轉子動平衡校正中的非線性物體
為什麼動平衡校正「無效」、為什麼影響係數會變化,以及在實際現場條件下如何處理
概述
實務上,轉子動平衡校正幾乎從不單純化為計算並安裝校正配重。形式上,演算法眾所周知,且儀器會自動執行所有計算,但最終結果取決於物件本身的行為,遠多於取決於動平衡校正設備。正因如此,在實際工作中,經常出現動平衡校正「無效」、影響係數改變、振動不穩定,以及結果無法在不同運轉間重複的情況。
Linear and nonlinear vibrations, their features, and balancing methods
成功的動平衡校正需要理解物件對質量增加或移除的反應。在此背景下,線性與非線性物件的概念扮演著關鍵角色。了解物件是線性還是非線性,有助於選擇正確的動平衡校正策略,並幫助達到預期結果。
線性物件因其可預測性和穩定性而在該領域佔有特殊地位。它們允許使用簡單且可靠的診斷和動平衡校正方法,使其研究成為振動診斷中的重要一步。
線性與非線性物體
Most of these problems are rooted in a fundamental but often underestimated distinction between linear and nonlinear objects. A linear object, from the balancing point of view, is a system in which, at a constant rotational speed, the vibration amplitude is proportional to the amount of 不平衡, and the vibration phase follows the angular position of the unbalanced mass in a strictly predictable way. Under these conditions, the influence coefficient is a constant value. All standard dynamic balancing algorithms, including those implemented in the Balanset-1A, are designed precisely for such objects.
For a linear object, the balancing process is predictable and stable. Installing a 試重 produces a proportional change in vibration amplitude and phase. Repeated starts give the same vibration vector, and the calculated correction weight remains valid. Such objects are well suited both for one-time balancing and for serial balancing using stored influence coefficients.
非線性物件的行為則根本不同。動平衡校正計算的基礎遭到破壞。振動振幅不再與不平衡量成正比,相位變得穩定,且影響係數會隨試重質量、運轉模式甚至時間而改變。實務上,這表現為振動向量的混亂行為:安裝試重後,振動變化可能過小、過大,或根本無法重複。
什麼是線性物體?
線性物件是一種振動與不平衡量大小成正比的系統。
在動平衡校正的脈絡中,線性物件是一個理想化模型,其特徵為不平衡量(不平衡質量)的大小與振動振幅之間存在直接比例關係。這意味著,若轉子的轉速保持恆定,當不平衡量加倍時,振動振幅也會加倍。反之,減少不平衡量會按比例降低振動。
與非線性系統不同,後者中物件的行為可能會因多種因素而變化,線性物件則能以最小的努力實現高精度。
此外,它們還作為動平衡校正人員培訓和實踐的基礎。理解線性物件的原理有助於培養技能,這些技能隨後可應用於更複雜的系統。
Graphical representation of linearity
想像一個圖表,其中橫軸代表不平衡質量(不平衡量)的大小,縱軸代表振動振幅。對於線性物件,此圖表將是一條通過原點(不平衡量大小與振動振幅均為零的點)的直線。此直線的斜率代表物件對不平衡量的敏感度:斜率越陡,相同不平衡量下的振動越大。
Graph 1: The Relationship Between Vibration Amplitude (µm) and Unbalanced Mass (g) at a constant correction radius and constant rotational speed
圖 1 說明了線性動平衡校正物件的振動幅度(µm)與轉子不平衡質量(g)之間的關係。比例係數為 0.5 µm/g。只需將 300 除以 600 即可得到 0.5 µm/g。對於 800 g 的不平衡質量(UM=800 g),振動將為 800 g * 0.5 µm/g = 400 µm。請注意,這適用於轉速恆定的情況。在不同的轉速下,係數將不同。
此比例係數稱為影響係數(敏感度係數),其量綱為 µm/g,或在涉及不平衡量的情況下為 µm/(g*mm),其中 (g*mm) 是不平衡量的單位。知道影響係數(IC)後,也可以解決逆問題,即根據振動幅度確定不平衡質量(UM)。為此,將振動幅度除以 IC。
例如,如果測得的振動為 300 µm,且已知係數為 IC=0.5 µm/g,將 300 除以 0.5 即可得到 600 g(UM=600 g)。
A note on units: the displacement values in µm used in these examples are illustrative and chosen for simple arithmetic. The Balanset-1A measures and displays vibration velocity, mm/s RMS; the linearity principle and the influence-coefficient method work identically in either unit.
