1. GAMBARAN KESELURUHAN SISTEM PENGIMBANG

Balanset-1A balancer menyediakan perkhidmatan pengimbangan dinamik satu dan dua satah untuk kipas, roda pengisar, gelendong, penghancur, pam dan jentera berputar lain.

Pengimbang Balanset-1A termasuk dua penderia vibrosensor (pecutan), penderia fasa laser (takometer), unit antara muka USB 2 saluran dengan pra-penguat, penyepadu dan modul pemerolehan ADC serta perisian pengimbangan berasaskan Windows. Balanset-1A memerlukan komputer riba atau PC lain yang serasi dengan Windows (WinXP…Win11, 32 atau 64bit).

Balancing software provides the correct balancing solution for single-plane and two-plane balancing automatically. Balanset-1A is simple to use for non-vibration experts.

All balancing results saved in archive and can be used to create the reports.

Features:

• Easy to use
• Storage of unlimited balancing data
• User selectable trial mass
• Split weight calculation, drill calculation
• Trial mass validity automatically popup message
• Measuring RPM, amplitude and phase of vibrovelocity overall and 1x vibration
• FFT spectrum
• Dual-channel simultaneous data collection
• Waveform and spectrum display
• Storage of vibration values and vibration waveform and spectra
• Balancing using saved influence coefficients
• Trim balancing
• Balancing mandrel eccentricity calculations
• Remove or leave trial weights
• Balancing tolerance calculation (ISO 1940 G-classes)
• Changing correction planes calculations
• Polar graph
• Manual data input
• RunDown charts (experimental option)

2. SPECIFICATION

3. PACKAGE

Pengimbang Balanset-1A termasuk dua pecutan paksi tunggal, penanda rujukan fasa laser (takometer digital), unit antara muka USB 2 saluran dengan pra-penguat, penyepadu dan modul pemerolehan ADC dan perisian pengimbangan berasaskan Windows.

Delivery set

4. BALANCE PRINCIPLES

4.1. “"Balanset-1A" termasuk (rajah 4.1) unit antara muka USB (1), dua pecutan (2) and (3), penanda rujukan fasa (4) dan PC mudah alih (tidak dibekalkan) (5).

Set penghantaran juga termasuk pendirian magnet (6) digunakan untuk memasang penanda rujukan fasa dan penimbang digital 7.

X1 and X2 connectors intended for connection of the vibration sensors respectively to 1 and 2 measuring channels, and the X3 connector used for connection of the phase reference marker.

The USB cable provides power supply and connection of the USB interface unit to the computer.

Rajah 4.1. Set penghantaran "Balanset-1A"“

Getaran mekanikal menyebabkan isyarat elektrik berkadar dengan pecutan getaran pada output penderia getaran. Isyarat berdigit daripada modul ADC dipindahkan melalui USB ke PC mudah alih (5). Penanda rujukan fasa menjana isyarat nadi yang digunakan untuk mengira kekerapan putaran dan sudut fasa getaran. Perisian berasaskan Windows menyediakan penyelesaian untuk pengimbangan satu satah dan dua satah, analisis spektrum, carta, laporan, penyimpanan pekali pengaruh

5. SAFETY PRECAUTIONS

6. TETAPAN PERISIAN DAN PERKAKASAN

6.1. USB drivers and balancing software installation

Before working install drivers and balancing software.

Senarai folder dan fail

Installation disk (flash drive) contains the following files and folders:

• Bs1Av###Setup – folder dengan perisian pengimbangan “Balanset-1A” (### – nombor versi)
• ArdDrv – Pemacu USB
• EBalancer_manual.pdf – manual ini
• Bal1Av###Setup.exe – fail persediaan. Fail ini mengandungi semua fail dan folder yang diarkibkan yang dinyatakan di atas. ### – versi perisian “Balanset-1A”.
• Ebalanc.cfg – nilai sensitiviti
• Bal.ini – beberapa data permulaan

Prosedur Pemasangan Perisian

For installing drivers and specialized software run file Bal1Av###Setup.exe and follow setup instructions by pressing buttons «Next», «ОК» etc.

Choose setup folder. Usually the given folder should not be changed.

Then the program requires specifying Program group and desktop folders. Press button Next.

7. MENGIMBANGKAN PERISIAN

7.1. Umum

Initial window

Apabila menjalankan program "Balanset-1A" tetingkap Permulaan, ditunjukkan dalam Rajah 7.1, muncul.

Rajah 7.1. Tetingkap awal "Balanset-1A"“

Terdapat 9 butang dalam tetingkap Awal dengan nama fungsi direalisasikan apabila klik padanya.

F1-«About»

Rajah 7.2. F1- «Perihal» tetingkap

F2-«Single plane», F3-«Two plane»

Menekan “F2– Pesawat tunggal” (atau F2 kekunci fungsi pada papan kekunci komputer) memilih getaran pengukuran pada saluran X1.

After clicking this button, the computer display diagram shown in Fig. 7.1 illustrating a process of measuring the vibration only on the first measuring channel (or the balancing process in a single plane).

Menekan "“F3–Dua kapal terbang” (atau F3 function key on the computer keyboard) selects the mode of vibration measurements on two channels X1 and X2 simultaneously. (Fig. 7.3.)

Rajah 7.3. Tetingkap awal "Balanset-1A". Pengimbangan dua satah.

F4 – «Tetapan»

Rajah 7.4. Tetingkap "Tetapan".
In this window you can change some Balanset-1A settings.

• Sensitivity. The nominal value is 13 mV / mm/s.

• Averaging – number of averaging (number of revolutions of the rotor over which data is averaged to more accuracy)
• Tacho channel# – channel# the Tacho is connected. By default – 3rd channel.
• Unevenness – the difference in duration between adjacent tacho pulses, which above gives the warning “Failure of the tachometer“
• Imperial/Metric – Select the system of units.

Com port number is assigned automatically.

F5 – «Meter getaran»

Pressing this button (or a function key of F5 on the computer keyboard) activates the mode of vibration measurement on one or two measuring channels of virtual Vibration meter depending on the buttons condition “F2-single-plane”, “F3-two-plane”.

F6 – «Laporan»

Pressing this button (or F6 function key on the computer keyboard) switches on the balancing Archive, from which you can print the report with the results of balancing for a specific mechanism (rotor).

F7 – «Balancing»

Pressing this button (or function key F7 on your keyboard) activates balancing mode in one or two correction planes depending on which measurement mode is selected by pressing the buttons “F2-single-plane”, “F3-two-plane”.

F8 – «Charts»

Pressing this button (or F8 function key on the computer’s keyboard) enables graphic Vibration meter, the implementation of which displays on a display simultaneously with the digital values of the amplitude and phase of the vibration graphics of its time function.

F10 – «Keluar»

Pressing this button (or F10 kekunci fungsi pada papan kekunci komputer) melengkapkan program "Balanset-1A".

7.2. “Meter getaran”

Before working in the “Vibration meter”, pasang penderia getaran pada mesin dan sambungkannya masing-masing ke penyambung X1 dan X2 unit antara muka USB. Penderia tacho hendaklah disambungkan ke input X3 unit antara muka USB.

Fig. 7.5 USB interface unit

Letakkan pita pemantul pada permukaan rotor untuk kerja tacho.

Rajah 7.6. Pita reflektif.

Recommendations for the installation and configuration of sensors are given in Annex 1.

Untuk memulakan pengukuran dalam mod meter Getaran klik pada butang “F5 – Vibration Meter” dalam tetingkap Awal program (lihat rajah 7.1).

Vibration Meter window appears (see. Fig.7.7)

Fig. 7.7. Vibration meter mode. Wave and Spectrum.

Untuk memulakan pengukuran getaran klik butang “F9 – Lari” (atau tekan kekunci fungsi F9 on the keyboard).

If Mod pencetus Auto is checked – the results of vibration measurements will be periodically displayed on the screen.

Sekiranya pengukuran getaran serentak pada saluran pertama dan kedua, tingkap terletak di bawah perkataan "“Plane 1” dan “Plane 2” akan diisi.

Vibration measuring in the “Vibration” mode also may be carried out with disconnected phase angle sensor. In the Initial window of the program the value of the total RMS vibration (V1s, V2s) will only be displayed.

Terdapat tetapan seterusnya dalam mod meter Getaran

• RMS Rendah, Hz – kekerapan terendah untuk mengira RMS getaran keseluruhan
• Lebar jalur – lebar jalur frekuensi getaran dalam carta
• Averages – number of average for more measure accuracy

Untuk menyelesaikan kerja dalam mod "Meter getaran" klik butang "“F10 – Exit” dan kembali ke tetingkap Awal.

Fig. 7.8. Vibration meter mode. Rotation speed Unevenness, 1x vibration wave form.

7.3 Prosedur pengimbangan

Before balancing measure vibration in Vibration meter mode (F5 button) to be sure that mainly vibration is 1x vibration.

Fig. 7.10. Vibration meter mode. Checking overall (V1s,V2s) and 1x (V1o,V2o) vibration.

