什麼是 ISO 1940-2?

快速解答

ISO 1940-2:1997 (Mechanical vibration — Balance quality requirements of rigid rotors — Part 2: Balance errors) was the international standard for identifying, assessing and taking into account the errors that arise when balancing rigid rotors — from mandrel and drive-shaft unbalance to component runout and instrumentation scatter. It has been withdrawn and replaced by ISO 21940-14:2012 (Mechanical vibration — Rotor balancing — Part 14: Procedures for assessing balance errors), which extends the same procedures to rotors with flexible behaviour. Note: it is often confused with the balancing vocabulary — that is a different standard, ISO 21940-2 (formerly ISO 1925), whose terminology this page summarises below.

When an engineer in Germany specifies "dynamic unbalance correction to G 6.3 in two planes," a technician in Japan must understand exactly what is required — the same rotor condition, the same balancing procedure, and the same acceptance criterion. The ISO balancing vocabulary — ISO 21940-2 (formerly ISO 1925) — makes this possible by providing a single, internationally agreed vocabulary for the entire field.

ISO 1940-2 itself, by contrast, was neither a dictionary nor a tolerance specification — it dealt with balance errors. It classified the error sources of the balancing process as systematic (magnitude and angle can be evaluated — e.g. mandrel or drive-shaft unbalance, radial and axial runout, keys and keyways, residual magnetism, reassembly and instrumentation errors), randomly variable (loose parts, entrapped liquids, thermal distortion, windage) and scalar (only the maximum magnitude can be estimated, the angle is indeterminate — e.g. fitting clearances and manufacturing tolerances), and gave procedures for assessing them and taking them into account so that the residual unbalance genuinely stays within the permissible value U 來自 ISO 1940-1 (now ISO 21940-11). Its successor, ISO 21940-14, keeps exactly this role within the ISO 21940 series.

詳細術語分析

剛性 / 柔性區分

這是平衡中最重要的分類。區分決定了一切:適用哪個標準、需要什麼設備、需要多少平面、以及在什麼速度下必須進行平衡。

Rigid Rotor (ISO 21940-2 definition)

A rotor whose unbalance can be corrected in any two arbitrary planes and, after correction, the residual unbalance does not change significantly at any speed up to the maximum service speed. 實用測試: 如果第一彎曲 臨界轉速 遠高於最大工作速度(通常 > 1.5× 或更高),則轉子是剛性的。

Flexible Rotor (ISO 21940-2 definition)

在工作速度下彈性變形導致其不平衡狀態改變的轉子。必須在兩個以上平面於工作速度或接近工作速度下進行平衡。 適用於: large turbogenerators, multi-stage high-speed compressors, long paper machine rolls at high speed. Covered by ISO 21940-12.

The vast majority of industrial rotors — electric motors, fans, pumps, flywheels, shafts — are rigid rotors. The ISO 1940-1 G 級系統直接適用於剛性轉子。

三種不平衡類型

The vocabulary (ISO 21940-2) defines three fundamental types based on the geometric relationship between the principal inertia axis and the rotation axis. Understanding these is essential for selecting the correct balancing procedure:

不平衡向量
U = m × r   (大小)     U∠θ   (極座標形式)
m = 不平衡質量 (g) | r = 距軸距離 (mm) | θ = 角位置 (°)
  • 靜不平衡 產生 — both bearings vibrate in phase at 1× RPM. The rotor can be detected as unbalanced without rotation (gravity reveals it on knife-edges). One correction plane suffices. Typical for narrow disc-like rotors (L/D < 0.5): narrow pulleys, fan impellers, thin flywheels.
  • 力偶不平衡 產生 力矩 — bearings vibrate 180° out of phase at 1× RPM. The net force is zero (centre of mass is on the axis), but two equal and opposite heavy spots in different axial positions create a rocking couple. Only detectable while spinning. Requires two correction planes.
  • 動態不平衡 = static + couple combined. The general case for all real rotors that are not perfectly symmetric. Both force and moment are present. Bearings vibrate at 1× with neither in-phase nor exactly 180° out-of-phase relationship. Requires two-plane balancing.

比不平衡與 G 級之關聯

比不平衡 (e = U/M) 是實現通用平衡品質比較之關鍵指標。5 kg 轉子具 50 g·mm 不平衡量,其 e = 10 µm。500 kg 轉子具 5 000 g·mm 不平衡量,其 e 亦為 10 µm——儘管質量相差 100 倍,平衡品質卻完全相同。

The G 級 透過納入轉速進一步擴展:G = e × ω,提供單一數值 (mm/s),可獨立於質量與轉速之外,特徵化平衡品質。此為 ISO 1940-1 公差系統之基礎。

校正平面與公差平面

The vocabulary draws a critical distinction that is often missed in practice:

  • 公差平面 = 振動與動態負載最為關鍵之軸承平面。允許不平衡量 U 即於此處指定。
  • 校正平面 = 可實體存取、得以放置配重之位置(風機輪轂、馬達端環、軸肩)。其軸向位置通常與軸承不同。

將 U 自公差平面轉換至校正平面,需掌握轉子幾何形狀。對於非對稱或懸臂轉子,此轉換可能顯著改變各平面之公差。 Balanset-1A 於輸入轉子尺寸時,會自動處理此轉換。

平衡機類型

兩種基本機型反映不同之物理測量原理:

  • 軟支承: 懸掛系統自然頻率遠低於運轉轉速 → 機器測量 位移。需針對每個新轉子進行校準。歷史上具重要意義;目前使用率逐漸下降。
  • 硬支承: 懸掛系統自然頻率遠高於運轉轉速 → 機器測量 。永久校準——無需個別校準即可接受不同轉子。為現代主流類型。

Field balancing instruments like the Balanset-1A use a different principle: they are not a "machine" in the ISO sense but use the rotor's own bearings and support as the measurement system, employing the trial-weight (influence coefficient) method to determine correction without requiring a dedicated balancing machine.

交叉參照:各術語之應用位置

Standards That Reference the ISO Balancing Vocabulary (ISO 21940-2)

ISO 1940-1 / ISO 21940-11: 使用所有公差與品質術語——G 級、U、平衡公差、殘餘不平衡。此詞彙之主要使用者。

ISO 14694: Uses rotor terms (rigid), unbalance terms, and extends with fan-specific BV application categories, balance grades and vibration-limit tables.

ISO 10816 / ISO 20816: 使用測量術語——振動速度、RMS、軸承座測量點。

ISO 21940-12: Extends flexible rotor definition with multi-speed, multi-plane procedures.

API 610 / API 617: 石油標準引用 ISO 1940 G 級與不平衡術語,用於泵與壓縮機規格。

ISO 1940-2 → ISO 21940-14: Transition

ISO 21940-14:2012 has formally cancelled and replaced ISO 1940-2:1997, of which it constitutes a technical revision — the main change being the extension of its applicability to rotors with flexible behaviour. The balancing vocabulary followed a separate path: ISO 1925 was revised as ISO 21940-2. The ISO 21940 numbering reflects integration into the comprehensive ISO 21940 series covering all aspects of rotor balancing. The old designations still appear widely in industry literature.


官方標準: ISO 21940-14:2012 (replaces ISO 1940-2) on ISO Store →

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