Influence coefficient (IC): key parameter of linear objects
A critical characteristic of a linear object is the 影響係數 (IC). It is numerically equal to the tangent of the slope angle of the line on the graph of vibration versus imbalance and indicates how much the vibration amplitude (in microns, µm) changes when a unit of mass (in grams, g) is added in a specific correction plane at a specific rotor speed. In other words, IC is a measure of the object's sensitivity to imbalance. Its unit of measurement is µm/g, or, when imbalance is expressed as the product of mass and radius, µm/(g*mm).
IC 本質上是線性物件的「護照」特徵,使其在添加或移除質量時能預測其行為。知道 IC 可以解決直接問題(確定給定不平衡量下的振動大小)與逆問題(從量測的振動計算不平衡量大小)。
Direct problem:
Inverse problem:
How the IC is obtained in practice:
Here V0 is the vibration vector measured in the initial run (Run 0), V1 is the vector measured after a trial mass m試重 is installed (Run 1), K is the influence coefficient, and mcorr is the correction mass. All of these are complex (vector) quantities combining amplitude and phase — which is exactly why the article speaks below about the argument of the influence coefficient.
Throughout this article, the mass in grams is used as a proxy for unbalance: it is equivalent to unbalance in g·mm only as long as the correction radius stays the same. When the radius changes, use g·mm and an IC in µm/(g·mm).
線性物件的振動相位
除了振幅,振動也以相位為特徵,相位指示轉子在最大偏離其平衡位置瞬間的位置。對於線性物件,振動相位也是可預測的。它是兩個角度的總和:
- 決定轉子整體不平衡質量位置的角度。此角度指示主要不平衡量集中的方向。
- 影響係數的幅角。這是一個常數角度,代表物件的動態特性,且不取決於不平衡質量安裝的大小或角度。
因此,通過知道 IC 的幅角並測量振動相位,可以確定不平衡質量安裝的角度。這不僅允許計算校正質量的大小,還允許其在轉子上精確放置以達到最佳平衡。
Balancing linear objects
It is important to note that for a linear object, the influence coefficient obtained from the trial run as K = (V1 − V0) / m試重 does not depend on the magnitude or angle of the trial mass installation, nor on the initial vibration. This is a key characteristic of linearity. If the IC remains unchanged when the trial mass parameters or initial vibration are altered, it can be confidently asserted that the object behaves linearly within the considered range of imbalances.
線性物件的動平衡校正步驟
- 測量初始振動: 第一步是測量其初始狀態下的振動。確定指示不平衡方向的幅度和振動角度。
- 安裝試重: 在轉子上安裝已知重量的質量。這有助於了解物件對額外負載的反應,並允許計算振動參數。
- 重新測量振動: 安裝試重後,測量新的振動參數。通過將它們與初始值進行比較,可以確定質量如何影響系統。
- 計算校正質量: 根據測量資料,確定校正配重的質量和安裝角度。將此配重放置在轉子上以消除不平衡。
- 最終驗證: 安裝校正配重後,振動應顯著降低。如果殘餘振動仍超過可接受水平,則可以重複該程序。
注意: Linear objects serve as ideal models for studying and practically applying balancing methods. Their properties allow engineers and diagnosticians to focus on developing basic skills and understanding the fundamental principles of working with rotor systems. Although the perfectly linear object is an idealization, most machines in good mechanical condition behave linearly enough within the range of unbalance encountered in field balancing — which is exactly why the influence-coefficient method works at all. The linear model is therefore not an academic exercise but the normal working assumption; nonlinearity is the exception that has to be recognized.
