ISO 1940-2 ni nini?

Quick Answer

ISO 1940-2:1997 (Mechanical vibration — Balance quality requirements of rigid rotors — Part 2: Balance errors) was the international standard for identifying, assessing and taking into account the errors that arise when balancing rigid rotors — from mandrel and drive-shaft unbalance to component runout and instrumentation scatter. It has been withdrawn and replaced by ISO 21940-14:2012 (Mechanical vibration — Rotor balancing — Part 14: Procedures for assessing balance errors), which extends the same procedures to rotors with flexible behaviour. Note: it is often confused with the balancing vocabulary — that is a different standard, ISO 21940-2 (formerly ISO 1925), whose terminology this page summarises below.

When an engineer in Germany specifies "dynamic unbalance correction to G 6.3 in two planes," a technician in Japan must understand exactly what is required — the same rotor condition, the same balancing procedure, and the same acceptance criterion. The ISO balancing vocabulary — ISO 21940-2 (formerly ISO 1925) — makes this possible by providing a single, internationally agreed vocabulary for the entire field.

ISO 1940-2 itself, by contrast, was neither a dictionary nor a tolerance specification — it dealt with balance errors. It classified the error sources of the balancing process as systematic (magnitude and angle can be evaluated — e.g. mandrel or drive-shaft unbalance, radial and axial runout, keys and keyways, residual magnetism, reassembly and instrumentation errors), randomly variable (loose parts, entrapped liquids, thermal distortion, windage) and scalar (only the maximum magnitude can be estimated, the angle is indeterminate — e.g. fitting clearances and manufacturing tolerances), and gave procedures for assessing them and taking them into account so that the residual unbalance genuinely stays within the permissible value Uper from ISO 1940-1 (now ISO 21940-11). Its successor, ISO 21940-14, keeps exactly this role within the ISO 21940 series.

Uchambuzi wa Kina wa Istilahi

Tofauti kati ya Rotor Ngumu na Rotor Laini

Hii ndiyo uainishaji muhimu zaidi katika usawazishaji. Tofauti hii inaamua kila kitu: kiwango gani kinatumika, vifaa gani vinavyohitajika, nyuso ngapi za urekebishaji zinahitajika, na kasi gani usawazishaji lazima ufanyike.

Rigid Rotor (ISO 21940-2 definition)

Rotor ambayo kukosawazika kwake kunaweza kurekebishwa katika nyuso mbili zozote za usahihi, na baada ya urekebishaji, kukosawazika kubaki hakubadiliki kwa kiasi kikubwa kwa kasi yoyote hadi kasi ya juu ya uendeshaji. Jaribio la vitendo: ikiwa mzunguko wa kwanza wa kupinda critical speed uko juu zaidi ya kasi ya juu ya uendeshaji (kawaida > 1.5× au zaidi), rotor ni ngumu.

Flexible Rotor (ISO 21940-2 definition)

Rotor inayopinda kwa mwelekeo wa elastic kwa kasi ya uendeshaji wake hadi hali yake ya kukosawazika inabadilika. Lazima isawazishwe kwa kasi ya uendeshaji au karibu nayo katika nyuso zaidi ya mbili za urekebishaji. Applies to: jenereta kubwa za turbine, compressors za hatua nyingi za kasi ya juu, rollers ndefu za mashine za karatasi kwa kasi ya juu. Zinashughulikiwa na ISO 21940-12.

Idadi kubwa ya rotors za kiviwanda — motors za umeme, mashabiki, pampu, flywheel, mifuko — ni rotors ngumu. Mfumo wa ISO 1940-1 daraja la G (G-grade) unatumika moja kwa moja kwa rotors ngumu.

Aina Tatu za Kukosawazika

The vocabulary (ISO 21940-2) defines three fundamental types based on the geometric relationship between the principal inertia axis and the rotation axis. Understanding these is essential for selecting the correct balancing procedure:

Vektori ya Usawa Mbaya
U = m × r   (magnitude)     U∠θ   (polar form)
m = unbalanced mass (g) | r = distance from axis (mm) | θ = angular position (°)
  • Static unbalance produces a force — vifaa vya kuzungushia vyote viwili vinateta kwa awamu sawa kwa 1× RPM. Rotor inaweza kugunduliwa kuwa haisawaziki bila kuzunguka (mvuto unaonyesha hilo kwenye makingo ya kisu). Uso mmoja wa urekebishaji unatosha. Kawaida kwa rotors nyembamba kama diski (L/D < 0.5): paleni nyembamba, impeller za mashabiki, flywheel nyembamba.
  • Kutokuwa na usawa kwa jozi produces a moment — bearings vibrate 180° out of phase at 1× RPM. The net force is zero (centre of mass is on the axis), but two equal and opposite heavy spots in different axial positions create a rocking couple. Only detectable while spinning. Requires two correction planes.
  • Kutokuwa na usawa cha mienendo = static + couple combined. The general case for all real rotors that are not perfectly symmetric. Both force and moment are present. Bearings vibrate at 1× with neither in-phase nor exactly 180° out-of-phase relationship. Requires two-plane balancing.

