个好问题。我个人平衡此类物体的方法是从修复机械装置开始:更换轴承、焊接裂纹、拧紧螺栓、检查锚栓或隔振器,并确认转子不会与固定结构元件摩擦。
Next, I identify resonance frequencies, as it is impossible to balance a rotor at speeds close to resonance. To do this, I use the impact method for resonance determination (the Bump Test function in the Balanset-1A software) or a rotor coast-down graph (the RunDown function).
然后,我确定传感器在机械装置上的位置:垂直、水平或倾斜。
试运行后,该设备会显示校正负载的角度和重量。我将校正负载重量减半,但使用该设备建议的角度放置转子。如果校正后的残余振动仍然超过可接受水平,我会再次运行转子。当然,这需要更多时间,但结果有时令人鼓舞。
The art and science of balancing rotating equipment
旋转设备的平衡是一个复杂的过程,结合了科学和艺术的元素。对于线性物体,平衡涉及相对简单的计算和标准方法。然而,处理非线性物体需要深入了解转子动力学、分析振动信号的能力以及选择最有效平衡策略的技能。
经验、直觉和持续的技能提升是让平衡工成为真正大师的关键。毕竟,平衡的质量不仅决定了设备运行的效率和可靠性,还确保了人员的安全。
测量重复性
测量问题也起着至关重要的作用。振动传感器的安装不当、测量点的改变或传感器方向错误都会直接影响振幅和相位。对于动平衡而言,仅仅测量振动是不够的;测量的重复性和稳定性至关重要。因此,在实际工作中,必须严格控制传感器的安装位置和方向。
非线性对象的实用方法
对非线性物体进行平衡时,并非首先安装试重,而是首先评估其振动特性。如果振幅和相位随时间明显漂移、在不同启动之间发生变化,或对微小的速度变化反应剧烈,则首要任务是使其达到尽可能稳定的运行状态。否则,任何计算都将是随机的。
第一个实际步骤是选择合适的转速。非线性物体对共振极其敏感,因此平衡操作必须在尽可能远离固有频率的转速下进行。这通常意味着转速要低于或高于通常的工作范围。即使这种转速下的振动幅度更大,但只要振动稳定,也比在共振区进行平衡要好。
接下来,必须尽可能减少所有额外的非线性来源。在进行动平衡之前,应检查并拧紧所有紧固件,尽可能消除间隙,并检查支架和轴承单元是否松动。动平衡并不能补偿间隙或摩擦,但如果这些因素达到稳定状态,则有可能实现补偿。
在处理非线性物体时,不应出于习惯而使用过小的试砝码。过小的试砝码往往无法使系统进入可重复的区域,振动变化甚至会与不稳定噪声相当。试砝码必须足够大,才能引起振动矢量清晰且可重复的变化,但又不能过大,以免使物体进入不同的工作状态。
测量应在相同条件下快速进行。测量间隔时间越短,系统动态参数保持不变的可能性就越高。建议在不改变配置的情况下进行多次控制运行,以确认被测对象行为的一致性。
固定振动传感器的安装点及其方向至关重要。对于非线性物体,即使传感器发生微小位移也会导致相位和振幅发生明显变化,这可能会被误认为是试重的影响。
在计算中,应关注趋势而非精确的数值一致性。如果振动随着连续修正而持续降低,则表明平衡正朝着正确的方向发展,即使影响系数并未完全收敛。
不建议存储和重复使用非线性对象的影响系数。即使一次平衡循环成功,在下次启动时,对象也可能进入不同的状态,导致之前的系数不再有效。
需要注意的是,平衡非线性物体通常是一种折衷方案。其目标并非实现最低振动,而是使机器处于稳定且可重复的状态,同时保持可接受的振动水平。在许多情况下,这只是一个临时解决方案,直到轴承修复、支撑恢复或结构改造完成。
主要实践原则是先稳定物体,再进行平衡,最后评估结果。如果无法实现稳定,则平衡应被视为辅助措施而非最终解决方案。
减少矫正重量技术
在实际应用中,平衡非线性物体时,另一种重要的技巧往往非常有效。如果仪器使用标准算法计算修正重量,那么安装完整的计算重量通常会使情况变得更糟:振动可能增大,相位可能跳变,物体可能切换到不同的工作模式。
在这种情况下,采用较小的校正权重效果很好——其值通常比仪器计算值小两倍甚至三倍。这有助于避免系统从条件线性区域“跳出”非线性区域。实际上,校正是以一种小步长的方式缓慢进行的,不会导致物体动态参数的剧烈变化。
安装减重配重后,必须进行控制运行并评估振动趋势。如果振幅持续下降且相位保持相对稳定,则可以采用相同的方法重复校正,逐步接近可达到的最小振动水平。这种分步方法通常比一次性安装全部计算出的校正配重更可靠。
对于存在间隙、干摩擦以及软硬支撑的物体,这种技术尤为有效,因为完全计算的修正会立即使系统脱离条件线性区。使用减小的修正质量可以使物体保持在最稳定的运行状态,即使在理论上认为无法进行平衡的情况下,也能获得实际可行的结果。
需要注意的是,这并非“仪器误差”,而是非线性系统物理特性所致。仪器能够正确计算线性模型下的结果,而工程师在实际应用中需要根据机械系统的实际运行情况对结果进行调整。
最终原则
归根结底,成功的动平衡并非仅仅计算重量和角度。它需要理解物体的动态特性、线性度、振动稳定性以及与共振条件的距离。Balanset-1A 提供了所有必要的测量、分析和计算工具,但最终结果始终取决于系统本身的机械状态。这正是形式化方法与振动诊断和转子平衡中实际工程实践之间的区别所在。
问答
This is a sign of a nonlinear object. In a linear object, vibration amplitude is proportional to the amount of unbalance, and the phase changes by the same angle as the angular position of the weight. When these conditions are violated, the influence coefficient is no longer constant and the standard balancing algorithm starts to produce errors. Typical causes are bearing clearances, loosened supports, friction, and operation near resonance — which is not nonlinearity in itself, but amplifies the vibration and destroys the repeatability of the readings (check it with the Bump Test).