Jika nilai keseluruhan getaran V1s (V2s) adalah lebih kurang sama dengan magnitud getaran pada frekuensi putaran (1x getaran) V1o (V2o), ia boleh diandaikan bahawa sumbangan utama kepada mekanisme getaran datang daripada ketidakseimbangan rotor. Jika nilai keseluruhan getaran V1s (V2s) jauh lebih tinggi daripada komponen getaran 1x V1o (V2o), adalah disyorkan untuk memeriksa keadaan mekanisme - keadaan galas, lekapannya pada tapak, pastikan tiada sentuhan antara bahagian tetap dan rotor semasa putaran, dsb.

Anda juga harus memberi perhatian kepada kestabilan nilai yang diukur dalam mod meter Getaran – amplitud dan fasa getaran tidak boleh berubah lebih daripada 10-15% dalam proses pengukuran. Jika tidak, boleh diandaikan bahawa mekanisme itu beroperasi di kawasan yang hampir dengan resonans. Dalam kes ini, tukar kelajuan putaran pemutar, dan jika ini tidak mungkin – tukar syarat pemasangan mesin pada asas (contohnya, pasangkannya buat sementara pada penyokong spring).

Untuk mengimbangi rotor kaedah pekali pengaruh imbangan (kaedah 3-lari) hendaklah digunakan.

Trial runs are done to determine the effect of trial mass on vibration change, mass and place (angle) of installation of correction weights.

First determine the original vibration of a mechanism (first start without weight), and then set the trial weight to the first plane and made the second start. Then, remove the trial weight from the first plane, set in a second plane and made the second start.

The program then calculates and indicates on the screen the weight and location (angle) of installation of correction weights.

When balancing in a single plane (static), the second start is not required.

Trial weight is set to an arbitrary location on the rotor where it is convenient, and then the actual radius is entered in the setup program.

(Position Radius is used only for calculating the unbalance amount in grams * mm)

Fig. 7.11. Correction weight mounting.

Disyorkan!

Sebelum melakukan pengimbangan dinamik, disyorkan untuk memastikan ketidakseimbangan statik tidak terlalu tinggi. Untuk rotor dengan paksi mendatar, rotor boleh diputar secara manual dengan sudut 90 darjah dari kedudukan semasa. Jika rotor tidak seimbang secara statik, ia akan diputarkan ke kedudukan keseimbangan. Sebaik sahaja rotor mengambil kedudukan keseimbangan, adalah perlu untuk memasang berat pengimbang pada titik atas kira-kira di bahagian tengah panjang rotor. Berat harus dipilih sedemikian rupa sehingga pemutar tidak bergerak di mana-mana kedudukan.

Pra-pengimbangan sedemikian akan mengurangkan jumlah getaran pada permulaan pertama pemutar yang sangat tidak seimbang.

Pemasangan dan pemasangan sensor

Vibration sensor must be installed on the machine in the selected measuring point and connected to the input X1 of the USB interface unit.

Terdapat dua konfigurasi pemasangan:

• Magnet
• Threaded studs M4

Optical tacho sensor should be connected to the input X3 of the USB interface unit. Furthermore, for use of this sensor a special reflecting mark should be applied on surface of a rotor.

Detailed requirements on site selection of the sensors and their attachment to the object when balancing are set out in Annex 1.

7.4 Pengimbangan satah tunggal

Rajah 7.12. "Pengimbangan pesawat tunggal"“

Arkib Pengimbangan

Untuk mula bekerja pada program dalam "“Single-Plane balancing”mod “, klik pada “F2-Single-plane”butang ” (atau tekan kekunci F2 pada papan kekunci komputer).

Kemudian klik pada “F7 – Balancing” butang, selepas itu Single Plane balancing archive window will appear, in which the balancing data will be saved (see Fig. 7.13).

Fig. 7.13 The window for selecting the balancing archive in single plane.

In this window, you need to enter data on the name of the rotor (Rotor name), place of rotor installation (Place), tolerances for vibration and residual imbalance (Tolerance), date of measurement. This data is stored in a database. Also, a folder Arc### is created in, where ### is the number of the archive in which the charts, a report file, etc. will be saved. After the balancing is completed, a report file will be generated that can be edited and printed in the built-in editor.

Selepas memasukkan data yang diperlukan, anda perlu mengklik "“F10-OK”butang “, selepas itu “Single-Plane balancing” tetingkap akan terbuka (lihat Rajah 7.13)

Balancing settings (1-plane)

Fig. 7.14. Single plane. Balancing settings

Di sebelah kiri tetingkap ini memaparkan data ukuran getaran dan butang kawalan pengukuran "“Run # 0“, “Run # 1“, “RunTrim“.

Di sebelah kanan tetingkap ini terdapat tiga tab:

• Balancing settings
• Charts
• Result

The “Balancing settings”tab ” digunakan untuk memasukkan tetapan pengimbangan:

1. “Pekali pengaruh” –
   • “New Rotor” – pemilihan pengimbangan rotor baharu, yang mana tiada pekali pengimbangan tersimpan dan dua larian diperlukan untuk menentukan jisim dan sudut pemasangan berat pembetulan.
   • “Saved coeff.” – pemilihan pengimbangan semula rotor, yang mana terdapat pekali pengimbangan yang disimpan dan hanya satu larian diperlukan untuk menentukan berat dan sudut pemasangan berat pembetulan.
2. “Jisim berat percubaan” –
   • “Percent” – berat pembetulan dikira sebagai peratusan berat percubaan.
   • “Gram” – the known mass of the trial weight is entered and the mass of the corrective weight is calculated in grams or in oz for Imperial system.

   Attention!

   Jika perlu menggunakan "“Saved coeff.” Mod untuk kerja selanjutnya semasa pengimbangan awal, jisim berat percubaan mesti dimasukkan dalam gram atau oz, bukan dalam %. Penimbang disertakan dalam pakej penghantaran.

3. “"Kaedah Lampiran Berat"”
   • “Free position” – pemberat boleh dipasang dalam kedudukan sudut sewenang-wenangnya pada lilitan pemutar.
   • “Fixed position” – berat boleh dipasang dalam kedudukan sudut tetap pada rotor, contohnya, pada bilah atau lubang (contohnya 12 lubang – 30 darjah), dsb. Bilangan kedudukan tetap mesti dimasukkan dalam medan yang sesuai. Selepas mengimbangi, program akan secara automatik membahagikan berat kepada dua bahagian dan menunjukkan bilangan kedudukan yang diperlukan untuk menetapkan jisim yang diperolehi.
   • “Circular groove” – digunakan untuk mengimbangi roda pengisaran Dalam kes ini 3 pemberat imbang digunakan untuk menghapuskan ketidakseimbangan
     

     Fig. 7.17 Grinding wheel balancing with 3 counterweights

     

     Fig. 7.18 Grinding wheel balancing. Polar graph.

Fig. 7.15. Result tab. Fixed position of correction weight mounting.

Z1 dan Z2 – kedudukan pemberat pembetulan dipasang, dikira dari kedudukan Z1 mengikut arah putaran. Z1 ialah kedudukan di mana berat percubaan dipasang.

Fig. 7.16 Fixed positions. Polar diagram.

• “Mass mount radius, mm” – “Satah1” – Jejari berat percubaan dalam satah 1. Ia diperlukan untuk mengira magnitud ketidakseimbangan awal dan baki untuk menentukan pematuhan dengan toleransi untuk ketidakseimbangan baki selepas pengimbangan.
• “Leave trial weight in Plane1.” Usually the trial weight is removed during the balancing process. But in some cases it is impossible to remove it, then you need to set a check mark in this to account for the trial weight mass in the calculations.
• “Manual data input” – digunakan untuk memasukkan nilai dan fasa getaran secara manual ke dalam medan yang sesuai di sebelah kiri tetingkap dan mengira jisim dan sudut pemasangan berat pembetulan apabila bertukar kepada “Results” tab
• Button “Restore session data“. During balancing, the measured data is saved in the session1.ini file. If the measurement process was interrupted due to computer freezing or for other reasons, then by clicking this button you can restore the measurement data and continue balancing from the moment of interruption.
• Mandrel eccentricity elimination (Index balancing) Balancing with additional start to eliminate the influence of the eccentricity of the mandrel (balancing arbor). Mount the rotor alternately at 0° and 180° relative to the. Measure the unbalances in both positions.
• Balancing tolerance Entering or calculating residual imbalance tolerances in g x mm (G-classes)
• Use Polar Graph Use polar graph to display balancing results

1-plane Balancing. New rotor

Seperti yang dinyatakan di atas, "“New Rotor” pengimbangan memerlukan dua larian ujian dan sekurang-kurangnya satu larian trim mesin pengimbang.