串列動平衡校正與儲存的影響係數
Serial balancing deserves special attention. It can significantly increase productivity, but only when applied to linear, vibration-stable objects. In such cases, influence coefficients obtained on the first rotor can be reused for subsequent identical rotors. The Balanset-1A software supports this directly: coefficients from a previous balancing session are stored in the archive and can be re-applied to an identical rotor with the Apply coefficients function (F6 Reports, balancing archive). However, as soon as support stiffness, rotational speed, or bearing condition changes, repeatability is lost and the serial approach stops working.
Nonlinear objects: when theory diverges from practice
何謂非線性物件?
非線性物件是一種振動幅度與不平衡量大小不成比例的系統。與線性物件不同,後者中振動與不平衡質量之間的關係由直線表示,而在非線性系統中,這種關係可能遵循複雜的軌跡。
In the real world, not all objects behave linearly. Nonlinear objects exhibit a relationship between imbalance and vibration that is not directly proportional. This means the influence coefficient is not constant and may vary depending on factors such as:
- 不平衡量大小: 增加不平衡量可能會改變轉子支撐的剛性,導致振動的非線性變化。
- 游隙和間隙的存在: 軸承及其他連接處的游隙與間隙,在特定條件下可能導致振動發生突變。
Temperature changes and varying external loads also alter the dynamic characteristics of the object, but in a different way: they make the system non-stationary rather than nonlinear (see the section on vibration instability below).
Why are nonlinear objects challenging?
非線性會為動平衡校正過程引入許多變數。成功處理非線性物件需要更多的測量與更複雜的分析。例如,適用於線性物件的標準方法,對非線性系統並不一定能產生準確的結果。這需要更深入地了解過程的物理原理,並使用專門的診斷方法。
非線性的徵兆
非線性物件可透過以下徵兆來識別:
- 非比例振動變化: 隨著不平衡量的增加,振動可能比線性物件預期的增長更快或更慢。
- 振動相位偏移: 振動相位可能隨著不平衡量或轉速的變化而不可預測地改變。
- 諧波與次諧波的存在: The vibration spectrum may exhibit higher harmonics (multiples of the rotational frequency) and subharmonics (fractions of the rotational frequency), indicating nonlinear effects. In the Balanset-1A software, these can be inspected on the F8 Charts screen, F5-Spectrum (Hz) tab; keep in mind that the vibration sensor maintains its rated accuracy up to about 550 Hz, and its response rolls off above that, so higher-frequency spectral components should be read as indicative only.
- 滯後現象: 振動幅值不僅取決於當前的不平衡量,還可能取決於其歷史變化。例如,當不平衡量增加後再減少回初始值時,振動幅值可能不會回到原始水平。
How to test an object for linearity
- Repeatability check: Perform Run 0, stop the machine, restart it, and repeat Run 0 without touching anything. If the amplitude agrees within about 10% and the phase within about 10–15°, the object is stable enough to balance.
- Removal check: After the trial run, remove the trial weight and repeat Run 0. If the vibration vector does not return to its original value, the object has hysteresis or looseness.
- Double-mass check: Repeat the trial run with a trial weight twice as heavy in the same location. For a linear object the vector change (V1 − V0) must double in magnitude and keep the same direction. Any other outcome means the influence coefficient depends on the trial mass — the object is nonlinear.
- 180° check: The same trial weight moved 180° must rotate the vector change by 180°.
Graphical representation of nonlinearity
在振動對不平衡量的圖表中,非線性表現為偏離直線。圖表可能具有彎折、曲率、滯後迴圈及其他特徵,表明不平衡量與振動之間存在複雜的關係。
Graph 2. Nonlinear Object (at a constant correction radius and constant rotational speed)
50 g; 40 µm (yellow), 100 g; 54.7 µm (blue).
