傳動軸動平衡校正:完整指南
Devices for Dynamic Balancing of Driveshafts and Measurement System for Balancing Machines Balanset-4A – €6,803
想像您正在駕駛卡車,在加速或換檔時突然感到劇烈振動或聽到巨大的撞擊聲。這不僅僅是煩人的問題——它可能是傳動軸不平衡的跡象。對於工程師和技術人員來說,此類振動和噪音表明效率降低、部件磨損加速,如果不予處理,可能會導致昂貴的停機時間。
在本完整指南中,我們提供傳動軸平衡問題的實用解決方案。您將了解什麼是傳動軸以及為什麼需要動平衡校正,識別導致振動或噪音的常見故障,並遵循清晰的逐步傳動軸動平衡校正過程。透過應用這些最佳實踐,您可以節省維修費用,減少故障排除時間,並確保您的機械或車輛以最小振動可靠運轉。
目錄
1. 驅動軸類型
萬向節驅動(驅動軸)是一種在相交於萬向節中心的軸之間傳遞扭矩的機構,這些軸可以以一定角度相對移動。在車輛中,驅動軸在傳統或四輪驅動配置下,將扭矩從變速箱(或分動箱)傳遞到驅動軸。對於四輪驅動車輛,萬向節通常將變速箱的輸出軸連接到分動箱的輸入軸,並將分動箱的輸出軸連接到驅動軸主傳動的輸入軸。
安裝在車架上的部件(如變速箱和分動箱)會因其支撐結構和車架本身的變形而產生相對移動。同時,驅動軸透過懸掛系統連接到車架,並會因懸掛彈性元件的變形而相對於車架及安裝在其上的部件產生移動。這種移動不僅會改變連接部件的傳動軸角度,還會改變部件之間的距離。
The universal joint drive has a significant disadvantage: the non-uniform rotation of the shafts. If one shaft rotates uniformly, the other does not, and this non-uniformity increases with the angle between the shafts. This limitation prevents the use of a universal joint drive in many applications, such as in the transmission of front-wheel-drive vehicles, where the main issue is transmitting torque to the turning wheels. This disadvantage can be partially compensated by using two universal joints on one shaft, set to equal joint angles (γ1 = γ2) with the yokes at both ends of the intermediate shaft in the same plane (in phase). Yokes phased 90° apart do not cancel the fluctuation — they add to it. However, in applications requiring uniform rotation, constant velocity joints (CV joints) are typically used instead. CV joints are a more advanced but also more complex design serving the same purpose.
萬向節驅動可以由一個或多個通過驅動軸和中間支撐連接的萬向節組成。

圖 1. 萬向節驅動示意圖:1, 4, 6 — 驅動軸;2, 5 — 萬向節;3 — 補償連接;u1, u2 — 軸間夾角
一般而言,萬向接頭傳動系統由萬向接頭 2 和 5、傳動軸 1、4 和 6 以及補償連接 3 組成。有時傳動軸安裝在連接到車輛車架橫樑的中間支撐上。萬向接頭確保在軸線以一定角度相交的軸之間傳遞扭矩。萬向接頭分為非等速和等速類型。非等速接頭進一步分為彈性和剛性類型。等速接頭可分為帶分槽的球型、帶分桿的球型以及凸輪型。它們通常安裝在導向控制輪的傳動系統中,此處軸之間的角度可達 45°,且萬向接頭的中心必須與輪子旋轉軸線及其轉向軸線的交點重合。
Elastic universal joints transmit torque between shafts with intersecting axes at an angle of 2...3° due to the elastic deformation of the connecting elements. A rigid non-uniform velocity joint transmits torque from one shaft to another through the movable connection of rigid parts. It consists of two yokes – 3 and 5, into the cylindrical holes of which the ends A, B, C, and D of the connecting element – the cross 4, are installed on bearings. The yokes are rigidly connected to shafts 1 and 2. Yoke 5 can rotate around axis B–D of the cross and at the same time, along with the cross, rotate around axis A–C, thereby enabling the transmission of rotation from one shaft to another with a changing angle between them.