Run#0 (Initial run)

Selepas memasang penderia pada pemutar pengimbang dan memasukkan parameter tetapan, adalah perlu untuk menghidupkan putaran pemutar dan, apabila ia mencapai kelajuan kerja, tekan "“Run#0”butang " untuk memulakan pengukuran. "“Charts” tab akan dibuka di panel kanan, di mana bentuk gelombang dan spektrum getaran akan ditunjukkan. Di bahagian bawah tab, fail sejarah disimpan, di mana keputusan semua bermula dengan rujukan masa disimpan. Pada cakera, fail ini disimpan dalam folder arkib dengan nama memo.txt

Fig. 7.19. Balancing in one plane. Initial run (Run#0). Charts Tab

After measurement process finished, in the Run#0 section in the left panel the results of measuring appears – the rotor speed (RPM), RMS (Vo1) and phase (F1) of 1x vibration.

The “F5-Back to Run#0”butang ” (atau kekunci fungsi F5) digunakan untuk kembali ke bahagian Run#0 dan, jika perlu, untuk mengukur semula parameter getaran.

Run#1 (Trial mass Plane 1)

Sebelum memulakan pengukuran parameter getaran dalam bahagian “Run#1 (Trial mass Plane 1), berat percubaan hendaklah dipasang mengikut “Trial weight mass” padang.

The goal of installing a trial weight is to evaluate how the vibration of the rotor changes when a known weight is installed at a known place (angle). Trial weight must changes the vibration amplitude by either 30% lower or higher of initial amplitude or change phase by 30 degrees or more of initial phase.

Jika perlu menggunakan "“Saved coeff.” mengimbangi untuk kerja selanjutnya, tempat (sudut) pemasangan berat percubaan mestilah sama dengan tempat (sudut) tanda pantulan.

Hidupkan putaran pemutar mesin pengimbang sekali lagi dan pastikan frekuensi putarannya stabil. Kemudian klik pada “F7-Run#1” button (or press the F7 key on the computer keyboard).

Selepas pengukuran dalam tingkap yang sepadan "“Run#1 (Trial mass Plane 1)” bahagian, hasil pengukuran kelajuan rotor (RPM), serta nilai komponen RMS (Vо1) dan fasa (F1) 1x getaran muncul.

At the same time, the “Result”tab ” dibuka di sebelah kanan tetingkap.

This tab displays the results of calculating the mass and angle of corrective weight, which must be installed on the rotor to compensate imbalance.

Selain itu, dalam kes menggunakan sistem koordinat kutub, paparan menunjukkan nilai jisim (M1) dan sudut pemasangan (f1) berat pembetulan.

Dalam kes "“Fixed positions” nombor kedudukan (Zi, Zj) dan jisim terbelah berat percubaan akan ditunjukkan.

Fig. 7.20. Balancing in one plane. Run#1 and balancing result.

If Polar graph is checked polar diagram will be shown.

Fig. 7.21. The result of balancing. Polar graph.

Fig. 7.22. The result of balancing. Weight splitted (fixed positions)

Juga jika "“Polar graph” telah diperiksa, graf kutub akan ditunjukkan.

Fig. 7.23. Weight splitted on fixed positions. Polar graph

Selepas memasang berat pembetulan pada rotor pengimbangan dalam tetingkap operasi, adalah perlu untuk menjalankan RunC (trim) dan menilai keberkesanan pengimbangan yang dilakukan.

RunC (Check balance quality)

Untuk melakukan pengukuran getaran dalam "“RunC (Check balance quality)”bahagian “, klik pada “F7 – RunTrim”butang ” (atau tekan kekunci F7 pada papan kekunci).

Setelah berjaya menyelesaikan proses pengukuran, dalam "“RunC (Check balance quality)” di bahagian panel kiri, hasil pengukuran kelajuan rotor (RPM) muncul, serta nilai komponen RMS (Vo1) dan fasa (F1) 1x getaran.

In the “Result” tab, the results of calculating the mass and installation angle of the additional corrective weight are displayed.

Fig. 7.24. Balancing in one plane. Performing a RunTrim. Result Tab

This weight can be added to the correction weight that is already mounted on the rotor to compensate for the residual imbalance. In addition, the residual rotor unbalance achieved after balancing is displayed in the lower part of this window.

In the case when the amount of residual vibration and / or residual unbalance of the balanced rotor meets the tolerance requirements established in the technical documentation, the balancing process can be completed.

Otherwise, the balancing process may continue. This allows the method of successive approximations to correct possible errors that may occur during the installation (removal) of the corrective weight on a balanced rotor.

Apabila meneruskan proses pengimbangan pada pemutar pengimbang, perlu memasang (mengeluarkan) jisim pembetulan tambahan, yang parameternya ditunjukkan dalam bahagian "“Correction masses and angles“.

Influence coefficients (1-plane)

The “F4-Inf.Coeff” button in the “Result”tab ” digunakan untuk melihat dan menyimpan dalam memori komputer pekali pengimbangan rotor (Pekali pengaruh) yang dikira daripada hasil larian penentukuran.

Apabila ia ditekan, "“Influence coefficients (single plane)”tetingkap “ muncul pada paparan komputer, di mana pekali pengimbangan yang dikira daripada keputusan larian penentukuran (ujian) dipaparkan. Jika semasa pengimbangan seterusnya mesin ini ia sepatutnya menggunakan “Saved coeff.” Mod, pekali ini mesti disimpan dalam memori komputer.

Untuk melakukan ini, klik "“F9 – Save”butang “ dan pergi ke halaman kedua “Coeff pengaruh. arkib. Pesawat tunggal.“

Fig. 7.25. Balancing coefficients in the 1st plane

Kemudian anda perlu memasukkan nama mesin ini dalam “Rotor” lajur dan klik “F2-Save”butang ” untuk menyimpan data yang ditentukan pada komputer.

Kemudian anda boleh kembali ke tetingkap sebelumnya dengan menekan butang “F10-Exit”butang ” (atau kekunci fungsi F10 pada papan kekunci komputer).

Rajah 7.26. "Koeff pengaruh. arkib. Pesawat tunggal."“

Balancing report

Selepas mengimbangi semua data yang disimpan dan laporan Pengimbangan dibuat. Anda boleh melihat dan mengedit laporan dalam editor terbina dalam. Di tingkap “"Mengimbangi arkib dalam satu pesawat"” (Gamb. 7.9) tekan butang “F9 -Report” untuk mengakses editor laporan pengimbangan.

Rajah 7.27. Laporan pengimbangan.

Coeff disimpan. prosedur pengimbangan dengan pekali pengaruh tersimpan dalam 1 satah

Menyediakan sistem pengukuran (input data awal)

Saved coeff. balancing can be performed on a machine for which balancing coefficients have already been determined and entered into the computer memory.

Input of the initial data for Saved coeff. balancing (seperti dalam kes primer(“New rotor“) mengimbangi) bermula dalam “Single plane balancing. Balancing settings.“.

In this case, in the “Influence coefficients” section, select the “Saved coeff”item ". Dalam kes ini, halaman kedua "“Influence coeff. archive. Single plane.”, yang menyimpan arkib pekali pengimbangan yang disimpan.

Fig. 7.28. Balancing with saved influence coefficients in 1 plane

Bergerak melalui jadual arkib ini menggunakan butang kawalan “►” atau “◄”, anda boleh memilih rekod yang dikehendaki dengan pekali pengimbangan mesin yang kami minati. Kemudian, untuk menggunakan data ini dalam pengukuran semasa, tekan “F2 – Select” button.

Selepas itu, kandungan semua tingkap lain "“Single plane balancing. Balancing settings.” diisi secara automatik.

After completing the input of the initial data, you can begin to measure.

Pengukuran semasa mengimbangi dengan pekali pengaruh yang disimpan

Balancing with saved influence coefficients requires only one initial run and at least one test run of the balancing machine.

Untuk menjalankan pengukuran parameter getaran dalam “Run#0 (Initial, no trial mass)”bahagian “, tekan “F7 – Run#0” (atau tekan kekunci F7 pada papan kekunci komputer).

Fig. 7.29. Balancing with saved influence coefficients in one plane. Results after one run.

Dalam bidang yang sepadan "“Run#0” bahagian, hasil pengukuran kelajuan rotor (RPM), nilai komponen RMS (Vо1) dan fasa (F1) 1x getaran muncul.

At the same time, the “Result” tab displays the results of calculating the mass and angle of the corrective weight, which must be installed on the rotor to compensate imbalance.

Selain itu, dalam hal menggunakan sistem koordinat kutub, paparan menunjukkan nilai jisim dan sudut pemasangan pemberat pembetulan.

In the case of splitting of the corrective weight on the fixed positions, the numbers of the positions of the balancing rotor and the mass of weight that need to be installed on them are displayed.

Further, the balancing process is carried out in accordance with the recommendations set out in section 7.4.2. for primary balancing.

Mandrel eccentricity elimination (Index balancing)

If during balancing the rotor is installed in a cylindrical mandrel, then the eccentricity of the mandrel may introduce an additional error. To eliminate this error, the rotor should be deployed in the mandrel 180 degrees and carry out an additional start. This is called index balancing.

To carry out index balancing, a special option is provided in the Balanset-1A program. When checked Mandrel eccentricity elimination an additional RunEcc section appears in the balancing window.

Fig. 7.30. The working window for Index balancing.

After running Run # 1 (Trial mass Plane 1), a window will appear

Fig. 7.31 Index balancing attention window.