此物件呈現兩個線段,即兩條直線。對於小於 50 公克的不平衡量,圖表反映線性物件的特性,保持公克為單位的不平衡量與微米為單位的振動幅值之間的比例關係。對於大於 50 公克的不平衡量,振動幅值的增長會減緩。
非線性物件範例
在動平衡校正背景下,非線性物件的範例包括:
- 帶有裂紋的轉子: 轉子上的裂紋可能導致剛性發生非線性變化,進而導致振動與不平衡量之間呈現非線性關係。
- 帶有軸承游隙的轉子: 軸承游隙在特定條件下可能導致振動發生突變。
- 帶有非線性彈性元件的轉子: 某些彈性元件(如橡膠阻尼器)可能表現出非線性特性,影響轉子的動態。
非線性類型
1. Soft-stiff nonlinearity
在此類系統中,可觀察到兩個線段:軟段與硬段。在軟段中,行為類似線性,即振動幅值與不平衡質量成比例增加。然而,在達到某個閾值(斷點)後,系統會轉換為硬段模式,此時幅值增長會減緩。
2. Elastic nonlinearity
系統內支撐或接觸點的剛性變化,使振動與不平衡量的關係變得複雜。例如,當跨越特定負荷閾值時,振動可能會突然增加或減少。
3. Friction-induced nonlinearity
在具有顯著摩擦的系統中(例如軸承內),振動幅值可能難以預測。摩擦可能在某一轉速範圍內降低振動,而在另一範圍內放大振動。
非線性的常見成因
The most common causes of nonlinearity are increased bearing clearances, bearing wear, dry friction, loosened supports, and cracks in the structure. Operation near a 共振 is a separate problem: it does not make the object nonlinear, but it destroys measurement repeatability and is therefore just as fatal for the influence-coefficient method. Often, the object exhibits so-called soft–hard nonlinearity. At small unbalance levels the system behaves almost linearly, but as vibration increases, stiffer elements of the supports or casing become involved. In such cases, balancing is possible only within a narrow operating range and does not provide stable long-term results.
振動不穩定
Another serious issue is vibration instability. Even a formally linear object may show changes in amplitude and phase over time. This is caused by thermal effects, changes in lubricant viscosity, thermal expansion, unstable friction in the supports, and varying external loads acting on the machine. As a result, measurements taken only minutes apart can produce different vibration vectors. Under these conditions, meaningful comparison of measurements becomes impossible, and the balancing calculation loses reliability.
Note the distinction: a nonlinear object gives a different influence coefficient for a different trial-weight mass; a non-stationary (unstable) object gives a different influence coefficient for the same trial weight measured at a different time. Both break the calculation, but the remedies differ — nonlinearity is fixed mechanically, instability is fixed by stabilizing the operating regime and measuring quickly.
共振附近的動平衡校正
Balancing near resonance is especially problematic. When the rotational frequency is close to a 自然頻率 of the system, even a small unbalance produces a sharp increase in vibration, and both amplitude and phase become extremely sensitive to small speed variations. Note that resonance itself is not nonlinearity: a linear system has resonances, and at resonance the vibration is still proportional to the unbalance. What is lost is repeatability — a ±1% scatter in rotational speed near the critical speed changes the measured vector far more than the trial weight does, so the influence coefficient measured in this zone is unusable in practice. (A large resonant response can, in addition, push the supports into a genuinely nonlinear range — but that is a consequence, not the definition.) In such cases the balancing speed must be moved away from the natural frequency, or the mechanical structure changed, before balancing is attempted.
「成功」動平衡校正後的高振動
在實務中,經常會遇到以下情況:在形式上成功的動平衡校正程序後,整體振動水平仍然很高。這並不表示儀器或操作人員有誤。動平衡校正僅消除質量不平衡。如果振動是由基礎缺陷、鬆動的緊固件、不對心或共振引起的,校正配重無法解決問題。在這些情況下,分析機器及其基礎的振動空間分佈有助於識別真正的原因。
Balancing nonlinear objects: a complex task with unconventional solutions
非線性物件的動平衡校正是一項具挑戰性的任務,需要專門的方法與途徑。為線性物件開發的標準試重法,可能產生錯誤的結果或完全無法適用。
非線性物件的動平衡校正方法
- 逐步動平衡校正: 此方法涉及在每個階段安裝校正配重以逐漸減少不平衡。每個階段後,進行振動測量,並根據物體的當前狀態確定新的校正配重。此方法考慮了動平衡校正過程中影響係數的變化。
- Balancing at several speeds: Influence coefficients are speed-dependent, so a rotor that must run over a wide speed range may need coefficients measured at more than one speed. This is the domain of modal (multi-speed) balancing of flexible rotors and requires a linear, repeatable object, several correction planes and, as a rule, a balancing machine. It is not a workaround for a nonlinear object, and it does not mean balancing near a resonance — measurement speeds must still be chosen away from the critical speeds. The Balanset-1A implements the single-speed influence-coefficient method: all runs (Run 0 / Run 1 / Run 2 / Run T) must be performed at the same rotational speed.