圖 2. 剛性不等速萬向節示意圖
If shaft 1 rotates around its axis by an angle α, then shaft 2 will rotate by an angle β over the same period. The relationship between the rotation angles of shafts 1 and 2 is determined by the expression tanα = tanβ * cosγ, where γ is the angle at which the axes of the shafts are positioned. This expression indicates that the angle β is sometimes less than, equal to, or greater than angle α. Equality of these angles occurs every 90° of rotation of shaft 1. Therefore, with uniform rotation of shaft 1, the angular velocity of shaft 2 is non-uniform and varies according to a sinusoidal law. The non-uniformity of shaft 2's rotation becomes more significant as the angle γ between the shaft axes increases.
如果軸 2 的不均勻旋轉傳遞到單元軸,傳動系統中將產生額外的脈動負荷,並隨角度 γ 的增大而增加。為了防止軸 2 的不均勻旋轉傳遞到單元軸,萬向節驅動中使用兩個萬向節。它們的安裝方式使得角度 γ1 和 γ2 相等;固定在非均勻旋轉軸 4 上的萬向節叉頭應位於同一平面內。
萬向接頭傳動系統主要部件的設計如圖 3 所示。非等速萬向接頭由兩個透過十字軸 (3) 連接的叉頭 (1) 組成。其中一個叉頭有時帶有法蘭,而另一個則焊接到傳動軸管上或帶有花鍵端 (6)(或套筒)以連接到傳動軸。十字軸的軸頸安裝在兩個叉頭的孔眼中,並裝有滾針軸承 (7)。每個軸承都裝在殼體 (2) 中,並透過蓋子固定在叉頭的孔眼中,蓋子透過兩個螺栓固定在叉頭上,螺栓由墊片上的鎖片鎖定。在某些情況下,軸承透過卡環固定在叉頭中。為了在軸承中保留潤滑脂並防止水和灰塵進入,設有橡膠自緊密封件。十字軸的內部腔體透過潤滑脂嘴填充潤滑脂,潤滑脂嘴連通至軸承。十字軸通常設有安全閥,以保護密封件免受泵入十字軸的潤滑脂壓力損壞。花鍵連接 (6) 使用潤滑脂嘴 (5) 進行潤滑。

圖 3. 剛性不等速萬向節細節
The maximum angle between the axes of shafts connected by rigid non-uniform velocity universal joints usually does not exceed 20°, as efficiency significantly decreases at larger angles. If the angle between the shaft axes varies within 0...2°, the trunnions of the cross are deformed by the needle bearings, causing the universal joint to fail quickly.
在高速度履帶車輛的傳動系統中,經常使用齒輪聯軸器類型的萬向接頭,它們允許在軸線以高達 1.5...2° 角度相交的軸之間傳遞扭矩。
驅動軸通常採用管狀結構,使用特殊鋼材的無縫或焊接管。萬向節的叉頭、花鍵套筒或端頭焊接到管上。為了減少作用在驅動軸上的橫向負荷,在萬向節組裝後進行動平衡校正。不平衡通過在驅動軸上焊接平衡板或有時在萬向節軸承蓋下安裝平衡板來校正。萬向節驅動在工廠組裝和平衡後,花鍵連接部件的相對位置通常用特殊標籤標記。
萬向節驅動的補償連接通常採用花鍵連接形式,允許萬向節驅動部件的軸向移動。它由一個插入萬向節驅動花鍵套筒的花鍵端頭組成。潤滑脂通過潤滑脂嘴注入花鍵連接,或在組裝時塗抹,並在車輛長期使用後更換。通常安裝密封件和蓋板以防止潤滑脂泄漏和污染。
對於長驅動軸,萬向節驅動中通常使用中間支撐。中間支撐通常由一個螺栓固定在車輛車架橫樑上的支架組成,支架中安裝有橡膠彈性環內的球軸承。軸承兩側用蓋板密封並配有潤滑裝置。彈性橡膠環有助於補償組裝誤差和因車架變形可能產生的軸承不對中。
帶滾針軸承的萬向節(圖 4a)由叉頭、十字軸、滾針軸承和密封件組成。帶有滾針軸承的軸承杯安裝在十字軸的銷軸上並用密封件密封。軸承杯用卡環或用螺絲固定的蓋板固定在叉頭中。萬向節通過十字軸內的內鑽孔和潤滑脂嘴進行潤滑。安全閥用於消除萬向節內的過剩油壓。當驅動叉頭均勻旋轉時,從動叉頭旋轉不均勻:它在每轉中兩次超前和滯後於驅動叉頭。為了消除不均勻旋轉並減少慣性負荷,使用兩個萬向節。
在前驅動輪的驅動系統中安裝等速萬向節。GAZ-66 和 ZIL-131 車輛的等速萬向節驅動由叉頭 2、5(圖 4b)、四個鋼球 7 和中心鋼球 8 組成。驅動叉頭 2 與內軸一體成型,而從動叉頭與外軸鍛造成型,輪轂固定在外軸的末端。扭矩從叉頭 2 通過沿叉頭內圓形溝槽移動的鋼球 7 傳遞到叉頭 5。中心鋼球 8 用於叉頭定心,並由螺柱 3、4 固定。由於機構相對於叉頭的對稱性,叉頭 2、5 的旋轉頻率相同。軸長的變化由叉頭與軸的自由花鍵連接確保。