Kukosawazika Mahususi na Uhusiano na Daraja la G

Usawa maalum (e = U/M) is the key metric that enables universal balance quality comparison. A 5 kg rotor with 50 g·mm unbalance has e = 10 µm. A 500 kg rotor with 5 000 g·mm unbalance also has e = 10 µm — identical balance quality despite 100× mass difference.

The G-grade extends this by incorporating speed: G = e × ω, giving a single number (mm/s) that characterises balance quality independently of both mass and speed. This is the foundation of the ISO 1940-1 mfumo wa uvumilivu.

Nyuso za Urekebishaji dhidi ya Nyuso za Uvumilivu

The vocabulary draws a critical distinction that is often missed in practice:

  • Nyuso za uvumilivu = nyuso za vifaa vya mzigo ambapo mtetemo na mizigo ya nguvu ni muhimu zaidi. Usawa unaoruhusiwa Uper unabainishwa hapa.
  • Nyuso za kusawazisha = maeneo yanayoweza kufikiwa kimwili ambapo uzito unaweza kuwekwa (kitovu cha feni, pete za mwisho za motor, mabega ya shimoni). Mara nyingi iko katika nafasi tofauti za mhimili kuliko vifaa vya mzigo.

Converting Uper kutoka nyuso za uvumilivu hadi nyuso za urekebishaji kunahitaji ujuzi wa jiometri ya rota. Kwa rota zisizo na ulinganifu au rota zinazoning'inia upande mmoja, ubadilishaji huu unaweza kubadilisha kwa kiasi kikubwa uvumilivu kwa kila uso. Programu ya Balancet-1A inashughulikia ubadilishaji huu kiotomatiki wakati vipimo vya rota vinavyowekwa.

Aina za Mashine za Kusawazisha

Aina mbili za msingi za mashine zinaonyesha kanuni tofauti za kipimo cha kimwili:

  • Soft-bearing: Mzunguko wa asili wa usimamizi ulio chini sana ya kasi ya uendeshaji → mashine inapima displacement. Inahitaji uratibu kwa kila rota mpya. Ina umuhimu wa kihistoria; matumizi yake yanashuka.
  • Hard-bearing: Mzunguko wa asili wa usimamizi ulio juu sana ya kasi ya uendeshaji → mashine inapima force. Imewekwa uratibu wa kudumu — inakubali rota tofauti bila uratibu wa kibinafsi. Aina inayotawala katika zana za kisasa.

Zana za kusawazisha mahali pa kazi kama vile Balancet-1A zinatumia kanuni tofauti: haziko "mashine" kwa maana ya ISO bali zinatumia vifaa vya mzigo na msaada wa rota yenyewe kama mfumo wa kipimo, zikitumia njia ya uzito wa majaribio (mgawo wa ushawishi) kubainisha urekebishaji bila kuhitaji mashine maalum ya kusawazisha.

Marejeo ya Msalaba: Mahali Ambapo Kila Neno Linatumika

Standards That Reference the ISO Balancing Vocabulary (ISO 21940-2)

ISO 1940-1 / ISO 21940-11: Inatumia maneno yote ya uvumilivu na ubora — daraja la G, Uper, uvumilivu wa usawazishaji, usawa wa mabaki. Chanzo kikuu cha msamiati huu.

ISO 14694: Uses rotor terms (rigid), unbalance terms, and extends with fan-specific BV application categories, balance grades and vibration-limit tables.

ISO 10816 / ISO 20816: Inatumia maneno ya kipimo — kasi ya mtetemo, RMS, pointi za kipimo za vifuniko vya beari.

ISO 21940-12: Inapanua ufafanuzi wa rotor inayonyumbika na taratibu za kasi nyingi na nyuso nyingi za urekebishaji.

API 610 / API 617: Viwango vya sekta ya mafuta virejelea madaraja ya G ya ISO 1940 na maneno ya usawa mbaya kwa maelezo ya pampu na compressor.

ISO 1940-2 → ISO 21940-14: Transition

ISO 21940-14:2012 has formally cancelled and replaced ISO 1940-2:1997, of which it constitutes a technical revision — the main change being the extension of its applicability to rotors with flexible behaviour. The balancing vocabulary followed a separate path: ISO 1925 was revised as ISO 21940-2. The ISO 21940 numbering reflects integration into the comprehensive ISO 21940 series covering all aspects of rotor balancing. The old designations still appear widely in industry literature.


Kiwango rasmi: ISO 21940-14:2012 (replaces ISO 1940-2) on ISO Store →

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