Issiqlik kengayishi koeffitsienti (CTE) nima?

CTE (α) is the fractional change in length per degree of temperature change. Units: µm/(m·°C) or 10⁻⁶/°C. Example: steel α ≈ 12 µm/(m·°C) means a 1m bar grows 12 µm per 1°C rise.

Cheklangan elementdagi issiqlik kuchlanganligini qanday hisoblash mumkin?

When expansion is fully restrained: σ = E × α × ΔT. For steel at ΔT = 100°C: σ = 200,000 × 12e-6 × 100 = 240 MPa — nearly yield stress!

Hajmiy kengayish nima?

For isotropic materials, volumetric CTE ≈ 3 × linear CTE. Volume change: ΔV = V₀ × 3α × ΔT. Important for tanks, pipes, and enclosed fluid systems.

Quvur tizimi uchun kengayish halqasi o'lchamini qanday aniqlash mumkin?

Guided-cantilever formula: loop leg length L = √(3 × E × D × Δ / Sₐ), where E = elastic modulus (MPa), D = pipe OD (mm), Δ = expansion (mm), Sₐ = allowable stress range (MPa); L in mm. Rule of thumb for carbon steel (E ≈ 200 GPa, Sₐ ≈ 138 MPa): L ≈ 66 × √(D × Δ) in mm.

CTE haroratga bog'liqmi?

Ha. CTE odatda harorat oshishi bilan biroz ortadi. Ko'rsatilgan qiymatlar muayyan diapazon (odatda 20–100°C) bo'yicha o'rtacha qiymatlardir. Kriogen yoki yuqori haroratli ishlar uchun haqiqiy harorat diapazoni bo'yicha maxsus ma'lumotlardan foydalaning.

Muhandislik uchun bepul vosita

Issiqlik kengayishi kalkulyatori

Calculate linear and volumetric thermal expansion for 20+ materials. Pipe expansion between anchors, expansion loop sizing, and thermal stress when constrained (σ = E·α·ΔT).

Chiziqli & Hajmiy20+ MaterialsThermal StressPipe Expansion

Material

CTE α (×10⁻⁶ /°C)

Asl uzunlik (mm)

Harorat o'zgarishi ΔT (°C)

Asl hajm (sm³ — ixtiyoriy, hajmiy hisoblash uchun)

Elastiklik moduli E (GPa — kuchlanish hisoblash uchun)

Quick presets

Kengayish natijalari

Chiziqli kengayish ΔL

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mm da kengayish

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µm da kengayish

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Mils da kengayish

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New Length

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Strain ε

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Issiqlik kuchlanishi (mahkamlangan holda)

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Issiqlik kuchi (har cm² maydon uchun)

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Hajmiy kengayish ΔV

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Kengayish ilgagi (po'lat quvur, taxminiy qoida)

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Chiziqli kengayish

Where α is the coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) in 1/°C, L₀ is the original length, and ΔT is the temperature change.

Hajmiy kengayish

Izotrop materiallar uchun hajmiy IKK taxminan chiziqli IKK ning 3 baravariga teng.

Issiqlik kuchlanishi (mahkamlangan element)

Kengayish to'liq oldini olingan holda (masalan, quvur ikki qattiq tayanch orasida), hosil bo'luvchi kuchlanish juda yuqori bo'lishi mumkin. Isitishda siquvchi, sovitishda tortuvchi kuchlanish yuzaga keladi.

Kengayish konturi o'lchamini aniqlash (taxminiy qoida)

Where D is the pipe outer diameter (mm) and Δ is the expansion (mm); the result L is in mm. The factor 66 comes from the guided-cantilever formula L = √(3 · E · D · Δ / Sₐ) evaluated for carbon steel (E = 200 GPa, Sₐ = 138 MPa). For other materials or allowable stresses use the full formula (L scales as √(E/Sₐ)). This is a screening estimate, not a full code flexibility analysis.

Amaliy Misol

Misol — 6 m uglerodli po'lat quvur, ΔT = 80°C

Given: L₀ = 6000 mm, α = 12 × 10⁻⁶ /°C, ΔT = 80°C, E = 200 GPa

ΔL = 12e-6 × 6000 × 80 = 5.76 mm

Thermal stress if constrained: σ = 200,000 × 12e-6 × 80 = 192 MPa

Expansion loop (DN100/OD 114 mm): L ≈ 66 × √(114 × 5.76) ≈ 1,690 mm ≈ 1.7 m

Materiallarning issiqlik kengayishi koeffitsienti ma'lumotlar bazasi

Material	α (×10⁻⁶ /°C)	E (GPa)	Notes
Carbon steel	12.0	200	SA-516, P265GH
Past qotishmali po'lat	12.5	200	16Mo3, SA-387
Cr-Mo po'lati (2.25Cr)	12.0	205	SA-335 P22
Stainless 304	17.3	193	1.4301, 18Cr-8Ni
Stainless 316	16.0	193	1.4401, 16Cr-10Ni-2Mo
Stainless 321	17.0	193	1.4541, Ti bilan barqarorlashtirilgan
Duplex 2205	13.0	200	1.4462
Aluminium 6061	23.6	69	T6 temper
Copper	17.0	117	Pure, annealed
Brass (CuZn30)	20.0	110	Kartrij guruch (bronza)
Bronze (CuSn8)	18.0	110	Fosforli bronza
Titanium Gr.2	8.6	103	Tijorat tozaligidagi
Nickel 200	13.3	207	Pure nickel
Inconel 625	12.8	207	Ni-Cr-Mo
Inconel 718	13.0	211	Ni-Cr-Fe
Grey cast iron	10.5	110	GG25
Egiluvchan quyma temir	11.0	170	GGG40
Concrete	12.0	30	Aralashma tarkibiga qarab farqlanadi
Shisha (soda-ohakli)	9.0	72	Window glass
PTFE (Teflon)	120.0	0.5	Very high CTE
HDPE	150.0	1.0	Polyethylene
PVC	80.0	3.0	Rigid PVC
Invar 36	1.2	145	Juda past IKK qotishmasi

💡 Note: IKK qiymatlari 20–100°C oralig'idagi o'rtacha qiymatlardir. Yuqori harorat yoki kriogen ilovalar uchun material standartlaridan olingan aniq ma'lumotlardan foydalaning.