圖 4. 萬向節:a — 萬向節:1 — 蓋板;2 — 軸承杯;3 — 滾針軸承;4 — 密封件;5, 9 — 叉頭;6 — 安全閥;7 — 十字軸;8 — 潤滑脂嘴;10 — 螺絲;b — 等速萬向節:1 — 內軸;2 — 驅動叉頭;3, 4 — 螺柱;5 — 從動叉頭;6 — 外軸;7 — 鋼球;8 — 中心鋼球
2. 萬向節驅動故障
萬向節驅動故障通常表現為車輛行駛時萬向節內的劇烈敲擊聲,特別是在換檔和發動機曲軸轉速突然增加時(例如,從發動機制動過渡到加速時)。萬向節故障的跡象可能是其溫度升高到高溫(超過 100°C)。這是由於萬向節的襯套和銷軸、滾針軸承、十字軸以及花鍵連接嚴重磨損,導致萬向節不對中並對滾針軸承產生顯著的衝擊軸向負荷。萬向節十字軸的軟木密封件損壞會導致銷軸及其軸承迅速磨損。
在維護期間,通過手動向兩個方向劇烈旋轉驅動軸來檢查萬向節驅動。軸的自由旋轉程度決定了萬向節和花鍵連接的磨損情況。每 8-10 千公里,檢查變速箱輸出軸法蘭和主傳動齒輪輸入軸與端部萬向節法蘭的螺栓連接情況,以及驅動軸中間支撐的固定情況。同時檢查花鍵連接上的橡膠防護套和萬向節十字軸的軟木密封件的情況。所有固定螺栓必須完全擰緊(鎖緊扭矩 8-10 kgf·m)。
萬向節的滾針軸承使用傳動單元用的液態油進行潤滑;大多數車輛的花鍵連接使用潤滑脂(US-1、US-2、1-13 等)進行潤滑;嚴禁使用潤滑脂潤滑滾針軸承。在某些車輛中,花鍵連接使用傳動油進行潤滑。安裝在橡膠套筒中的中間支撐軸承實際上不需要潤滑,因為它在工廠組裝時已進行潤滑。ZIL-130 車輛的支撐軸承在定期維護(每 1100-1700 公里)期間通過壓力嘴用潤滑脂進行潤滑。

圖 5. 萬向節驅動:1 — 固定驅動軸的法蘭;2 — 萬向節十字軸;3 — 萬向節叉頭;4 — 滑動叉頭;5 — 驅動軸管;6 — 帶封閉端的滾針軸承
萬向節驅動由兩個帶滾針軸承的萬向節、連接它們的空心軸以及帶漸開線花鍵的滑動叉頭組成。為了確保可靠的防塵保護並提供良好的花鍵連接潤滑,連接到變速箱二軸 (2) 的滑動叉頭 (6) 放置在連接到變速箱殼體的延伸段 (1) 中。此外,這種花鍵連接的位置(在萬向節之間的區域之外)顯著增加了萬向節驅動的剛性,並減少了滑動花鍵連接磨損時軸振動的可能性。
傳動軸由薄壁電焊管 (8) 製成,兩端壓入兩個相同的叉頭 (9),然後透過電弧焊接。十字軸 (25) 的滾針軸承座 (18) 壓入叉頭 (9) 的孔眼中,並透過彈簧卡環 (20) 固定。每個萬向接頭軸承包含 22 根滾針 (21)。沖壓蓋 (24) 壓入十字軸突出的軸頸上,並安裝軟木環 (23)。軸承透過旋入十字軸中心螺紋孔的角向潤滑脂嘴 (17) 進行潤滑,該潤滑脂嘴連通至十字軸軸頸的貫通通道。在萬向接頭十字軸的相對側,中心設有一個安全閥 (16),用於在填充十字軸和軸承時釋放過剩的潤滑脂,並防止運行期間十字軸內部壓力積聚(閥門在約 3.5 kg/cm² 的壓力下啟動)。必須包含安全閥的原因是,十字軸內部壓力過高會導致軟木密封件損壞(擠出)。