- 使用數學模型: 對於複雜的非線性物件,可採用描述轉子動態並考慮非線性效應的數學模型。這些模型有助於預測物件在各種條件下的行為,並確定最佳的動平衡校正參數。
專家的經驗和直覺在對非線性物體進行動平衡校正時發揮著至關重要的作用。經驗豐富的動平衡校正人員可以識別非線性的跡象,選擇適當的方法,並根據具體情況進行調整。分析振動頻譜、觀察物體運轉參數變化時的振動變化,以及考慮轉子的設計特徵,都有助於做出正確的決策並達到預期的結果。
How to balance nonlinear objects using a tool designed for linear objects
這是個好問題。我個人校正此類物件的方法始於修復機件:更換軸承、焊接裂紋、鎖緊螺栓、檢查錨固或減震器,並確認轉子未與靜止結構元件發生摩擦。
Next, I identify resonance frequencies, as it is impossible to balance a rotor at speeds close to resonance. To do this, I use the impact method for resonance determination (the Bump Test function in the Balanset-1A software) or a rotor coast-down graph (the RunDown function).
然後,我確定感測器在機構上的位置:垂直、水平或成角度。
試運轉後,設備會指示校正負載的角度與重量。我會將校正負載的重量減半,但使用設備建議的角度來安裝轉子。如果校正後的殘餘振動仍超過可接受範圍,我會再次運轉轉子。當然,這需要更多時間,但有時結果令人鼓舞。
The art and science of balancing rotating equipment
旋轉設備的動平衡校正是一個複雜的過程,結合了科學與藝術的元素。對於線性物件,動平衡校正涉及相對簡單的計算與標準方法。然而,處理非線性物件需要深入理解轉子動力學、分析振動信號的能力,以及選擇最有效動平衡校正策略的技巧。
經驗、直覺與持續的技能提升,是讓動平衡校正人員成為真正大師的關鍵。畢竟,動平衡校正的品質不僅決定了設備運轉的效率與可靠性,也確保了人員的安全。
量測重複性
測量問題也發揮著重要作用。振動感測器安裝不正確、測量點變化或感測器方向不當會直接影響振幅和相位。對於動平衡校正而言,僅測量振動是不夠的;測量的重複性和穩定性至關重要。這就是為什麼在實務工作中,必須嚴格控制感測器的安裝位置和方向。
非線性物件的實務方法
對非線性物體進行動平衡校正總是從評估振動行為開始,而不是安裝試重。如果振幅和相位隨時間明顯漂移、從一次啟動到另一次啟動發生變化,或對微小的轉速變化產生劇烈反應,首要任務是實現盡可能穩定的運轉模式。沒有這一點,任何計算都將是隨機的。
第一個實務步驟是選擇正確的轉速。非線性物體對共振極度敏感,因此動平衡校正必須在盡可能遠離自然頻率的轉速下進行。這通常意味著轉速要低於或高於通常的運轉範圍。即使在此轉速下的振動較高,但穩定,也優於在共振區域進行動平衡校正。
接下來,盡量減少所有額外的非線性來源非常重要。在動平衡校正之前,應檢查並擰緊所有緊固件,盡量消除間隙,並檢查支撐和軸承組件是否鬆動。動平衡校正無法補償間隙或摩擦,但如果這些因素處於穩定狀態,則可能進行校正。
在處理非線性物體時,不應出於習慣使用微小的試重。試重過小通常無法使系統進入可重複的區域,且振動變化與不穩定噪音相當。試重必須足夠大,以引起振動向量的明顯且可重複的變化,但不能過大以至於使物體進入不同的運轉狀態。
測量應快速且在相同條件下進行。測量之間經過的時間越短,系統動態參數保持不變的可能性就越高。建議在不改變配置的情況下進行幾次控制運轉,以確認物體行為一致。
