Ano ang ISO 1940-2?

Quick Answer

ISO 1940-2:1997 (Mechanical vibration — Balance quality requirements of rigid rotors — Part 2: Balance errors) was the international standard for identifying, assessing and taking into account the errors that arise when balancing rigid rotors — from mandrel and drive-shaft unbalance to component runout and instrumentation scatter. It has been withdrawn and replaced by ISO 21940-14:2012 (Mechanical vibration — Rotor balancing — Part 14: Procedures for assessing balance errors), which extends the same procedures to rotors with flexible behaviour. Note: it is often confused with the balancing vocabulary — that is a different standard, ISO 21940-2 (formerly ISO 1925), whose terminology this page summarises below.

When an engineer in Germany specifies "dynamic unbalance correction to G 6.3 in two planes," a technician in Japan must understand exactly what is required — the same rotor condition, the same balancing procedure, and the same acceptance criterion. The ISO balancing vocabulary — ISO 21940-2 (formerly ISO 1925) — makes this possible by providing a single, internationally agreed vocabulary for the entire field.

ISO 1940-2 itself, by contrast, was neither a dictionary nor a tolerance specification — it dealt with balance errors. It classified the error sources of the balancing process as systematic (magnitude and angle can be evaluated — e.g. mandrel or drive-shaft unbalance, radial and axial runout, keys and keyways, residual magnetism, reassembly and instrumentation errors), randomly variable (loose parts, entrapped liquids, thermal distortion, windage) and scalar (only the maximum magnitude can be estimated, the angle is indeterminate — e.g. fitting clearances and manufacturing tolerances), and gave procedures for assessing them and taking them into account so that the residual unbalance genuinely stays within the permissible value Uper from ISO 1940-1 (now ISO 21940-11). Its successor, ISO 21940-14, keeps exactly this role within the ISO 21940 series.

Detalyadong Pagsusuri ng Termino

Ang Rigid / Flexible Distinction

Ito ang pinakamahalagang klasipikasyon sa balancing. Ang pagkakaiba ay tumutukoy ng lahat: kung aling standard ang nalalapat, anong kagamitan ang kailangan, kung gaano karaming planes ang kinakailangan, at sa anong bilis ang pagbalanse ay dapat gawin.

Rigid Rotor (ISO 21940-2 definition)

Ang rotor na ang unbalance ay maaaring itama sa anumang dalawang arbitrary planes at, pagkatapos ng correction, ang residual unbalance ay hindi nagbabago nang malaki sa anumang bilis hanggang sa maximum service speed. Praktikal na pagsubok: kung ang unang bending critical speed ay malayo sa itaas ng maximum na bilis ng serbisyo (karaniwang > 1.5× o higit pa), ang rotor ay matibay.

Flexible Rotor (ISO 21940-2 definition)

Isang rotor na umuubog nang elastic sa bilis ng serbisyo nito na ang estado ng imbalance ay nagbabago. Dapat balansehin sa o malapit sa bilis ng serbisyo sa higit sa dalawang eroplano. Applies to: malalaking turbogenerators, multi-stage na mataas na bilis na compressors, mahabang papel machine rolls sa mataas na bilis. Saklaw ng ISO 21940-12.

Karamihan ng mga industrial rotor — mga electric motor, fan, pump, flywheel, shaft — ay matibay na rotor. Ang ISO 1940-1 G-grade system ay direktang gumagana sa matibay na rotor.

Ang Tatlong Uri ng Imbalance

The vocabulary (ISO 21940-2) defines three fundamental types based on the geometric relationship between the principal inertia axis and the rotation axis. Understanding these is essential for selecting the correct balancing procedure:

Unbalance Vector
U = m × r   (magnitude)     U∠θ   (polar form)
m = unbalanced mass (g) | r = distansya mula sa axis (mm) | θ = angular position (°)
  • Static na imbalance produces a force — parehong bearing ay umuusap sa phase sa 1× RPM. Ang rotor ay maaaring matukoy bilang imbalance nang walang pag-ikot (ang gravity ay nagpapakita nito sa knife-edges). Isang correction plane ay sapat. Karaniwang para sa narrow disc-like rotor (L/D < 0.5): narrow pulley, fan impeller, thin flywheel.
  • Imbalanseng koponan produces a moment — mga bearing ay umuusap 180° out of phase sa 1× RPM. Ang net force ay zero (ang center ng mass ay nasa axis), ngunit dalawang magkatulad at magkasalungat na mabigat na lugar sa iba't ibang axial position ay lumilikha ng rocking couple. Mapapansin lamang habang umiikot. Nangangailangan ng dalawang correction plane.
  • Dynamic na imbalance = static + couple pinagsama. Ang pangkalahatang kaso para sa lahat ng tunay na rotor na hindi perpektong simetriko. Parehong force at moment ay nag-abot. Ang mga bearing ay umuusap sa 1× na walang in-phase o eksakto 180° out-of-phase relationship. Nangangailangan ng two-plane balancing.