圖 6. 驅動軸組件:1 — 變速箱延伸段;2 — 變速箱二軸;3 和 5 — 防塵擋板;4 — 橡膠密封件;6 — 滑動叉頭;7 — 平衡板;8 — 驅動軸管;9 — 叉頭;10 — 法蘭叉頭;11 — 螺栓;12 — 後橋主傳動齒輪法蘭;13 — 彈簧墊片;14 — 螺母;15 — 後橋;16 — 安全閥;17 — 角向潤滑脂嘴;18 — 滾針軸承;19 — 叉頭孔;20 — 彈簧卡環;21 — 滾針;22 — 帶環形端墊片;23 — 軟木環;24 — 衝壓蓋板;25 — 十字軸
裝配好兩個萬向接頭的傳動軸,透過在管上焊接平衡板 (7) 對兩端進行仔細的動平衡校正。因此,在拆卸軸時,必須仔細標記其所有部件,以便能重新組裝到原始位置。不遵循此說明會破壞軸的平衡,導致可能損壞傳動系統和車身的振動。如果個別部件磨損,特別是如果管因衝擊而彎曲,且在組裝後無法對軸進行動平衡校正,則必須更換整個軸。
可能的驅動軸故障、原因及解決方案
| 故障原因 | 解決方案 |
|---|---|
| 驅動軸振動 | |
| 1. 軸因撞擊障礙物而彎曲 | 1. 校直並對組裝後的軸進行動平衡校正,或更換組裝後的軸 |
| 2. 軸承與十字軸磨損 | 2. 更換軸承與十字軸,並對組裝後的軸進行動平衡校正 |
| 3. 伸長管襯套與滑動叉磨損 | 3. 更換伸長管與滑動叉,並對組裝後的軸進行動平衡校正 |
| 啟動與滑行時的敲擊聲 | |
| 1. 滑動叉花鍵或變速箱二軸磨損 | 1. 更換磨損零件。更換滑動叉時,需對組裝後的軸進行動平衡校正 |
| 2. 固定法蘭叉至後橋驅動齒輪法蘭的螺栓鬆動 | 2. 鎖緊螺栓 |
| 萬向節密封處甩油 | |
| 萬向節密封處的軟木環磨損 | 更換軟木環,重新組裝時保持所有傳動軸零件的相對位置。若十字軸與軸承有磨損,則更換軸承與十字軸,並對組裝後的軸進行動平衡校正 |
3. 驅動軸動平衡校正
傳動軸修復並組裝後,需在平衡機上進行動平衡校正。圖 7 展示了一種平衡機的設計。該機台由底板 (18) 與安裝在四根垂直彈性桿 (3) 上的擺錘框架 (8) 組成,確保其在水平面內擺動。支架與前頂針座 (9) 安裝在支架 (4) 上,並固定在擺錘框架 (8) 的縱向管上。後頂針座 (6) 位於可移動橫梁 (5) 上,允許對不同長度的傳動軸進行動平衡校正。頂針座主軸安裝在精密滾珠軸承上。前頂針座 (9) 的主軸由安裝在機台底座內的電動機透過 V 帶驅動與中間軸驅動,中間軸上裝有刻度盤 (10)。此外,機台底板 (18) 上還安裝有兩個帶有可伸縮鎖定銷 (17) 的支架 (15),用於根據傳動軸前端或後端的平衡需求,固定擺錘框架的前後端。

圖 7. 傳動軸動平衡機
1—夾具;2—減震器;3—彈性桿;4—支架;5—可移動橫梁;6—後頂針座;7—橫杆;8—擺錘框架;9—前驅動頂針座;10—刻度盤;11—毫伏計;12—換向器整流子軸臂;13—磁電感測器;14—固定支架;15—固定支架;16—支撐座;17—固定銷;18—支撐板
固定支架 (14) 安裝在機台底板後方,其上安裝有磁電感測器 (13),並透過桿件連接至擺錘框架末端。為防止框架產生共振,支架 (4) 下方安裝有填充油液的減震器 (2)。
During dynamic balancing, the driveshaft assembly with the sliding yoke is installed and secured on the machine. One end of the driveshaft is connected by a flange-yoke to the flange of the front driving headstock, and the other end by the support neck of the sliding yoke to the splined sleeve of the rear headstock. Then the ease of rotation of the driveshaft is checked, and one end of the machine's pendulum frame is fixed using the fixator. After starting the machine, the limb of the rectifier is rotated counterclockwise, bringing the millivoltmeter needle to its maximum reading. The millivoltmeter reading corresponds to the magnitude of the imbalance. The millivoltmeter scale is graduated in gram-centimeters or grams of counterweight. Continuing to rotate the rectifier limb counterclockwise, the millivoltmeter reading is brought to zero, and the machine is stopped. Based on the rectifier limb reading, the angular displacement (angle of imbalance displacement) is determined, and by manually rotating the driveshaft, this value is set on the intermediate shaft limb. The welding place of the balancing plate will be on the top of the driveshaft, and the weighted part at the bottom in the correction plane. Then the balancing plate is attached and tied with thin wire at a distance of 10 mm from the weld, the machine is started, and the balance of the driveshaft end with the plate is checked. The imbalance should be no more than 70 g·cm (700 g·mm). Then, releasing one end and securing the other end of the pendulum frame with the fixator stand, dynamic balancing of the other end of the driveshaft is performed according to the technological sequence described above.
傳動軸具有一些平衡特性。對於大多數零件,動平衡的基準是支撐軸頸(例如電機轉子、渦輪機、主軸、曲軸等),但對於傳動軸,基準則是法蘭。組裝過程中,不同連接處不可避免地存在間隙,導致不平衡。若在平衡過程中無法達到最小不平衡量,則該軸判定為不合格。影響平衡精度的因素如下:
- 傳動軸法蘭配合帶與左右支撐頂針座夾緊法蘭內孔之間的連接間隙;
- 法蘭基準面的徑向與端面偏擺;
- 鉸接和花鍵連接處的間隙。花鍵連接腔體內存在潤滑脂可能導致「浮動」不平衡。如果這妨礙達到所需的平衡精度,則在不加潤滑脂的情況下對傳動軸進行動平衡校正。
某些不平衡可能完全無法校正。若發現傳動軸萬向節摩擦增大,校正平面之間的相互影響將增加。這會導致平衡性能與精度下降。
根據 OST 37.001.053-74,制定了以下不平衡標準:帶有兩個接頭(兩支撐)的傳動軸進行動平衡校正,帶有三個(三支撐)的傳動軸與中間支撐一起組裝後進行校正;重量超過 5 kg 的傳動軸和聯軸器的法蘭(叉頭)在組裝軸或聯軸器之前進行靜平衡校正;傳動軸每端或三接頭傳動軸中間支撐的殘餘不平衡規範透過比不平衡量進行評估;
軸每端或中間支撐的最大允許比殘餘不平衡規範,以及三接頭傳動軸在平衡架上的任何位置,不應超過:乘用車和小負載卡車(高達 1 t)及極小巴士的傳動系統 – 6 g-cm/kg,其餘 – 10 g-cm/kg。傳動軸或三接頭傳動軸的最大允許殘餘不平衡規範應在平衡架上確保,旋轉頻率對應於車輛最高速度時傳動系統中的頻率。
Note: OST 37.001.053-74 is a Soviet automotive-industry standard from 1974 and is quoted here as a historical reference. In modern terms, 6 g·cm/kg at 3,000 rpm corresponds to about G 19 and 10 g·cm/kg to about G 31 — the OST requirement sits between G 16 and G 40, consistent with the ISO 21940-11 (formerly ISO 1940-1) grades for drive shafts. Specify new work in ISO 21940-11 grades.
對於負載能力為 4 t 及以上的卡車、小型和大型巴士的傳動軸和三接頭傳動軸,允許將平衡架上的旋轉頻率降低至車輛最高速度時傳動軸旋轉頻率的 70%。根據 OST 37.001.053-74,傳動軸的平衡旋轉頻率應等於:
nb = (0.7 ... 1.0) nr,
其中 nb – 平衡旋轉頻率(應對應於架子的主要技術數據,n=3000 min-1); nr – 最大工作旋轉頻率,min-1.
在實際操作中,由於萬向節與花鍵連接處的間隙,傳動軸無法在推薦的旋轉頻率下進行平衡。在此情況下,需選擇另一旋轉頻率進行平衡。
4. 現代驅動軸平衡機