Selepas memasang rotor dengan pusingan 180°, Run Ecc mesti diselesaikan. Program ini secara automatik akan mengira ketidakseimbangan rotor sebenar tanpa menjejaskan kesipian mandrel.

7.5 Imbangan dua satah

Before starting work in the Two plane balancing mode, it is necessary to install vibration sensors on the machine body at the selected measurement points and connect them to the inputs X1 and X2 of the measuring unit, respectively.

An optical phase angle sensor must be connected to input X3 of the measuring unit. In addition, to use this sensor, a reflective tape must be glued onto the accessible rotor surface of the balancing machine.

Detailed requirements for choosing the installation location of sensors and their mounting at the facility during balancing are set out in Appendix 1.

Kerja-kerja program dalam "“Two plane balancing” mode starts from the Main window of the programs.

Click on the “F3-Two plane” button (or press the F3 key on the computer keyboard).

Selanjutnya, klik pada butang "F7 - Mengimbangi", selepas itu tetingkap berfungsi akan muncul pada paparan komputer (lihat Rajah 7.13), pemilihan arkib untuk menyimpan data apabila mengimbangi dalam dua satah.

Fig. 7.32 Two plane balancing archive window.

Dalam tetingkap ini anda perlu memasukkan data pemutar seimbang. Selepas menekan "“F10-OK”, tetingkap pengimbangan akan muncul.

Balancing settings (2-plane)

Fig. 7.33. Balancing in two planes window.

Di sebelah kanan tingkap ialah "“Balancing settings” tab untuk memasukkan tetapan sebelum mengimbangi.

• Influence coefficients – Mengimbangi rotor baharu atau mengimbang menggunakan pekali pengaruh tersimpan (pekali pengimbangan)
• Mandrel eccentricity elimination – Mengimbangi dengan permulaan tambahan untuk menghapuskan pengaruh kesipian mandrel
• Weight Attachment Method – Pemasangan pemberat pembetulan di tempat sewenang-wenangnya pada lilitan pemutar atau dalam kedudukan tetap. Pengiraan untuk penggerudian apabila mengeluarkan jisim.
  • “Free position” – pemberat boleh dipasang dalam kedudukan sudut sewenang-wenangnya pada lilitan pemutar.
  • “Fixed position” – berat boleh dipasang dalam kedudukan sudut tetap pada rotor, contohnya, pada bilah atau lubang (contohnya 12 lubang – 30 darjah), dsb. Bilangan kedudukan tetap mesti dimasukkan dalam medan yang sesuai. Selepas mengimbangi, program akan secara automatik membahagikan berat kepada dua bahagian dan menunjukkan bilangan kedudukan yang diperlukan untuk menetapkan jisim yang diperolehi.
• Trial weight mass – Berat percubaan
• Leave trial weight in Plane1 / Plane2 – Keluarkan atau tinggalkan berat percubaan apabila mengimbang.
• Mass mount radius, mm – Jejari percubaan pemasangan dan pemberat pembetulan
• Balancing tolerance – Memasukkan atau mengira baki toleransi ketidakseimbangan dalam g-mm
• Use Polar Graph – Gunakan graf kutub untuk memaparkan hasil pengimbangan
• Manual data input – Kemasukan data manual untuk mengira berat mengimbangi
• Restore last session data – Pemulihan data pengukuran sesi terakhir sekiranya gagal untuk meneruskan pengimbangan.

2 planes balancing. New rotor

Menyediakan sistem pengukuran (input data awal)

Input of the initial data for the New rotor balancing dalam "“Pengimbangan dua satah. tetapan“.

In this case, in the “Influence coefficients” section, select the “New rotor” item.

Further, in the section “Trial weight mass“, you must select the unit of measurement of the mass of the trial weight – “Gram” or “Percent“.

Apabila memilih unit ukuran "“Percent“, semua pengiraan lanjut jisim pemberat pembetulan akan dilakukan sebagai peratusan berhubung dengan jisim berat percubaan.

Apabila memilih "“Gram”"unit ukuran, semua pengiraan lanjut jisim berat pembetulan akan dilakukan dalam gram. Kemudian masukkan dalam tingkap yang terletak di sebelah kanan tulisan "“Gram” the mass of trial weights that will be installed on the rotor.

Calculation of tolerance for residual imbalance (Balancing tolerance)

Toleransi untuk baki ketidakseimbangan (Balancing tolerance) boleh dikira mengikut prosedur yang diterangkan dalam ISO 1940 Vibration. Mengimbangi keperluan kualiti untuk rotor dalam keadaan malar (tegar). Bahagian 1. Spesifikasi dan pengesahan toleransi baki.

Fig. 7.34. Balancing tolerance calculation window

Initial run (Run#0)

Apabila mengimbang dalam dua satah dalam “New rotor”, pengimbangan memerlukan tiga larian penentukuran dan sekurang-kurangnya satu larian ujian mesin pengimbang.

Pengukuran getaran pada permulaan pertama mesin dilakukan dalam "“Two plane balance”" tetingkap berfungsi dalam "“Run#0” section.

Rajah 7.35. Hasil pengukuran pada pengimbangan dalam dua satah selepas larian awal.

To measure vibration parameters in the Run#0 bahagian, klik pada “F7 – Run#0”butang ” (atau tekan kekunci F7 pada papan kekunci komputer)

Hasil pengukuran kelajuan rotor (RPM), nilai RMS (VО1, VО2) dan fasa (F1, F2) getaran 1x muncul dalam tingkap yang sepadan Run#0 section.

Run#1.Trial mass in Plane1

Before starting to measure vibration parameters in the “Run#1.Trial mass in Plane1” section, you should stop the rotation of the rotor of the balancing machine and install a trial weight on it, the mass selected in the “Trial weight mass” section.

After this, it is necessary to turn on the rotation of the rotor of the balancing machine again and make sure that it has entered the operating mode.

To measure vibration parameters in the “Run # 1.Trial mass in Plane1”bahagian “, klik pada “F7 – Run#1” button (or press the F7 key on the computer keyboard).

Setelah berjaya menyelesaikan proses pengukuran, anda dikembalikan ke tab hasil pengukuran.

In this case, in the corresponding windows of the “Run#1. Trial mass in Plane1” section, the results of measuring the rotor speed (RPM), as well as the value of the components of the RMS (Vо1, Vо2) and phases (F1, F2) of 1x vibration.

“Jalankan # 2. Jisim percubaan dalam Plane2”

Before starting to measure vibration parameters in the section “Run # 2.Trial mass in Plane2“, you must perform the following steps:

• hentikan putaran pemutar mesin pengimbang;
• keluarkan berat percubaan yang dipasang pada pesawat 1;
• pasangkan berat percubaan dalam satah 2, jisim yang dipilih dalam bahagian “Trial weight mass“.

After this, turn on the rotation of the rotor of the balancing machine and make sure that it has entered the operating speed.

Untuk memulakan pengukuran getaran dalam "“Run # 2.Trial mass in Plane2”bahagian “, klik pada “F7 – Run # 2”butang “ (atau tekan kekunci F7 pada papan kekunci komputer). Kemudian “Result”tab ” dibuka.

In the case of using the Weight Attachment Method” – “Free positions, paparan menunjukkan nilai jisim (M1, M2) dan sudut pemasangan (f1, f2) bagi pemberat pembetulan.

Fig. 7.36. Results of calculation of corrective weights – free position

Rajah 7.37. Keputusan pengiraan pemberat pembetulan – kedudukan bebas. Gambar rajah kutub

In the case of using the Weight Attachment Method” – “Fixed positions

Rajah 7.38. Keputusan pengiraan pemberat pembetulan – kedudukan tetap.

Rajah 7.39. Keputusan pengiraan pemberat pembetulan – kedudukan tetap. Gambar rajah kutub.

Dalam kes menggunakan Kaedah Lampiran Berat” – “Circular groove“

Rajah 7.40. Keputusan pengiraan pemberat pembetulan – Alur bulat.

RunC (Trim run)

After installing the correction weight on the balancing rotor it is necessary to carry out a RunC (trim) and evaluate the effectiveness of the performed balancing.

Untuk mengukur parameter getaran dalam bahagian RunTrim (Semak kualiti imbangan), klik pada “F7 – RunTrim” button (or press the F7 key on the computer keyboard).

The results of measuring the rotor rotation frequency (RPM), as well as the value of the RMS component (Vо1) and phase (F1) of 1x vibration will be shown.

The “Result”tab ” muncul di sebelah kanan tetingkap kerja dengan jadual hasil pengukuran, yang memaparkan hasil pengiraan parameter pemberat pembetulan tambahan.

These weights can be added to corrective weights that are already installed on the rotor to compensate for residual imbalance.

In addition, the residual rotor unbalance achieved after balancing is displayed in the lower part of this window.

Dalam kes apabila nilai getaran baki dan/atau baki ketidakseimbangan rotor seimbang memenuhi keperluan toleransi yang ditetapkan dalam dokumentasi teknikal, proses pengimbangan boleh diselesaikan.