固定振動感測器的安裝點及其方向非常重要。對於非線性物體,即使感測器有微小的位移,也可能導致相位和振幅的明顯變化,這可能被誤解為試重的效果。
在計算中,應關注趨勢,而非精確的數值吻合。如果振動隨著連續校正而持續下降,這表明動平衡校正正在朝正確的方向發展,即使影響係數在形式上未收斂。
不建議儲存並重複使用非線性物體的影響係數。即使一次動平衡校正循環成功,在下次啟動時,物體可能進入不同的狀態,且之前的係數將不再有效。
應記住,對非線性物體進行動平衡校正通常是一種妥協。目標不是實現盡可能低的振動,而是將機器帶入穩定且可重複的狀態,並具有可接受的振動水平。在許多情況下,這是一種臨時解決方案,直到軸承修復、支撐恢復或結構修改。
主要的實務原則是先穩定物體,然後進行動平衡校正,最後評估結果。如果無法實現穩定,動平衡校正應被視為輔助措施,而非最終解決方案。
減小校正配重技術
在實務中,對非線性物體進行動平衡校正時,另一種重要的技術通常被證明是有效的。如果儀器使用標準算法計算校正配重,安裝完整的計算配重通常會使情況惡化:振動可能增加,相位可能跳變,且物體可能轉變為不同的運轉模式。
在這種情況下,安裝減少的校正配重效果良好——比儀器計算的值小兩倍,有時甚至小三倍。這有助於避免將系統從條件線性區域「拋出」到另一個非線性狀態。實際上,校正是輕柔地應用,以小步進進行,不會引起物體動態參數的劇烈變化。
安裝減少的配重後,必須進行控制運轉並評估振動趨勢。如果振幅持續下降且相位保持相對穩定,可以使用相同的方法重複校正,逐漸接近可實現的最小振動水平。這種逐步方法通常比一次安裝完整的計算校正配重更可靠。
此技術對於具有間隙、乾摩擦和軟硬支撐的物體特別有效,在這些情況下,完整的計算校正會立即將系統帶出條件線性區域。使用減少的校正質量可以使物體保持在最穩定的運轉狀態,並使在形式上認為無法進行動平衡校正的情況下實現實務結果成為可能。
重要的是要理解,這不是「儀器錯誤」,而是非線性系統物理特性的結果。儀器針對線性模型正確計算,而工程師在實務中根據機械系統的實際行為調整結果。
最終原則
最終,成功的動平衡校正不僅僅是計算配重和角度。它需要理解物體的動態行為、其線性、振動穩定性以及與共振條件的距離。Balanset-1A 提供了測量、分析和計算所需的所有工具,但最終結果始終由系統本身的機械狀態決定。這就是形式方法與振動診斷和轉子動平衡校正中的實際工程實務之間的區別。
常見問題與解答
This is a sign of a nonlinear object. In a linear object, vibration amplitude is proportional to the amount of unbalance, and the phase changes by the same angle as the angular position of the weight. When these conditions are violated, the influence coefficient is no longer constant and the standard balancing algorithm starts to produce errors. Typical causes are bearing clearances, loosened supports, friction, and operation near resonance — which is not nonlinearity in itself, but amplifies the vibration and destroys the repeatability of the readings (check it with the Bump Test).