圖 8. 長度達 2 公尺、重量達 500 kg 的傳動軸平衡機
該型號配備 2 個支架,允許在 2 個校正平面進行平衡。

圖 9. 長度達 4200 mm、重量達 400 kg 的傳動軸平衡機
該型號配備 4 個支架,允許同時在 4 個校正平面進行平衡。

圖 10. 用於傳動軸動平衡校正的水平硬支撐平衡機
1 – Balancing item (driveshaft); 2 – Machine base; 3 – Machine supports; 4 – Machine drive; The structural elements of the machine supports are shown in Figure 11.

圖 11. 傳動軸動平衡校正機台支撐座元件
1 – 左側不可調支撐座;2 – 中間可調支撐座(2 個);3 – 右側不可調固定支撐座;4 – 支撐框架鎖定手柄;5 – 可移動支撐平台;6 – 支撐垂直調整螺母;7 – 垂直位置鎖定手柄;8 – 支撐夾緊支架;9 – 中間軸承可移動夾具;10 – 夾具鎖定手柄;11 – 夾緊支架鎖定;12 – 用於安裝物件的驅動(主動)主軸;13 – 從動主軸
5. 驅動軸動平衡校正準備
以下將介紹機台支撐座的設定與平衡物件(四支撐傳動軸)在機台支撐座上的安裝。

圖 12. 過渡法蘭在平衡機主軸上的安裝

圖 13. 傳動軸在平衡機支撐座上的安裝

圖 14. 使用氣泡水平儀在平衡機支撐座上將傳動軸水平調平

圖 15. 固定平衡機中間支撐座以防止傳動軸垂直位移
手動旋轉物件一整圈。確保其在支撐座上旋轉自由且無卡滯。完成此步驟後,機台的機械部分設定完成,物件安裝完畢。
6. 驅動軸動平衡校正程序
Which kit do I need? A two-support machine correcting in two planes (Figure 8) needs the two-channel Balanset-1A. A four-support machine correcting in four planes simultaneously (Figure 9, and the procedure below) needs the four-channel Balanset-4A. The measurement and calculation workflow is identical; only the channel count differs. The procedure below is described for a four-plane setup, while the software screenshots show the same workflow on the two-plane Balanset-1A — on the Balanset-4A the same screens simply add planes 3 and 4.
The process of driveshaft balancing on the balancing machine will be considered using the Balanset-4A measuring system as an example. The Balanset-4A is a portable balancing kit designed for balancing in one, two, three, and four correction planes of rotors, either rotating in their own bearings or mounted on a balancing machine. The device includes up to four vibration sensors, a phase angle sensor, a four-channel measuring unit, and a portable computer.
The entire balancing process, including measurement, processing, and display of information on the magnitude and location of corrective weights, is performed automatically and does not require the user to have additional skills and knowledge beyond the provided instructions. The results of all balancing operations are saved in the Balancing Archive and can be printed as reports if necessary. In addition to balancing, the Balanset-4A can also be used as a regular vibro-tachometer, allowing measurement on four channels of the root mean square (RMS) value of total vibration, RMS of the rotational component of vibration, and control of rotor rotation frequency.
此外,該設備還可顯示振動速度隨時間變化的函數圖與振動頻譜,這對於評估已平衡機器的技術狀態非常有用。