Otherwise, the balancing process may continue. This allows the method of successive approximations to correct possible errors that may occur during the installation (removal) of the corrective weight on a balanced rotor.

When continuing the balancing process on the balancing rotor, it is necessary to install (remove) additional corrective mass, the parameters of which are indicated in the “Result” window.

In the “Result” window there are two control buttons can be used – “F4-Inf.Coeff“, “F5 – Change correction planes“.

Influence coefficients (2 planes)

The “F4-Inf.Coeff”butang ” (atau kekunci fungsi F4 pada papan kekunci komputer) digunakan untuk melihat dan menyimpan pekali pengimbangan rotor dalam memori komputer, dikira daripada hasil dua kali penentukuran bermula.

Apabila ia ditekan, "“Influence coefficients (two planes)” tetingkap kerja muncul pada paparan komputer, di mana pekali pengimbangan yang dikira berdasarkan keputusan tiga permulaan penentukuran pertama dipaparkan.

Fig. 7.41. Working window with balancing coefficients in 2 planes.

Pada masa hadapan, apabila mengimbangi jenis mesin sedemikian, ia sepatutnya menggunakan "“Saved coeff.”mod ” dan pekali imbangan yang disimpan dalam memori komputer.

To save coefficients, click the “F9 – Save” button and go to the “Influence coefficients archive (2planes)” windows (see Fig. 7.42)

Fig. 7.42. The second page of the working window with balancing coefficients in 2 planes.

Change correction planes

The “F5 – Change correction planes”butang ” digunakan apabila memerlukan menukar kedudukan satah pembetulan, apabila perlu untuk mengira semula jisim dan sudut pemasangan berat pembetulan.

This mode is primarily useful when balancing rotors of complex shape (for example, crankshafts).

Apabila butang ini ditekan, tetingkap berfungsi "“Recalculation of correction weights mass and angle to other correction planes” dipaparkan pada paparan komputer.

In this working window, you should select one of the 4 possible options by clicking corresponding picture.

Satah pembetulan asal (Н1 dan Н2) ditandakan dengan warna hijau, dan baharu (K1 dan K2), yang diceritakan, dengan warna merah.

Kemudian, dalam "“Calculation data”, masukkan data yang diminta, termasuk:

• jarak antara satah pembetulan yang sepadan (a, b, c);
• nilai baru jejari pemasangan pemberat pembetulan pada rotor (R1 ', R2').

After entering the data, you must press the button “F9-calculate“

Keputusan pengiraan (jisim M1, M2 dan sudut pemasangan pemberat pembetulan f1, f2) dipaparkan dalam bahagian yang sepadan pada tetingkap kerja ini.

Rajah 7.43 Tukar satah pembetulan. Pengiraan semula jisim pembetulan dan sudut kepada satah pembetulan lain.

Coeff disimpan. mengimbangi dalam 2 satah

Saved coeff. balancing can be performed on a machine for which balancing coefficients have already been determined and saved in the computer memory.

Input data awal untuk pengimbangan semula bermula dalam "“Imbangan dua satah. Tetapan mengimbangi“.

In this case, in the “Influence coefficients” section, select the “Saved coeff.”"Item. Dalam kes ini, tetingkap "“Influence coefficients archive (2planes)” akan muncul, di mana arkib pekali pengimbangan yang ditentukan sebelum ini disimpan.

Bergerak melalui jadual arkib ini menggunakan butang kawalan “►” atau “◄”, anda boleh memilih rekod yang dikehendaki dengan pekali pengimbangan mesin yang kami minati. Kemudian, untuk menggunakan data ini dalam pengukuran semasa, tekan “F2 – OK” dan kembali ke tetingkap kerja sebelumnya.

Fig. 7.44. The second page of the working window with balancing coefficients in 2 planes.

Selepas itu, kandungan semua tingkap lain "“Mengimbangi dalam 2 pl. Data sumber” diisi secara automatik.

Saved coeff. Balancing

“Saved coeff.” pengimbangan hanya memerlukan satu permulaan penalaan dan sekurang-kurangnya satu permulaan ujian mesin pengimbang.

Vibration measurement at the tuning start (Run # 0) mesin dilakukan dalam “Balancing in 2 planes” tetingkap kerja dengan jadual pengimbangan hasil dalam Run # 0 section.

To measure vibration parameters in the Run # 0 bahagian, klik “F7 – Run#0” button (or press the F7 key on the computer keyboard).

The results of measuring the rotor speed (RPM), as well as the value of the components of the RMS (VО1, VО2) and phases (F1, F2) of the 1x vibration appear in the corresponding fields of the Run # 0 section.

At the same time, the “Result”tab ” dibuka, yang memaparkan hasil pengiraan parameter pemberat pembetulan yang mesti dipasang pada pemutar untuk mengimbangi ketidakseimbangannya.

Selain itu, dalam hal menggunakan sistem koordinat kutub, paparan menunjukkan nilai jisim dan sudut pemasangan pemberat pembetulan.

In the case of decomposition of corrective weights on the blades, the numbers of the blades of the balancing rotor and the mass of weight that need to be installed on them are displayed.

Further, the balancing process is carried out in accordance with the recommendations set out in section 7.6.1.2. for primary balancing.

Penghapusan kesipian mandrel (Pengimbangan indeks) – Dua Pesawat

If during balancing the rotor is installed in a cylindrical mandrel, then the eccentricity of the mandrel may introduce an additional error. To eliminate this error, the rotor should be deployed in the mandrel 180 degrees and carry out an additional start. This is called index balancing.

To carry out index balancing, a special option is provided in the Balanset-1A program. When checked Mandrel eccentricity elimination an additional RunEcc section appears in the balancing window.

Fig. 7.45. The working window for Index balancing.

After running Run # 2 (Trial mass Plane 2), a window will appear

Fig. 7.46. Attention windows

Selepas memasang rotor dengan pusingan 180°, Run Ecc mesti diselesaikan. Program ini secara automatik akan mengira ketidakseimbangan rotor sebenar tanpa menjejaskan kesipian mandrel.

7.6 Mod carta

Bekerja dalam mod "Carta" bermula dari tetingkap Permulaan (lihat. Rajah 7.1) dengan menekan "“F8 – Carta”. Kemudian membuka tetingkap “Pengukuran getaran pada dua saluran. Carta” (lihat. Rajah 7.19).

Rajah 7.47. Tetingkap operasi "Pengukuran getaran pada dua saluran. Carta".

While working in this mode it is possible to plot four versions of vibration chart.

The first version allows to get a timeline function of the overall vibration (of vibration velocity) on the first and second measuring channels.

The second version allows you to get graphs of vibration (of vibration velocity), which occurs on rotation frequency and its higher harmonical components.

These graphs are obtained as a result of the synchronous filtering of the overall vibration time function.

The third version provides vibration charts with the results of the harmonical analysis.

The fourth version allows to get a vibration chart with the results of the spectrum analysis.

Carta getaran keseluruhan

To plot a overall vibration chart in the operating window “Measurement of vibration on two channels. Charts”"adalah perlu untuk memilih mod pengendalian"“overall vibration” by clicking the appropriate button. Then set the measurement of vibration in the box “Duration, in seconds,” by clicking on the button «▼» and select from the drop-down list the desired duration of the measurement process, which may be equal to 1, 5, 10, 15 or 20 seconds;

Setelah siap tekan (klik) butang “F9-Ukur” butang kemudian proses pengukuran getaran bermula serentak pada dua saluran.

After completion of the measurement process in the operating window appear charts of time function of the overall vibration of the first (red) and the second (green) channels (see. Fig. 7.47).

On these charts time is plotted on X-axis and the amplitude of the vibration velocity (mm/sec) is plotted on Y-axis.

Rajah 7.48. Tetingkap operasi untuk output fungsi masa carta getaran keseluruhan

There are also marks (blue-colored) in these graphs connecting charts of overall vibration with the rotation frequency of the rotor. In addition, each mark indicates beginning (end) of the next revolution of the rotor.

In need of the scale change of the chart on X-axis the slider, pointed by an arrow on fig. 7.20, can be used.

Carta 1x getaran

To plot a 1x vibration chart in the operating window “Measurement of vibration on two channels. Charts”"adalah perlu untuk memilih mod pengendalian"“1x vibration” dengan mengklik butang yang sesuai.

Kemudian muncul tetingkap operasi "1x getaran".

Tekan (klik) "“F9-Ukur” butang kemudian proses pengukuran getaran bermula serentak pada dua saluran.

Rajah 7.49. Tetingkap operasi untuk output carta getaran 1x.

After completion of the measurement process and mathematical calculation of results (synchronous filtering of the time function of the overall vibration) on display in the main window on a period equal to one revolution of the rotor appear charts of the 1x vibration on two channels.

In this case, a chart for the first channel is depicted in red and for the second channel in green. On these charts angle of the rotor revolution is plotted (from mark to mark) on X-axis and the amplitude of the vibration velocity (mm/sec) is plotted on Y-axis.

Di samping itu, di bahagian atas tetingkap kerja (di sebelah kanan butang "“F9 – Ukur“) nilai berangka pengukuran getaran kedua-dua saluran, sama seperti yang kita dapat dalam “Vibration meter” mode, are displayed.