Specific Unbalance at ang G-Grade Connection

Specific unbalance (e = U/M) ay ang key metric na nagbibigay-daan sa universal balance quality comparison. Isang 5 kg rotor na may 50 g·mm unbalance ay may e = 10 µm. Isang 500 kg rotor na may 5 000 g·mm unbalance ay may e = 10 µm din — magkaparehong balance quality sa kabila ng 100× mass difference.

The G-grade ay umabot sa dito sa pamamagitan ng pagsasama ng bilis: G = e × ω, na nagbibigay ng iisang numero (mm/s) na nagpapakilala ng balance quality nang independent sa parehong mass at speed. Ito ang pundasyon ng ISO 1940-1 tolerance system.

Balancing Planes versus Tolerance Planes

The vocabulary draws a critical distinction that is often missed in practice:

  • Tolerance planes = ang bearing plane kung saan ang vibration at dynamic load ay pinakamahalaga. Permissible unbalance Uper ay tinatakda dito.
  • Correction planes = pisikal na accessible na lokasyon kung saan maaaring ilagay ang mga timbang (fan hub, motor end-ring, shaft shoulder). Madalas sa ibang axial position kaysa sa mga bearing.

Pag-convert ng Uper mula tolerance plane hanggang correction plane ay nangangailangan ng kaalaman ng rotor geometry. Para sa asymmetric o overhung rotor, ang conversion na ito ay maaaring malaking pagbabago sa bawat-plane tolerance. Ang Balanset-1A ay awtomatikong nag-ha-handle ng conversion na ito kapag ang rotor dimension ay na-enter.

Mga Uri ng Balancing Machine

Ang dalawang pangunahing uri ng makina ay sumasalamin sa magkaibang pisikal na measurement principle:

  • Soft-bearing: Suspension natural frequency malayo sa ibaba ng operating speed → sinusukat ng machine displacement. Nangangailangan ng calibration para sa bawat bagong rotor. Makasaysayang mahalaga; bumababa sa paggamit.
  • Hard-bearing: Suspension natural frequency malayo sa itaas ng operating speed → sinusukat ng machine force. Permanenteng naka-calibrate — tumatanggap ng iba't ibang rotor nang walang indibidwal na calibration. Ang nangunguna sa modernong uri.

Ang field balancing instrument tulad ng Balanset-1A gumagamit ng ibang prinsipyo: hindi sila isang "makina" sa kahulugan ng ISO kundi gumagamit ng sariling mga bearing at suporta ng rotor bilang measurement system, gumagamit ng trial-weight (influence coefficient) na paraan upang matukoy ang correction nang hindi nangangailangan ng dedicated balancing machine.

Cross-Reference: Saan Ginagamit ang Bawat Term

Standards That Reference the ISO Balancing Vocabulary (ISO 21940-2)

ISO 1940-1 / ISO 21940-11: Gumagamit ng lahat ng tolerance at quality terms — G-grade, Uper, balance tolerance, residual unbalance. Ang pangunahing consumer ng vocabulary na ito.

ISO 14694: Uses rotor terms (rigid), unbalance terms, and extends with fan-specific BV application categories, balance grades and vibration-limit tables.

ISO 10816 / ISO 20816: Gumagamit ng mga measurement terms — vibration velocity, RMS, bearing housing measurement points.

ISO 21940-12: Nag-extend ng flexible rotor definition na may multi-speed, multi-plane procedures.

API 610 / API 617: Ang petroleum standards ay sumusuporta sa ISO 1940 G-grades at unbalance terminology para sa pump at compressor specifications.

ISO 1940-2 → ISO 21940-14: Transition

ISO 21940-14:2012 has formally cancelled and replaced ISO 1940-2:1997, of which it constitutes a technical revision — the main change being the extension of its applicability to rotors with flexible behaviour. The balancing vocabulary followed a separate path: ISO 1925 was revised as ISO 21940-2. The ISO 21940 numbering reflects integration into the comprehensive ISO 21940 series covering all aspects of rotor balancing. The old designations still appear widely in industry literature.


Opisyal na pamantayan: ISO 21940-14:2012 (replaces ISO 1940-2) on ISO Store →

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