線性對象是指轉子系統,在相同轉速下,振動振幅與不平衡量大小成正比,且振動相位嚴格跟隨不平衡質量的角位置。對於此類對象,影響係數為恆定值,且不取決於試重的質量。
非線性對象是指振動與不平衡量之間的比例關係和/或相位關係的恆定性遭到破壞的系統。振動振幅與相位開始取決於試重的質量。這通常與軸承游隙、磨損、乾摩擦、軟硬支撐,或較剛性結構元件的參與有關。
可以,但結果不穩定且取決於運轉模式。動平衡僅在對象呈現條件性線性行為的有限範圍內可行。超出此範圍,影響係數會發生改變,且結果重複性喪失。
影響係數是衡量振動對不平衡量變化敏感度的指標。它顯示在特定平面、特定轉速下安裝已知試重時,振動向量將改變多少。
若對象為非線性、振動隨時間不穩定,或存在共振、熱機暖機、緊固件鬆動或摩擦條件改變,影響係數將不穩定。在這些情況下,重複啟動會產生不同的振幅與相位值。
儲存的影響係數僅適用於以相同轉速運轉、在相同安裝條件與支撐剛性下的相同轉子。對象必須為線性且振動穩定。即使條件發生輕微變化,舊係數也將不可靠。
暖機期間,軸承游隙、支撐剛性、潤滑脂黏度與摩擦水平會發生變化。這會改變系統的動力學參數,進而導致振動振幅與相位改變。
振動不穩定是指在恆定轉速下,振幅和/或相位隨時間發生變化。動平衡校正依賴於比較振動向量,因此當振動不穩定時,比較將失去意義,計算結果也會變得不可靠。
包括固有的結構不穩定、緩慢的「蠕變」不穩定、每次啟動之間的變化、與暖機相關的不穩定,以及在自然頻率附近運轉時與共振相關的不穩定。
In the resonance zone, even a small unbalance causes a sharp increase in vibration, and both amplitude and phase become extremely sensitive to small speed variations. Resonance itself is not nonlinearity — a linear system has resonances, and at resonance the vibration is still proportional to the unbalance. What is lost is repeatability: the normal scatter in rotational speed near the critical speed changes the measured vector far more than the trial weight does, so the influence coefficient measured in this zone is unusable in practice. The balancing speed must be moved away from the natural frequency before balancing is attempted.
Typical signs are a sharp increase in vibration with small speed changes, unstable phase, broad humps in the spectrum, and high sensitivity of vibration to minor RPM variations. A vibration maximum is often observed during run-up or coast-down. The most reliable indicator is the phase: as the speed passes through a resonance, the phase lag goes through about 90° at the peak and reverses by roughly 180° above it. Watch the phase readout during a slow run-up or coast-down — a 180° swing together with an amplitude maximum locates the critical speed.
高振動可能是由共振、結構鬆動、基礎缺陷或軸承問題引起的。在這些情況下,動平衡校正無法消除振動的根本原因。
振動位移描述運動振幅,振動速度描述該運動的速度,而振動加速度描述加速度。這些量值相互關聯,但每一種都更適合檢測特定類型的缺陷和頻率範圍。
Vibration velocity reflects the energy level of vibration over a wide frequency range and is convenient for assessing the overall condition of machines according to ISO standards such as ISO 10816-1.
僅對於單頻諧波振動才能進行正確的轉換。對於複雜的振動頻譜,此類轉換僅能提供近似結果。
可能的原因包括共振、基礎缺陷、緊固件鬆動、軸承磨損、不對心或物體非線性。動平衡校正僅能消除不平衡,無法消除其他缺陷。
如果未檢測到機械缺陷,且動平衡校正後振動未降低,則有必要分析機器和基礎上的振動分佈。典型徵兆包括機殼和底座的高振動,以及測量點之間的相位偏移。
感測器安裝不正確會扭曲振幅和相位,降低測量重複性,並可能導致錯誤的診斷結論和動平衡校正結果。
振動在整個結構中分佈不均。剛性、質量和模態形狀各不相同,因此振幅和相位在不同點之間可能顯著變化。
As a rule, no. Wear and increased clearances make the object nonlinear. Balancing becomes unstable and does not provide a long-term result. Exceptions are possible only with design clearances and stable conditions.
啟動會產生高動態負荷。如果結構鬆動,元件的相對位置會在每次啟動後發生變化,導致振動參數改變。
對於在相同條件下安裝的相同轉子,且具有振動穩定性且無共振時,可以進行串列動平衡校正。在這種情況下,第一個轉子的影響係數可以應用於後續轉子。
這通常是由於支撐剛性變化、組裝差異、轉速變化或物體進入非線性運轉模式所致。
將振動降低至穩定水平,同時保持每次啟動之間振幅和相位的重複性,且無共振或非線性的徵兆。
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