In particular: RMS value of the overall vibration (V1s, V2s), the magnitude of RMS (V1o, V2o) and phase (Fi, Fj) of the 1x vibration and rotor speed (Nrev).

Carta getaran dengan hasil analisis harmonik

Untuk memplot carta dengan hasil analisis harmonik dalam tetingkap operasi "“Measurement of vibration on two channels. Charts”"adalah perlu untuk memilih mod pengendalian"“Harmonical analysis” dengan mengklik butang yang sesuai.

Kemudian muncul tetingkap operasi untuk keluaran serentak carta fungsi sementara dan spektrum aspek harmonik getaran yang tempohnya sama atau berganda dengan kekerapan putaran pemutar.

Rajah 7.50. Mengendalikan harmonik tingkap 1x getaran.

Setelah siap tekan (klik) butang “F9-Ukur” butang kemudian proses pengukuran getaran bermula serentak pada dua saluran.

Selepas selesai proses pengukuran dalam tetingkap operasi muncul carta fungsi masa (carta lebih tinggi) dan harmonik getaran 1x (carta bawah).

The number of harmonic components is plotted on X-axis and RMS of the vibration velocity (mm/sec) is plotted on Y-axis.

Carta domain masa getaran dan spektrum

Untuk memplot carta spektrum gunakan “F5-Spektrum”tab ”:

Kemudian muncul tetingkap operasi untuk keluaran serentak carta gelombang dan spektrum getaran.

Rajah 7.51. Tetingkap operasi untuk output spektrum getaran.

Setelah siap tekan (klik) butang “F9-Ukur” butang kemudian proses pengukuran getaran bermula serentak pada dua saluran.

Selepas selesai proses pengukuran dalam tetingkap operasi muncul carta fungsi masa (carta lebih tinggi) dan spektrum getaran (carta bawah).

The vibration frequency is plotted on X-axis and RMS of the vibration velocity (mm/sec) is plotted on Y-axis.

In this case, a chart for the first channel is depicted in red and for the second channel in green.

8. Arahan am tentang pengendalian dan penyelenggaraan peranti

8.1 Mengimbangi Kriteria Kualiti (Standard ISO 2372)

Kualiti pengimbangan boleh dinilai menggunakan tahap getaran yang ditetapkan oleh piawaian ISO 2372. Jadual di bawah menunjukkan tahap getaran yang boleh diterima untuk kelas mesin yang berbeza:

Nota: Nilai ini memberikan panduan untuk menilai kualiti pengimbangan. Sentiasa merujuk kepada spesifikasi pengeluar peralatan tertentu dan piawaian yang berkenaan untuk aplikasi anda.

8.2 Keperluan Penyelenggaraan

LAMPIRAN 1. PENGIMBANGAN ROTOR

Rotor ialah badan yang berputar mengelilingi paksi tertentu dan dipegang oleh permukaan galasnya dalam penyokong. Permukaan galas rotor menghantar pemberat ke penyokong melalui galas bergolek atau gelongsor. Semasa menggunakan istilah "permukaan galas", kami hanya merujuk kepada jurnal* atau permukaan yang menggantikan jurnal.

*Jurnal (Zapfen dalam bahasa Jerman untuk “jurnal”, “pin”) – ialah sebahagian daripada aci atau paksi, yang dibawa oleh pemegang (kotak galas).

fig.1 Rotor and centrifugal forces.

In a perfectly balanced rotor, its mass is distributed symmetrically regarding the axis of the rotation. This means that any element of the rotor can correspond to another element located symmetrically in a relation to the axis of the rotation. During rotation, each rotor element acts upon by a centrifugal force directed in the radial direction (perpendicular to the axis of the rotor rotation). In a balanced rotor, the centrifugal force influencing any element of the rotor is balanced by the centrifugal force that influences the symmetrical element. For example, elements 1 and 2 (shown in fig.1 and colored in green) are influenced by centrifugal forces F1 and F2: equal in value and absolutely opposite in directions. This is true for all symmetrical elements of the rotor and thus the total centrifugal force influencing the rotor is equal to 0 the rotor is balanced. But if the symmetry of the rotor is broken (in Figure 1, the asymmetric element is marked in red), then the unbalanced centrifugal force F3 begins to act on the rotor.

Apabila berputar, daya ini mengubah arah bersama-sama dengan putaran rotor. Beban dinamik yang terhasil daripada daya ini dipindahkan ke galas, yang membawa kepada kehausan dipercepatkan. Di samping itu, di bawah pengaruh daya berubah-ubah ini, terdapat ubah bentuk kitaran sokongan dan asas di mana pemutar dipasang, yang menghasilkan getaran. Untuk menghapuskan ketidakseimbangan rotor dan getaran yang disertakan, adalah perlu untuk menetapkan jisim pengimbangan, yang akan memulihkan simetri rotor.

Rotor balancing is an operation to eliminate imbalance by adding balancing masses.

The task of balancing is to find the value and places (angle) of the installation of one or more balancing masses.

Jenis rotor dan ketidakseimbangan

Considering the strength of the rotor material and the magnitude of the centrifugal forces influencing it, the rotors can be divided into two types: rigid and flexible.

Rotor tegar pada keadaan operasi di bawah pengaruh daya emparan mungkin menjadi sedikit cacat tetapi pengaruh ubah bentuk ini dalam pengiraan mungkin diabaikan.

Deformation of flexible rotors on the other hand should never be neglected. The deformation of flexible rotors complicates the solution for the balancing problem and requires the use of some other mathematical models in comparison with the task of balancing rigid rotors. It is important to mention that the same rotor at low speeds of rotation can behave like rigid one and at high speeds it will behave like flexible one. Further on we will consider the balancing of rigid rotors only.

Bergantung pada pengagihan jisim yang tidak seimbang sepanjang panjang rotor, dua jenis ketidakseimbangan boleh dibezakan - statik dan dinamik. Perkara yang sama berlaku untuk pengimbangan rotor statik dan dinamik.

The static imbalance of the rotor occurs without the rotation of the rotor. In other words, it is quiescent when the rotor is under the influence of gravity and in addition it turns the “heavy point” down. An example of a rotor with the static imbalance is presented in Fig.2

Fig.2

The dynamic imbalance occurs only when the rotor spins.

An example of a rotor with the dynamic imbalance is presented in Fig.3.

Fig.3. Dynamic imbalance of rotor – couple of the centrifugal forces

Dalam kes ini, jisim sama yang tidak seimbang M1 dan M2 terletak di permukaan yang berbeza - di tempat yang berbeza di sepanjang pemutar. Dalam kedudukan statik, iaitu apabila pemutar tidak berputar, pemutar mungkin hanya dipengaruhi oleh graviti dan oleh itu jisim akan mengimbangi antara satu sama lain. Dalam dinamik apabila pemutar berputar, jisim M1 dan M2 mula dipengaruhi oleh daya emparan FЎ1 dan FЎ2. Daya-daya ini adalah sama nilainya dan berlawanan arah. Walau bagaimanapun, kerana ia terletak di tempat yang berbeza di sepanjang aci dan tidak berada pada garisan yang sama, daya tidak saling mengimbangi. Daya FЎ1 dan FЎ2 mencipta momen yang bertindak pada pemutar. Itulah sebabnya ketidakseimbangan ini mempunyai nama lain "sesaat". Sehubungan itu, daya empar tanpa pampasan bertindak pada penyokong galas, yang boleh melebihi daya yang kami harapkan dengan ketara dan juga mengurangkan hayat perkhidmatan untuk galas.

Since this type of imbalance occurs only in dynamics during the rotor spinning, thus it is called dynamic. It can not be eliminated in the static balancing (or so called “on the knives”) or in any other similar ways. To eliminate the dynamic imbalance, it is necessary to set two compensating weights that will create a moment equal in value and opposite in direction to the moment arising from the masses of M1 and M2. Compensating masses do not necessarily have to be installed opposite to the masses M1 and M2 and be equal to them in value. The most important thing is that they create a moment that fully compensates right at the moment of imbalance.

Secara amnya, jisim M1 dan M2 mungkin tidak sama antara satu sama lain, jadi akan wujud gabungan ketidakseimbangan statik dan dinamik. Secara teorinya dibuktikan bahawa untuk pemutar tegar untuk menghapuskan ketidakseimbangannya adalah perlu dan mencukupi untuk memasang dua pemberat dijarakkan sepanjang pemutar. Berat ini akan mengimbangi kedua-dua momen yang terhasil daripada ketidakseimbangan dinamik dan daya emparan yang terhasil daripada asimetri jisim berbanding paksi pemutar (ketidakseimbangan statik). Seperti biasa ketidakseimbangan dinamik adalah tipikal untuk rotor panjang, seperti aci, dan statik - untuk sempit. Walau bagaimanapun, jika pemutar sempit dipasang condong merujuk kepada paksi, atau lebih teruk lagi, cacat (yang dipanggil "roda goyah"), dalam kes ini, sukar untuk menghapuskan ketidakseimbangan dinamik (lihat Rajah 4), disebabkan oleh fakta bahawa sukar untuk menetapkan pembetulan berat, yang mencipta momen pampasan yang betul.

