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螺栓強度等級 (4.6–12.9)
依 ISO 898-1 查詢任何螺栓性能等級的機械性質——抗拉強度、屈服強度、保證應力、硬度——並計算任何公制螺紋尺寸的保證負荷。
此計算器由 Vibromera 工程團隊開發並驗證,該團隊也是 Balanset 攜帶式平衡儀器的製造商。
結果
| 級別 | Rm (MPa) | Rp0.2 (MPa) | Sp (MPa) | 伸長率 % | HRC | 材料 |
|---|
解讀性能等級標示
雙數字系統(例如 8.8)編碼了螺栓的關鍵機械性質:
對於等級 8.8:Rm = 8 × 100 = 800 MPa,Rp0.2 = 8 × 8 × 10 = 640 MPa。
保證負荷計算
保證負荷是螺栓在不產生永久變形的情況下必須承受的最大力:
其中 Sp 為保證應力,As 為依 ISO 898-1 的抗拉應力截面積。
極限抗拉負荷
已知: 等級 8.8,M12 (As = 84.3 mm²),d ≤ 16 mm → Sp = 580 MPa
保證負荷 Fp = 580 × 84.3 = 48,894 N ≈ 48.9 kN
抗拉負荷 Ft = 800 × 84.3 = 67,440 N ≈ 67.4 kN
⚠️ 注意: 對於等級 8.8,Sp = 580 MPa(當 d ≤ 16 mm)且 Sp = 600 MPa(當 d > 16 mm)。這是因為較大螺栓的可硬化截面與總截面之比更高。
ℹ️ 設計提示: 一般螺栓預壓目標為保證負荷的 75–90%。鎖緊時切勿超過保證負荷。關鍵接頭請使用經校準的扭矩扳手或角度控制鎖緊法。
The designation is a coded system per ISO 898-1:
- First number × 100 = nominal tensile strength Rm in MPa
- First × second × 10 = nominal yield strength Rp0.2 in MPa
For class 8.8: Rm = 8 × 100 = 800 MPa, Rp0.2 = 8 × 8 × 10 = 640 MPa.
The second digit thus represents the yield-to-tensile ratio (0.8 = 80%).
Rp0.2 (yield strength) is the stress causing 0.2% permanent elongation — determined by tensile testing.
Sp (proof stress) is a lower, guaranteed minimum stress the bolt must withstand with zero permanent set — used for proof load testing per ISO 898-1.
Typically Sp ≈ 90–95% of Rp0.2. The proof load Fp = Sp × As is the key parameter for bolt specification.
8.8 is the most common class for general engineering:
- Good strength (Rm = 800 MPa) with adequate ductility
- Suitable for most machine frames, flanges, brackets
- Cost-effective, readily available
10.9 is used when higher clamp force is needed:
- Automotive engine/chassis (OEM standard)
- Structural steel connections (EN 14399)
- High-vibration environments requiring higher preload
- Space-constrained joints (smaller bolt, same force)
12.9 is for the most demanding applications where maximum preload per bolt is critical, e.g. precision machinery, motorsport.
Per ISO 898-1, hex bolts must be permanently marked with:
- Property class — e.g. "8.8", "10.9", "12.9"
- Manufacturer’s ID — symbol or code
Marking location: top or side of hex head. Socket head cap screws: side of head or in the recess.
Unmarked bolts should be assumed ≤ class 4.6 and must not be used in structural applications.
Proof load Fp = Sp × As
- Sp = proof stress (MPa) from ISO 898-1 for the chosen property class
- As = tensile stress area (mm²) for the thread size per ISO 898-1
- Result is in Newtons (÷ 1000 for kN)
The proof load test per ISO 898-1 applies this force axially for 15 seconds. The bolt must not show permanent elongation.
本頁所述的操作流程由 Vibromera 團隊使用 Balanset-1A(一款用於現場轉子平衡的便攜式雙通道動平衡儀及振動分析儀)開發並經過實地測試。
專業現場動平衡校正儀器與軟體。已在 50 多個國家使用。