Figure 16. External View of the Balanset-4A Device for Use as a Measuring and Computing System of the Driveshaft Balancing Machine

Figure 17. Example of Using the Balanset-4A Device as a Measuring and Computing System of the Driveshaft Balancing Machine

Figure 18. Main window of the Balanset software: F1 - About, F5 - Vibration Meter, F7 - Balancing, F8 - Charts, F6 - Reports
The Balanset-4A device is supplied with vibration sensors. The sensors are accelerometer-based; the software integrates their signal and displays vibration velocity in mm/s RMS.

Figure 19. Installation of Balanset-4A Vibration Sensors on the Supports of the Balancing Machine
The direction of the sensors' sensitivity axis should match the direction of the support's vibration displacement, in this case – horizontal. For additional information on sensor installation, see BALANCING ROTORS IN OPERATING CONDITIONS.
- 將振動感測器 1、2、3、4 安裝在平衡機的支撐座上。
- 將振動感測器連接至接頭 X1、X2、X3、X4。
- 安裝相位角感測器(雷射測速儀)5,使被平衡轉子的徑向(或端面)表面與感測器外殼之間的標稱間隙在 10 至 300 mm 範圍內。
- 在轉子表面貼上寬度至少為 10-15 mm 的反射膠帶標記。
- 將相位角感測器連接至接頭 X5。
- 將測量單元連接至電腦的 USB 埠。
- 使用市電供電時,將電腦連接至電源供應器。
- 將電源供應器連接至 220 V、50 Hz 電網。
- Turn on the computer and start the Balanset software.
- Open the balancing workspace with the “F7 - Balancing” button and set the required number of correction planes in the “Plane count” field, so that vibration is measured simultaneously by the vibration sensors connected to the inputs of the measuring unit.
- A mnemonic diagram illustrating the connection of the sensors and the measuring unit appears on the computer display, as shown in Figure 18.
在進行動平衡校正之前,建議先在測振儀模式(F5 按鈕)下進行測量。

Figure 20. Vibration Meter mode (F5): total vibration V1s, V2s and rotational components V1o, V2o with phases F1, F2, displayed as vibration velocity in mm/s RMS
如果總振動量 V1s (V2s) 大致匹配旋轉分量量 V1o (V2o),可以假設對機構振動的主要貢獻是由於轉子不平衡。如果總振動量 V1s (V2s) 顯著超過旋轉分量 V1o (V2o),建議檢查機構 – 檢查軸承狀況,確保在基礎上牢固安裝,驗證轉子在旋轉期間不接觸靜止部件,並考慮來自其他機構的振動影響等。
Studying the time function graphs and vibration spectra in the charts mode (“F8 - Charts”, the “F5-Spectrum (Hz)” tab) can be useful here.

圖 21. 振動時間函數與頻譜圖
圖表顯示在哪些頻率下振動水平最高。如果這些頻率與被平衡機構轉子的旋轉頻率不同,則必須識別這些振動分量的來源,並在動平衡校正之前採取措施消除它們。
Reading the spectrum of a driveshaft: 1x is unbalance, 2x may be the joint itself. A dominant peak at the rotational frequency (1x) points to unbalance — this is what balancing removes. A dominant peak at twice the rotational frequency (2x), especially together with strong axial vibration, points to the joint angles, worn crosses or splines, or 不對心: a universal (cardan) joint working at an angle γ makes the driven yoke lead and lag twice per revolution, so it produces a 2x component even when the shaft is perfectly balanced. Balancing will not remove it — equalise the joint angles (γ1 = γ2) and check the joints first. In the charts mode (“F8 - Charts”) the “F5-Spectrum (Hz)” tab shows the spectrum and the “F3-1x vibration” tab the rotational component; at 3000 min-1 1x = 50 Hz and 2x = 100 Hz.
此外,還應注意測振儀模式下讀數的穩定性 – 測量期間振動的振幅與相位變化不應超過 10-15%。否則,機件可能正在共振區域附近運轉。在此情況下,應調整轉子轉速。
When performing four-plane balancing of a new rotor, five calibration runs and at least one trim run (Run T) of the balanced machine are required. Vibration measurement during the first machine run without a trial weight is performed as Run 0 in the balancing workspace. Subsequent runs are performed with a trial weight, sequentially installed on the driveshaft in each correction plane (in the area of each balancing machine support).
在每次後續運轉之前,應採取以下步驟:
- 停止已平衡機器轉子的旋轉。
- 移除先前安裝的試重。
- 在下一個平面安裝試重。