Fig.4 Dynamic balancing of the wobbling wheel

Since the narrow rotor shoulder creates a short moment, it may require correcting weights of a large mass. But at the same time there is an additional so-called “induced imbalance” associated with the deformation of the narrow rotor under the influence of centrifugal forces from the correcting masses.

See the example:

” Methodical instructions on rigid rotors balancing” ISO 1940-1:2003 Mechanical vibration – Balance quality requirements for rotors in a constant (rigid) state – Part 1: Specification and verification of balance tolerances

This is visible for narrow fan wheels, which, in addition to the power imbalance, also influences an aerodynamic imbalance. And it is important to bear in mind that the aerodynamic imbalance, in fact the aerodynamic force, is directly proportional to the angular velocity of the rotor, and to compensate it, the centrifugal force of the correcting mass is used, which is proportional to the square of the angular velocity. Therefore, the balancing effect may only occur at a specific balancing frequency. At other speeds there would be an additional gap. The same can be said about electromagnetic forces in an electromagnetic motor, which are also proportional to the angular velocity. In other words it is impossible to eliminate all causes of vibration of the mechanism by any means of balancing.

Asas Getaran

Getaran ialah tindak balas reka bentuk mekanisme terhadap kesan daya pengujaan kitaran. Daya ini boleh mempunyai sifat yang berbeza.

• Daya emparan yang timbul akibat ketidakseimbangan rotor adalah daya tidak berkompensasi yang mempengaruhi "titik berat". Terutamanya daya ini dan juga getaran yang disebabkan olehnya dihapuskan oleh pengimbangan rotor.
• Daya berinteraksi, yang mempunyai sifat "geometrik" dan timbul daripada kesilapan dalam pembuatan dan pemasangan bahagian mengawan. Daya ini boleh berlaku, contohnya, disebabkan oleh ketidakbulatan jurnal aci, ralat pada profil gigi dalam gear, kegelisahan laluan lumba galas, salah jajaran aci mengawan, dsb. Sekiranya leher tidak bulat, paksi aci akan beralih bergantung pada sudut putaran aci. Walaupun getaran ini ditunjukkan pada kelajuan pemutar, hampir mustahil untuk menghapuskannya dengan pengimbangan.
• Aerodynamic forces arising from the rotation of the impeller fans and other blade mechanisms. Hydrodynamic forces arising from the rotation of hydraulic pump impellers, turbines, etc.
• Daya elektromagnet yang timbul daripada operasi mesin elektrik sebagai hasilnya, sebagai contoh, disebabkan oleh asimetri belitan rotor, kehadiran litar pintas, dsb.

The magnitude of vibration (for example, its amplitude AB) depends not only on the magnitude of the excitation force Fт acting on the mechanism with the circular frequency ω, but also on the stiffness k of the structure of the mechanism, its mass m, and damping coefficient C.

Various types of sensors can be used to measure vibration and balance mechanisms, including:

• absolute vibration sensors designed to measure vibration acceleration (accelerometers) and vibration velocity sensors;
• penderia getaran relatif arus pusar atau kapasitif, direka untuk mengukur getaran.

In some cases (when the structure of the mechanism allows it) sensors of force can also be used to examine its vibration weight.

Particularly, they are widely used to measure the vibration weight of the supports of hardbearing balancing machines.

Therefore vibration is the reaction of the mechanism to the influence of external forces. The amount of vibration depends not only on the magnitude of the force acting on the mechanism, but also on the rigidity of the mechanism. Two forces with the same magnitude can lead to different vibrations. In mechanisms with a rigid support structure, even with the small vibration, the bearing units can be significantly influenced by dynamic weights. Therefore, when balancing mechanisms with stiff legs apply the force sensors, and vibration (vibro accelerometers). Vibration sensors are only used on mechanisms with relatively pliable supports, right when the action of unbalanced centrifugal forces leads to a noticeable deformation of the supports and vibration. Force sensors are used in rigid supports even when significant forces arising from imbalance do not lead to significant vibration.

Resonans struktur

We have previously mentioned that rotors are divided into rigid and flexible. The rigidity or flexibility of the rotor should not be confused with the stiffness or mobility of the supports (foundation) on which the rotor is located. The rotor is considered rigid when its deformation (bending) under the action of centrifugal forces can be neglected. The deformation of the flexible rotor is relatively large: it cannot be neglected.

Dalam artikel ini kita hanya mengkaji pengimbangan rotor tegar. Rotor tegar (tidak boleh ubah bentuk) pada gilirannya boleh diletakkan pada penyokong tegar atau boleh alih (boleh ditempa). Adalah jelas bahawa kekakuan/mobiliti penyokong ini adalah relatif bergantung pada kelajuan putaran pemutar dan magnitud daya emparan yang terhasil. Sempadan konvensional ialah kekerapan ayunan bebas penyokong/asas rotor. Untuk sistem mekanikal, bentuk dan kekerapan ayunan bebas ditentukan oleh jisim dan keanjalan unsur-unsur sistem mekanikal. Iaitu, kekerapan ayunan semula jadi adalah ciri dalaman sistem mekanikal dan tidak bergantung kepada daya luaran. Dipesongkan daripada keadaan keseimbangan, sokongan cenderung untuk kembali ke kedudukan keseimbangannya disebabkan oleh keanjalan. Tetapi disebabkan oleh inersia pemutar besar-besaran, proses ini adalah dalam sifat ayunan lembap. Ayunan ini adalah ayunan sendiri bagi sistem sokongan pemutar. Kekerapannya bergantung pada nisbah jisim rotor dan keanjalan penyokong.

When the rotor begins to rotate and the frequency of its rotation approaches the frequency of its own oscillations, the vibration amplitude increases sharply, which can even lead to the destruction of the structure.

There is a phenomenon of mechanical resonance. In the resonance region, a change in the speed of rotation by 100 rpm can lead to an increase in a vibration tenfold. In this case (in the resonance region) the vibration phase changes by 180°.

Jika reka bentuk mekanisme direka dengan buruk, dan kelajuan operasi pemutar adalah hampir dengan frekuensi semula jadi ayunan, operasi mekanisme menjadi mustahil disebabkan oleh getaran tinggi yang tidak boleh diterima. Kaedah pengimbangan standard juga mustahil, kerana parameter berubah secara mendadak walaupun dengan sedikit perubahan dalam kelajuan putaran. Kaedah khas dalam bidang pengimbangan resonans digunakan tetapi ia tidak diterangkan dengan baik dalam artikel ini. Anda boleh menentukan kekerapan ayunan semula jadi mekanisme pada kehabisan (apabila pemutar dimatikan) atau dengan hentaman dengan analisis spektrum seterusnya bagi tindak balas sistem kepada kejutan. "Balanset-1" menyediakan keupayaan untuk menentukan frekuensi semula jadi struktur mekanikal dengan kaedah ini.

For mechanisms whose operating speed is higher than the resonance frequency, that is, operating in the resonant mode, supports are considered as mobile ones and vibration sensors are used to measure, mainly vibration accelerometers that measure the acceleration of structural elements. For mechanisms operating in hard bearing mode, supports are considered as rigid. In this case, force sensors are used.

Model linear dan bukan linear sistem mekanikal

Mathematical models (linear) are used for calculations when balancing rigid rotors. The linearity of the model means that one model is directly proportionally (linearly) dependent on the other. For example, if the uncompensated mass on the rotor is doubled, then the vibration value will be doubled correspondingly. For rigid rotors you can use a linear model because such rotors are not deformed. It is no longer possible to use a linear model for flexible rotors. For a flexible rotor, with an increase of the mass of a heavy point during rotation, an additional deformation will occur, and in addition to the mass, the radius of the heavy point will also increase. Therefore, for a flexible rotor, the vibration will more than double, and the usual calculation methods will not work. Also, a violation of the linearity of the model can lead to a change in the elasticity of the supports at their large deformations, for example, when small deformations of the supports work some structural elements, and when large in the work include other structural elements. Therefore it is impossible to balance the mechanisms that are not fixed at the base, and, for example, are simply established on a floor. With significant vibrations, the unbalance force can detach the mechanism from the floor, thereby significantly changing the stiffness characteristics of the system. The engine legs must be securely fastened, bolted fasteners tightened, the thickness of the washers must provide sufficient rigidity, etc. With broken bearings, a significant displacement of the shaft and its impacts is possible, which will also lead to a violation of linearity and the impossibility of carrying out high-quality balancing.

Methods and devices for balancing

As mentioned above, balancing is the process of combining the main Central axis of inertia with the axis of rotation of the rotor.

The specified process can be executed in two ways.

The first method involves the processing of the rotor axles, which is performed in such a way that the axis passing through the centers of the section of the axles with the main Central axis of inertia of the rotor. This technique is rarely used in practice and will not be discussed in detail in this article.

The second (most common) method involves moving, installing or removing corrective masses on the rotor, which are placed in such a way that the axis of inertia of the rotor is as close as possible to the axis of its rotation.