线性物体是指在相同转速下,振动幅度与不平衡量成正比,且振动相位严格跟随不平衡质量角位置的转子系统。对于此类物体,影响系数为常数,与试验砝码的质量无关。
非线性物体是指振动与不平衡之间的比例关系和/或相位关系不再恒定的系统。振动幅值和相位开始取决于试块的质量。这种情况通常与轴承间隙、磨损、干摩擦、软硬支撑或刚性结构元件的啮合有关。
是的,但结果不稳定,并且取决于操作模式。平衡只能在物体表现为条件线性行为的有限范围内进行。超出此范围,影响系数会发生变化,结果的可重复性也会丧失。
影响系数衡量的是振动对不平衡变化的敏感度。它表示在给定速度下,当在给定平面上安装已知试重时,振动矢量会发生多大的变化。
如果物体是非线性的,振动随时间不稳定,或者存在共振、热升温、紧固件松动或摩擦条件变化等情况,则影响系数不稳定。在这种情况下,重复启动会产生不同的振幅和相位值。
存储的影响系数仅适用于在相同转速、相同安装条件和相同支撑刚度下运行的相同转子。被测物体必须具有线性和振动稳定性。即使条件发生微小变化,也会导致旧系数失效。
预热过程中,轴承间隙、支撑刚度、润滑剂粘度和摩擦程度都会发生变化。这会改变系统的动态参数,从而导致振动幅值和相位发生变化。
振动不稳定性是指在恒定转速下,振幅和/或相位随时间发生变化。平衡依赖于比较振动矢量,因此当振动不稳定时,这种比较失去意义,计算结果也变得不可靠。
在接近固有频率运行时,存在固有的结构不稳定性、缓慢的“蠕动”不稳定性、启动时的变化、与预热相关的不稳定性以及与共振相关的不稳定性。
In the resonance zone, even a small unbalance causes a sharp increase in vibration, and both amplitude and phase become extremely sensitive to small speed variations. Resonance itself is not nonlinearity — a linear system has resonances, and at resonance the vibration is still proportional to the unbalance. What is lost is repeatability: the normal scatter in rotational speed near the critical speed changes the measured vector far more than the trial weight does, so the influence coefficient measured in this zone is unusable in practice. The balancing speed must be moved away from the natural frequency before balancing is attempted.
Typical signs are a sharp increase in vibration with small speed changes, unstable phase, broad humps in the spectrum, and high sensitivity of vibration to minor RPM variations. A vibration maximum is often observed during run-up or coast-down. The most reliable indicator is the phase: as the speed passes through a resonance, the phase lag goes through about 90° at the peak and reverses by roughly 180° above it. Watch the phase readout during a slow run-up or coast-down — a 180° swing together with an amplitude maximum locates the critical speed.
剧烈振动可能是由共振、结构松动、地基缺陷或轴承问题引起的。在这种情况下,平衡并不能消除振动的根本原因。
振动位移表征运动的振幅,振动速度表征运动的快慢,振动加速度表征加速度。这些量相互关联,但各自更适用于检测特定类型的缺陷和频率范围。
Vibration velocity reflects the energy level of vibration over a wide frequency range and is convenient for assessing the overall condition of machines according to ISO standards such as ISO 10816-1.
只有单频谐波振动才能进行正确的转换。对于复杂的振动频谱,此类转换只能提供近似结果。
可能的原因包括共振、地基缺陷、紧固件松动、轴承磨损、不对中或物体非线性。平衡只能消除不平衡,无法解决其他缺陷。
如果未检测到机械缺陷且平衡后振动未降低,则需要分析机器和基础的振动分布。典型迹象是机壳和底座振动较大,以及测量点之间存在相位差。
传感器安装不当会扭曲幅值和相位,降低测量重复性,并可能导致错误的诊断结论和错误的平衡结果。
振动在结构中的分布并不均匀。由于刚度、质量和振型各不相同,振幅和相位在不同位置之间可能存在显著差异。
通常情况下,不行。磨损和间隙增大会导致物体非线性运动,平衡变得不稳定,无法提供长期效果。只有在设计间隙和稳定条件下,才有可能例外。
启动时会产生高动态载荷。如果结构处于松动状态,每次启动后各构件的相对位置都会发生变化,从而导致振动参数发生变化。
对于在相同条件下安装的相同转子,可以进行串联平衡,前提是振动稳定且无共振。在这种情况下,第一个转子的影响系数可以应用于后续转子。
这通常是由于支撑刚度的变化、装配差异、旋转速度的变化,或者物体进入非线性运行状态所致。
将振动降低到稳定水平,同时保持振幅和相位从开始到结束的可重复性,并且没有共振或非线性迹象。
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