Figure 22. Balancing workspace (“F7 - Balancing”) during a measurement run: Run 0 - Initial, trial-mass runs Run 1 and Run 2, and the trim run Run T
每次測量完成後,轉子旋轉頻率 (Nob) 以及被平衡轉子旋轉頻率下的振動有效值 (Vo1,Vo2,Vo3,Vo4) 與相位 (F1, F2, F3, F4) of the vibration at the rotational frequency of the balanced rotor are saved in the corresponding fields in the program window. After the fifth run (Weight in Plane 4), the balancing results with the polar plot (see Figure 23) appear, displaying the calculated values of the masses (M1, M2, M3, M4) 與安裝角度 (f1,f2,f3,f4) 的計算值。

Figure 23. Polar plot of the balancing result: calculated correction masses and angles for each plane, measured from the trial weight position in the direction of rotation
注意! 在第五次已平衡機器運轉的測量過程完成後,必須停止轉子旋轉並移除先前安裝的試重。只有在完成這些步驟後,才能繼續在轉子上安裝(或移除)校正配重。
在極座標系統中,於轉子上添加(或移除)校正配重的角位置是從試重安裝位置開始測量的。角度測量方向與轉子旋轉方向一致。若採用葉片平衡法,已平衡轉子中 условно 視為第 1 片葉片的位置與試重安裝位置重合。電腦顯示器上指示的葉片編號方向遵循轉子的旋轉方向。
In this version of the program, it is assumed by default that the corrective weight will be added to the rotor. This is indicated by the mark set in the “Add mass” field. If correcting the imbalance by removing the weight (e.g., by drilling) is necessary, set the mark in the “Remove mass” field using the mouse, after which the angular position of the corrective weight will automatically change by 180 degrees.
After installing the corrective weights on the balanced rotor, carry out the trim run (Run T) to check the effectiveness of the balancing operation. After completing the trim run, the results of the rotor's rotation frequency (Nob) 與有效值 (Vo1,Vo2,Vo3,Vo4) 與相位 (F1, F2, F3, F4) of the vibration at the rotational frequency of the balanced rotor are saved. Simultaneously, the balancing results (see Figure 23) are updated, displaying the calculated parameters of additional corrective weights that need to be installed (or removed) on the rotor to compensate for its residual imbalance. Additionally, this workspace shows the values of the residual imbalance achieved after balancing. If the values of residual vibration and/or residual imbalance of the balanced rotor meet the tolerance requirements specified in the technical documentation, the balancing process can be completed. Otherwise, the balancing process can be continued. This method allows for correcting possible errors through successive approximations that may occur when installing (removing) the corrective weight on the balanced rotor.
If the balancing process continues, additional corrective weights must be installed (or removed) on the balanced rotor according to the calculated parameters shown in the balancing results.
The rotor balancing coefficients (dynamic influence coefficients) calculated from the results of the five calibration runs are saved in the computer's memory and can be reused with the “Load Coefficients” function when balancing rotors of the same type.
7. 剛性轉子推薦平衡精度等級
The grades below are the balance quality grades G of ISO 1940-1, superseded without change of values by ISO 21940-11:2016. The grade is defined as G = e每·Ω, where e每 is the permissible specific residual unbalance (g·mm/kg = µm) and Ω = 2πn/60 is the service angular velocity (rad/s). The permissible residual unbalance follows as U每 = 9549·G·M/n [g·mm], split between the correction planes. See our ISO 1940-1 glossary entry.
The default grade for a road-vehicle driveshaft is G 40; G 16 applies when the drawing or the OEM specification calls for special requirements. Note that residual unbalance and vibration are separate acceptance criteria: the vibration of the assembled machine is assessed to ISO 20816 (formerly ISO 10816) — see our ISO 10816-1 glossary entry.
The G-grade table applies to rigid rotors only — rotors whose service speed stays below roughly 0.5…0.7 of the first bending critical speed. Long driveshafts (2 m and above, and any shaft with an intermediate support) can approach that limit: check the shaft's first critical speed against both the service speed and the balancing speed. If the shaft is flexible at speed, use a modal / multi-speed procedure (ISO 21940-12) — a two-plane rigid-rotor correction will not hold.
表 2. 剛性轉子推薦平衡精度等級。