Moving, adding or removing corrective masses during balancing can be done using a variety of technological operations, including: drilling, milling, surfacing, welding, screwing or unscrewing screws, burning with a laser beam or electron beam, electrolysis, electromagnetic welding, etc.

The balancing process can be performed in two ways:

• rotor seimbang Perhimpunan (dalam galasnya sendiri);
• pengimbangan rotor pada mesin pengimbang.

To balance the rotors in their own bearings we usually use specialized balancing devices (kits), which allows us to measure the vibration of the balanced rotor at the speed of its rotation in a vector form, i.e. to measure both the amplitude and phase of vibration.

Currently, these devices are manufactured on the basis of microprocessor technology and (in addition to the measurement and analysis of vibration) provide automated calculation of the parameters of corrective weights that must be installed on the rotor to compensate its imbalance.

These devices include:

• unit pengukur dan pengkomputeran, dibuat berdasarkan komputer atau pengawal industri;
• dua (atau lebih) penderia getaran;
• sensor sudut fasa;
• peralatan untuk pemasangan sensor di kemudahan;
• perisian khusus yang direka untuk melaksanakan kitaran penuh pengukuran parameter ketidakseimbangan rotor dalam satu, dua atau lebih satah pembetulan.

For balancing rotors on balancing machines in addition to a specialized balancing device (measuring system of the machine) it is required to have an “unwinding mechanism” designed to install the rotor on the supports and ensure its rotation at a fixed speed.

Currently, the most common balancing machines exist in two types:

• terlalu resonan (dengan sokongan lembut);
• galas keras (dengan sokongan tegar).

Over-resonant machines have a relatively pliable supports, made, for example, on the basis of the flat springs.

The natural oscillation frequency of these supports is usually 2-3 times lower than the speed of the balanced rotor, which is mounted on them.

Vibration sensors (accelerometers, vibration velocity sensors, etc.) are usually used to measure the vibration of the supports of a resonant machine.

In the hardbearing balancing machines are used relatively-rigid supports, natural oscillation frequencies of which should be 2-3 times higher than the speed of the balanced rotor.

Force sensors are usually used to measure the vibration weight on the supports of the machine.

The advantage of the hard bearing balancing machines is that they can be balanced at relatively low rotor speeds (up to 400-500 rpm), which greatly simplifies the design of the machine and its foundation, as well as increases the productivity and safety of balancing.

Balancing technique

Balancing is the subject to technically serviceable mechanisms, the design of which ensures the absence of resonances at the operating speed, securely fixed on the foundation, installed in serviceable bearings.

The main task of balancing is to find the mass and the place (angle) of installation of compensating weights, which are balanced by centrifugal forces.

As mentioned above, for rigid rotors it is generally necessary and sufficient to install two compensating weights. This will eliminate both the static and dynamic rotor imbalance. A general scheme of the vibration measurement during balancing looks like the following:

fig.5 Dynamic balancing – correction planes and measure points

Vibration sensors are installed on the bearing supports at points 1 and 2. The speed mark is fixed right on the rotor, a reflective tape is glued usually. The speed mark is used by the laser tachometer to determine the speed of the rotor and the phase of the vibration signal.

ara. 6. Pemasangan penderia semasa mengimbangi dalam dua satah, menggunakan Balanset-1
1,2-vibration sensors, 3-phase, 4- USB measuring unit, 5-laptop

In most cases, dynamic balancing is carried out by the method of three starts. This method is based on the fact that test weights of an already-known mass are installed on the rotor in series in 1 and 2 planes; so the masses and the place of installation of balancing weights are calculated based on the results of changing the vibration parameters.

Tempat pemasangan berat dipanggil satah pembetulan. Biasanya, satah pembetulan dipilih di kawasan sokongan galas di mana rotor dipasang.

Getaran awal diukur pada permulaan pertama. Kemudian, berat percubaan bagi jisim yang diketahui dipasang pada pemutar lebih dekat dengan salah satu penyokong. Kemudian permulaan kedua dilakukan, dan kami mengukur parameter getaran, yang sepatutnya berubah kerana pemasangan berat percubaan. Kemudian berat percubaan pada satah pertama dikeluarkan dan dipasang pada satah kedua. Permulaan ketiga dilakukan dan parameter getaran diukur. Apabila berat percubaan dikeluarkan, program secara automatik mengira jisim dan tempat (sudut) pemasangan berat pengimbang.

The point in setting up test weights is to determine how the system responds to the imbalance change. When we know the masses and the location of the sample weights, the program can calculate the so-called influence coefficients, showing how the introduction of a known imbalance affects the vibration parameters. The coefficients of influence are the characteristics of the mechanical system itself and depend on the stiffness of the supports and the mass (inertia) of the rotor-support system.

For the same type of mechanisms of the same design, the coefficients of influence will be similar. You can save them in your computer memory and use them afterwards for balancing the same type of mechanisms without carrying out test runs, which greatly improves the performance of the balancing. We should also note that the mass of test weights should be chosen as such so that the vibration parameters vary markedly when installing test weights. Otherwise, the error in calculating the coefficients of the affect increases and the quality of balancing deteriorates.

Panduan kepada peranti Balanset-1 menyediakan formula yang anda boleh menentukan kira-kira jisim berat percubaan, bergantung pada jisim dan kelajuan putaran pemutar seimbang. Seperti yang anda boleh fahami daripada Rajah 1, daya emparan bertindak dalam arah jejari, iaitu berserenjang dengan paksi pemutar. Oleh itu, penderia getaran perlu dipasang supaya paksi kepekaannya juga diarahkan ke arah jejarian. Biasanya ketegaran asas dalam arah mendatar adalah kurang, jadi getaran dalam arah mendatar adalah lebih tinggi. Oleh itu, untuk meningkatkan sensitiviti penderia perlu dipasang supaya paksi kepekaan mereka juga boleh diarahkan secara mendatar. Walaupun tidak ada perbezaan asas. Sebagai tambahan kepada getaran dalam arah jejarian, adalah perlu untuk mengawal getaran dalam arah paksi, di sepanjang paksi putaran pemutar. Getaran ini biasanya disebabkan bukan oleh ketidakseimbangan, tetapi oleh sebab-sebab lain, terutamanya disebabkan oleh salah jajaran dan salah jajaran aci yang disambungkan melalui gandingan. Getaran ini tidak dihapuskan dengan mengimbangi, dalam kes ini penjajaran diperlukan. Dalam amalan, biasanya dalam mekanisme sedemikian terdapat ketidakseimbangan pemutar dan salah jajaran aci, yang sangat merumitkan tugas untuk menghapuskan getaran. Dalam kes sedemikian, anda mesti menyelaraskan dahulu dan kemudian mengimbangi mekanisme. (Walaupun dengan ketidakseimbangan tork yang kuat, getaran juga berlaku dalam arah paksi disebabkan oleh" berpusing " struktur asas).

Ketepatan Pengukuran dan Analisis Ralat

Memahami ketepatan pengukuran adalah penting untuk operasi pengimbangan profesional. Balanset-1A menyediakan ketepatan pengukuran berikut:

Kriteria untuk menilai kualiti mekanisme pengimbangan

Quality of rotor (mechanisms) balancing can be estimated in two ways. The first method involves comparing the value of the residual imbalance determined during the balancing with the tolerance for the residual imbalance. The specified tolerances for various classes of rotors installed in the standard ISO 1940-1-2007. «Vibration. Requirements for the balancing quality of rigid rotors. Part 1. Determination of permissible imbalance”.

Walau bagaimanapun, pelaksanaan toleransi ini tidak dapat menjamin sepenuhnya kebolehpercayaan operasi mekanisme yang dikaitkan dengan pencapaian tahap minimum getaran. Ini disebabkan oleh fakta bahawa getaran mekanisme ditentukan bukan sahaja oleh jumlah daya yang berkaitan dengan ketidakseimbangan sisa rotornya, tetapi juga bergantung pada beberapa parameter lain, termasuk: ketegaran K elemen struktur mekanisme, jisimnya M, pekali redaman, dan kelajuan. Oleh itu, untuk menilai kualiti dinamik mekanisme (termasuk kualiti keseimbangannya) dalam beberapa kes, adalah disyorkan untuk menilai tahap getaran baki mekanisme, yang dikawal oleh beberapa piawaian.

The most common standard regulating permissible vibration levels of mechanisms is ISO 10816-3:2009 Preview Mechanical vibration – Evaluation of machine vibration by measurements on non-rotating parts — Part 3: Industrial machines with nominal power above 15 kW and nominal speeds between 120 r/min and 15 000 r/min when measured in situ.»

With its help, you can set the tolerance on all types of machines, taking into account the power of their electric drive.

In addition to this universal standard, there are a number of specialized standards developed for specific types of mechanisms. For example,

• ISO 14694:2003 "Peminat industri - Spesifikasi untuk kualiti keseimbangan dan tahap getaran"“
• ISO 7919-1-2002 “Vibration of machines without reciprocating motion. Measurements on rotating shafts and evaluation criteria. General guidance.»