| 機器類型(轉子) | 平衡精度等級 | Balance quality grade G = e每·Ω, mm/s |
|---|---|---|
| 大型低速船用柴油機驅動曲軸(結構不平衡)(活塞速度低於 9 m/s) | G 4000 | 4000 |
| 大型低速船用柴油機驅動曲軸(結構平衡)(活塞速度低於 9 m/s) | G 1600 | 1600 |
| 安裝在隔振器上的驅動曲軸(結構不平衡) | G 630 | 630 |
| 安裝在剛性支撐上的驅動曲軸(結構不平衡) | G 250 | 250 |
| 裝配用於轎車、卡車及機車的往復式引擎 | G 100 | 100 |
| 安裝於隔振器上的驅動曲軸(結構平衡) | G 40 | 40 |
| Car wheels, wheel rims, wheel sets, drive shafts (cardan shafts) | G 40 | 40 |
| 農業機械 | G 16 | 16 |
| 安裝於剛性支撐上的驅動曲軸(已平衡) | G 16 | 16 |
| 破碎機 | G 16 | 16 |
| Drive shafts (propeller / cardan shafts) with special requirements | G 16 | 16 |
| 航空渦輪機 | G 6.3 | 6.3 |
| 離心機(分離機、沉降機) | G 6.3 | 6.3 |
| 軸高至少 80 mm 的電動機與發電機,最大額定轉速達 950 min-1 | G 6.3 | 6.3 |
| 軸高小於 80 mm 的電動機 | G 6.3 | 6.3 |
| 風機 | G 6.3 | 6.3 |
| 齒輪傳動 | G 6.3 | 6.3 |
| 通用機械 | G 6.3 | 6.3 |
| 金屬切削機床 | G 6.3 | 6.3 |
| 造紙機械 | G 6.3 | 6.3 |
| 泵浦 | G 6.3 | 6.3 |
| 渦輪增壓器 | G 6.3 | 6.3 |
| 水輪機 | G 6.3 | 6.3 |
| 壓縮機 | G 6.3 | 6.3 |
| 電腦控制傳動 | G 2.5 | 2.5 |
| 軸高至少 80 mm 的電動機與發電機,最大額定轉速超過 950 min-1 | G 2.5 | 2.5 |
| 燃氣與汽輪機 | G 2.5 | 2.5 |
| 金屬切削機床傳動 | G 2.5 | 2.5 |
| 紡織機械 | G 2.5 | 2.5 |
| 音響與視訊設備傳動 | G 1 | 1 |
| 研磨機驅動裝置 | G 1 | 1 |
| 高精度設備的主軸與傳動 | G 0.4 | 0.4 |
驅動軸動平衡校正常見問題
什麼是傳動軸動平衡校正?
驅動軸動平衡校正是校正驅動軸中任何質量不平衡的過程,使其能夠平穩旋轉而不產生振動。這涉及測量軸在哪一側較重,然後添加或移除少量配重(例如焊接平衡配重)以抵消該不平衡。平衡後的驅動軸運轉均勻,可防止車輛組件過度振動和磨損。
為什麼傳動軸動平衡校正很重要?
不平衡的驅動軸可能導致強烈振動,特別是在某些速度下,並可能在加速或換檔時產生撞擊聲。隨著時間推移,這些振動可能會損壞軸承、萬向接頭和其他傳動系統組件。對驅動軸進行動平衡校正可消除這些振動,確保行駛更平穩,減少零件負擔,並防止昂貴的損壞或停機。
傳動軸不平衡的常見症狀有哪些?
不平衡或有故障的驅動軸的典型症狀包括在車輛地板或座椅上感覺到的明顯振動或顛簸,特別是在速度增加時。您可能還會在換檔或加速和減速時聽到敲擊或鬆動聲。在某些情況下,萬向接頭可能因不平衡而過熱。若觀察到這些跡象,很可能驅動軸需要動平衡校正或維修。
如何對傳動軸進行動平衡校正?
Drive shaft balancing is usually done using a specialized balancing machine. The drive shaft is mounted and spun at high speed while sensors detect any imbalance. A technician then attaches small weights to the drive shaft (or removes material) at specific positions based on the machine's readings. This process is repeated until the drive shaft rotates without significant vibration. Modern systems like the Balanset-4A can guide this process and calculate exactly where and how much weight to add for precise balancing.
結論
總之,正確的驅動軸動平衡校正對於安全性、性能和成本節省至關重要。 By detecting and correcting imbalance, you prevent unnecessary wear on parts, avoid damaging breakdowns, and maintain optimal machine performance. Modern balancing systems like our Balanset-1A and Balanset-4A devices make the process efficient, helping even small workshops achieve professional results.
若您面臨持續的驅動軸振動或需要可靠的平衡解決方案,請不要猶豫,立即採取行動。應用本指南概述的步驟或諮詢我們的專家以獲得協助。憑藉正確的方法和設備,您可以確保驅動軸在未來數年平穩可靠地運轉。 聯絡我們 以了解更多資訊或探索最適合您需求的驅動軸動平衡校正設備。
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